Iowa gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2018 (June 5 Democratic primary)

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2022
2014
Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Iowa
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Democratic primary
Republican primary
Libertarian primary
General election
Election details
Filing deadline: March 16, 2018
Primary: June 5, 2018
General: November 6, 2018

Pre-election incumbent(s):
Gov. Kim Reynolds (Republican)
Lt. Gov. Adam Gregg (Republican)
How to vote
Poll times: 7 a.m. to 9 p.m.
Voting in Iowa
Race ratings
Cook Political Report: Toss-up
Sabato's Crystal Ball: Toss-up
Inside Elections: Tilt Democratic
Ballotpedia analysis
Federal and state primary competitiveness
State executive elections in 2018
Impact of term limits in 2018
State government trifectas
State government triplexes
Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2018
Iowa
executive elections
Governor

Lieutenant governor
Attorney general
Secretary of state
Treasurer
Auditor
Agriculture commissioner

Fred Hubbell defeated five opponents to win the 2018 Iowa Democratic gubernatorial nomination.

Multiple major media outlets suggested that retaliatory tariffs placed on American goods in response to President Donald Trump's trade policies may have put Iowa, a traditional swing-state that voted for Trump by 9.6 percentage points, in play for Democrats in 2018.[1][2][3][4] Fred Hubbell (D) faced incumbent Gov. Kim Reynolds (R) in the general election on November 6, 2018.

The Democratic candidate field was disrupted when state Sen. Nate Boulton (D) suspended his campaign following several accusations of sexual misconduct on May 24, 2018.[5] Boulton's name still appeared on the ballot. The remaining campaigns hoped to attract Boulton's supporters in the final two weeks of the race.[6]

Hubbell, a retired insurance executive emerged as the top candidate, with $9.5 million in total funds raised as of July 20.[7][8][9] In a TV ad, Hubbell touted his philanthropic efforts during a 2008 flood and his work with the Iowa Department of Economic Development following a tax credit scandal.[10]

Nurse and union leader Cathy Glasson (D) aimed to distinguish herself as a "bold progressive" in a pair of May debates, calling for single-payer universal healthcare and a $15/hour minimum wage, and opposing existing right-to-work laws.[11][12]

Former Iowa Democratic Party chairwoman Andy McGuire (D) stressed healthcare and her mental health plan in the debates. John Norris (D), a former state and federal staffer, named a commitment to fund public education as a top priority. Ross Wilburn (D) said that his 12 years on the city council and experience as mayor set him apart from the field of candidates.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag


Candidates and election results

See also: Statistics on gubernatorial candidates, 2018

The following candidates ran in the Democratic primary for Governor of Iowa on June 5, 2018.

Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for Governor of Iowa

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Fred_Hubbell_Iowa.jpg
Fred Hubbell
 
55.5
 
99,245
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Cathy_Glasson.jpg
Cathy Glasson
 
20.6
 
36,815
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/John_Norris_Iowa.jpg
John Norris
 
11.5
 
20,498
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Andy McGuire
 
5.3
 
9,404
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Nate_Boulton_portrait.jpg
Nate Boulton
 
5.1
 
9,082
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Ross_Wilburn.jpg
Ross Wilburn
 
2.2
 
3,880

Total votes: 178,924
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Lieutenant governor

Rita Hart advanced from the Democratic primary for Lieutenant Governor of Iowa on June 5, 2018.

Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for Lieutenant Governor of Iowa

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Rita-Hart.jpg
Rita Hart
 
100.0
 
2,002

Total votes: 2,002
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Context of the 2018 election

  • Heading into the 2018 election, the sitting governor was Kim Reynolds (R). Reynolds became governor on May 24, 2017, following Terry Branstad's (R) resignation to serve as U.S. ambassador to China. Reynolds announced that she planned to seek a full term on June 15, 2017.
  • Iowa was, as of 2018, a Republican trifecta as a result of the Republican Party gaining a majority in the Iowa State Senate in the 2016 elections. Iowa was, as of 2018, under divided triplex control.
  • In the previous five presidential election cycles, Iowa was won by the Democratic candidate in 2000, 2008, and 2012 and by the Republican candidate in 2004 and 2016. The widest margin of victory was Barack Obama's 10 percent margin in 2008 while the narrowest was Al Gore's 0.32 percent margin in 2000.
  • Under Iowa state law, if no candidate received more than 35 percent of the vote in the June 5 election, the nominee would have been decided by a convention of party delegates.[13]
  • Iowa was one of 36 states that held an election for governor in 2018. Democrats gained seven previously Republican-held seats, and Republicans gained one previously independent-held seat. Heading into the 2018 elections, there were 16 Democratic governors, 33 Republican governors, and one independent governor. In 2018, 26 of the 33 states with a Republican governor held a gubernatorial election, while nine out of the 16 states with a Democratic governor held a gubernatorial election. Seventeen of the 36 seats up for election were open seats (four Democratic, 12 Republican, and one independent), meaning that the sitting governor was not seeking re-election. Click here for more information on other 2018 gubernatorial elections.

Endorsements

Note: Prior to the signature filing deadline, endorsements will be added as Ballotpedia writers come across them. If you see that an endorsement is missing, please email us and we will add that endorsement. As the election draws closer, more information will be added to this page.

Campaign finance

Following are campaign finance figures obtained from the Iowa Ethics & Campaign Disclosure Board's record of gubernatorial candidates' January 19, 2018, campaign finance filings, which contain information on all contributions to and expenditures by the campaigns as of December 31, 2017. Figures were not available for the Wells campaign.[17]

Polls

See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls
Iowa Governor, Democratic primary 2018
Poll Nate Boulton Cathy GlassonFred HubbellAndy McGuireJohn NorrisRoss WilburnNone/OtherUndecidedMargin of errorSample size
Des Moines Register/Mediacom
(May 13-15, 2015)
20%13%31%5%5%3%10%14%+/-4.4501
Note: The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.
Iowa Governor, Democratic primary 2018
Poll Nate Boulton Cathy GlassonFred HubbellAndy McGuireJohn NorrisRoss WilburnUndecided/OtherMargin of errorSample size
KBUR/Remington Research Group
(November 5-6, 2018)
20%7%46%3%5%1%18%+/-2.02,315
Note: The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.
Iowa Governor, Democratic primary 2018
Poll Nate Boulton Cathy GlassonFred HubbellAndy McGuireJon NeiderbachJohn NorrisRoss WilburnUndecided/OtherMargin of errorSample size
20/20 Insight, LLC
(November 8-10, 2017)
13%6%22%3%2%5%1%47%+/-3.6762
Note: The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.

Past elections

2014

See also: Iowa gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2014

Jack Hatch was unopposed in the 2014 Democratic primary election.[18]

Voter information

How the primary works

A primary election is an election in which registered voters select a candidate that they believe should be a political party's candidate for elected office to run in the general election. They are also used to choose convention delegates and party leaders. Primaries are state-level and local-level elections that take place prior to a general election. In Iowa, a voter must be affiliated with a party in order to participate in its primary. However, a voter can change his or her political party affiliation on Election Day, creating what is effectively an open primary.[19]

For information about which offices are nominated via primary election, see this article.

Poll times

In Iowa, all polls are open from 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Central Time. An individual who is in line at the time polls close must be allowed to vote.[20][21]

Registration requirements

Check your voter registration status here.

To vote in Iowa, one must be a United States citizen, a resident of Iowa, and at least 18 years old by Election Day. The deadline to register is 15 days prior to the election. Iowans may register online or by completing a form and returning to their county auditor’s office by mail or in person. Registration is permitted on Election Day with proof of identification.[22][23][24]

Automatic registration

Iowa does not practice automatic voter registration.

Online registration

See also: Online voter registration

Iowa has implemented an online voter registration system. Residents can register to vote by visiting this website.

Same-day registration

Iowa allows same-day voter registration.

In order to register and vote on Election Day, voters must go to the correct polling place with proof of their identity and residence (i.e. a valid Iowa driver's license or another acceptable form of identification and proof of residency).[25]

Residency requirements

To register to vote in Iowa, you must be a resident of the state. State law does not specify a length of time for which you must have been a resident to be eligible.

Verification of citizenship

See also: Laws permitting noncitizens to vote in the United States

Iowa does not require proof of citizenship for voter registration.

Verifying your registration

The Iowa secretary of state’s office maintains a page that allows residents to check their voter registration status online.

Voter ID requirements

Iowa requires voters to present identification while voting. Voters who do not have a photo ID can obtain an Iowa voter ID card for free by mail.[26]

Voters can present the following forms of identification:

  • Iowa voter ID card
  • Iowa driver’s license
  • Iowa non-operator ID
  • U.S. passport
  • U.S. military ID or veteran ID
  • Tribal ID card/document

Voter who do not have one of the IDs listed above may have another voter vouch for their identity or they may provide a combination of other documents to verify their identity and residence. The following additional documents are acceptable proof of identity:[24]

  • Out-of-state driver's license or non-driver ID card
  • ID card issued by employer
  • Student ID issued by Iowa high school or college
  • Another photo ID that is current, valid, and contains an expiration date

The following documents are acceptable proof of residence:[24]

  • A photo ID from one of the lists above that includes the voter's current address
  • Residential lease
  • Utility bill (including a cell phone bill)
  • Bank statement
  • Paycheck
  • Government check or other government document
  • Property tax statement

Voters without the required identification or another voter to attestto their identity will be offered a provisional ballot.[26]

Early voting

Iowa permits early voting. Learn more by visiting this website.

Early voting permits citizens to cast ballots in person at a polling place prior to an election. In states that permit no-excuse early voting, a voter does not have to provide an excuse for being unable to vote on Election Day. States that allow voters to cast no-excuse absentee ballots in person are counted as no-excuse early voting states.


Absentee voting

All voters are eligible to vote absentee in Iowa. There are no special eligibility requirements for voting absentee. To vote absentee, a request application must be received by the county auditor by 5 p.m. at least 15 days prior to the election. Voters must include one of the following: Iowa driver's license or non-operator ID number, voter ID/verification number, or the four-digit PIN from their voter ID card. Returned absentee ballots must be received by the time polls close on Election Day in order to be counted.[27]


State overview

Partisan control

This section details the partisan control of federal and state positions in Iowa heading into the 2018 elections.

Congressional delegation

State executives

State legislature

  • Republicans controlled both chambers of the Iowa General Assembly. They had a 58-41 majority in the state House and a 29-20 majority in the state Senate.

Trifecta status

  • Iowa had a Republican trifecta, meaning that the Republican Party controlled both chambers of the state legislature and the governorship. Kim Reynolds (R) served as governor; she succeeded Terry E. Branstad, who resigned on May 24, 2017, to take the position of U.S. Ambassador to China.

2018 elections

See also: Iowa elections, 2018

Iowa held elections for the following positions in 2018:

Demographics

Demographic data for Iowa
 IowaU.S.
Total population:3,121,997316,515,021
Land area (sq mi):55,8573,531,905
Race and ethnicity**
White:91.2%73.6%
Black/African American:3.2%12.6%
Asian:2%5.1%
Native American:0.3%0.8%
Pacific Islander:0.1%0.2%
Two or more:2%3%
Hispanic/Latino:5.4%17.1%
Education
High school graduation rate:91.5%86.7%
College graduation rate:26.7%29.8%
Income
Median household income:$53,183$53,889
Persons below poverty level:13.8%11.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015)
Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Iowa.
**Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

As of July 2016, Iowa's three largest cities were Des Moines (pop. est. 220,000), Cedar Rapids (pop. est. 130,000), and Davenport (pop. est. 100,000).[28]

State election history

This section provides an overview of federal and state elections in Iowa from 2000 to 2016. All data comes from the Iowa Secretary of State website.

Historical elections

Presidential elections, 2000-2016

This chart shows the results of the presidential election in Iowa every year from 2000 to 2016.

Election results (President of the United States), Iowa 2000-2016
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2016 Republican Party Donald Trump 50.7% Democratic Party Hillary Clinton 41.3% 9.4%
2012 Democratic Party Barack Obama 51.7% Republican Party Mitt Romney 46.0% 5.7%
2008 Democratic Party Barack Obama 53.7% Republican Party John McCain 44.2% 9.5%
2004 Republican Party George W. Bush 49.9% Democratic Party John Kerry 49.2% 0.7%
2000 Democratic Party Al Gore 48.5% Republican Party George W. Bush 48.2% 0.3%

U.S. Senate elections, 2000-2016

This chart shows the results of U.S. Senate races in Iowa from 2000 to 2016. Every state has two Senate seats, and each seat goes up for election every six years. The terms of the seats are staggered so that roughly one-third of the seats are up every two years.

Election results (U.S. Senator), Iowa 2000-2016
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2016 Republican Party Chuck Grassley 60.1% Democratic Party Patty Judge 35.7% 24.4%
2014 Republican Party Joni Ernst 51.5% Democratic Party Bruce Braley 43.3% 8.2%
2010 Republican Party Chuck Grassley 63.4% Democratic Party Roxanne Conlin 32.8% 30.6%
2008 Democratic Party Tom Harkin 61.4% Republican Party Christopher Reed 36.5% 24.9%
2004 Republican Party Chuck Grassley 70.2% Democratic Party Arthur Small 27.9% 42.3%
2002 Democratic Party Tom Harkin 54.2% Republican Party Greg Ganske 43.8% 10.4%

Gubernatorial elections, 2000-2016

This chart shows the results of the four gubernatorial elections held between 2000 and 2016. Gubernatorial elections are held every four years in Iowa.

Election results (Governor), Iowa 2000-2016
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2014 Republican Party Terry Branstad 58.4% Democratic Party Jack Hatch 36.9% 21.5%
2010 Republican Party Terry Branstad 52.3% Democratic Party Chet Culver 42.8% 9.5%
2006 Democratic Party Chet Culver 53.7% Republican Party Jim Nussle 44.1% 9.6%
2002 Democratic Party Tom Vilsack 52.7% Republican Party Doug Gross 44.5% 8.2%

Congressional delegation, 2000-2016

This chart shows the number of Democrats and Republicans who were elected to represent Iowa in the U.S. House from 2000 to 2016. Elections for U.S. House seats are held every two years.

Congressional delegation, Iowa 2000-2016
Year Republicans Republicans (%) Democrats Democrats (%) Balance of power
2016 Republican Party 3 75.0% Democratic Party 1 25.0% R+2
2014 Republican Party 3 75.0% Democratic Party 1 25.0% R+2
2012[29] Republican Party 2 50.0% Democratic Party 2 50.0% Split
2010 Republican Party 2 40.0% Democratic Party 3 60.0% D+1
2008 Republican Party 2 40.0% Democratic Party 3 60.0% D+1
2006 Republican Party 2 40.0% Democratic Party 3 60.0% D+1
2004 Republican Party 4 80.0% Democratic Party 1 20.0% R+3
2002 Republican Party 4 80.0% Democratic Party 1 20.0% R+3
2000 Republican Party 4 80.0% Democratic Party 1 20.0% R+3

Trifectas, 1992-2017

A state government trifecta occurs when one party controls both chambers of the state legislature and the governor's office.

Iowa Party Control: 1992-2024
Four years of Democratic trifectas  •  Ten years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Governor R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
Senate D D D D D R R R R R R R R S S D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R
House D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R


Pivot Counties

See also: Pivot Counties by state

Thirty-one of 99 Iowa counties—31 percent—are Pivot Counties. Pivot Counties are counties that voted for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012 and for Donald Trump (R) in 2016. Altogether, the nation had 206 Pivot Counties, with most being concentrated in upper midwestern and northeastern states.

Counties won by Trump in 2016 and Obama in 2012 and 2008
County Trump margin of victory in 2016 Obama margin of victory in 2012 Obama margin of victory in 2008
Allamakee County, Iowa 24.15% 4.17% 14.25%
Boone County, Iowa 13.69% 6.64% 7.63%
Bremer County, Iowa 13.68% 2.68% 9.31%
Buchanan County, Iowa 15.02% 13.87% 18.48%
Cedar County, Iowa 17.78% 4.59% 9.64%
Cerro Gordo County, Iowa 7.66% 13.38% 20.83%
Chickasaw County, Iowa 22.94% 11.07% 20.74%
Clarke County, Iowa 28.02% 1.47% 2.25%
Clayton County, Iowa 22.78% 7.03% 17.17%
Clinton County, Iowa 5.12% 22.84% 23.03%
Des Moines County, Iowa 6.89% 18.41% 23.04%
Dubuque County, Iowa 1.23% 14.71% 20.77%
Fayette County, Iowa 19.36% 11.96% 16.60%
Floyd County, Iowa 14.84% 14.63% 21.88%
Howard County, Iowa 20.49% 20.95% 25.78%
Jackson County, Iowa 19.27% 16.89% 24.39%
Jasper County, Iowa 18.13% 7.07% 7.50%
Jefferson County, Iowa 0.47% 15.97% 20.23%
Jones County, Iowa 19.08% 7.78% 10.40%
Lee County, Iowa 16.02% 15.49% 16.01%
Louisa County, Iowa 28.37% 0.64% 4.25%
Marshall County, Iowa 8.31% 9.36% 9.35%
Mitchell County, Iowa 24.04% 3.37% 12.31%
Muscatine County, Iowa 6.26% 15.88% 15.64%
Poweshiek County, Iowa 6.53% 9.35% 11.75%
Tama County, Iowa 20.28% 7.43% 12.19%
Union County, Iowa 27.49% 3.86% 3.70%
Wapello County, Iowa 20.60% 11.88% 13.53%
Webster County, Iowa 21.52% 5.84% 8.51%
Winneshiek County, Iowa 0.79% 14.74% 22.65%
Worth County, Iowa 21.68% 14.53% 22.42%

In the 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump (R) won Iowa with 51.1 percent of the vote. Hillary Clinton (D) received 41.7 percent. In presidential elections between 1848 and 2016, Iowa voted Republican 69.76 percent of the time and Democratic 30.23 percent of the time. In the five presidential elections between 2000 and 2016, Iowa voted Democratic three times and Republican the other two times.[30]

Presidential results by legislative district

The following table details results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections by state House districts in Iowa. Click [show] to expand the table. The "Obama," "Romney," "Clinton," and "Trump" columns describe the percent of the vote each presidential candidate received in the district. The "2012 Margin" and "2016 Margin" columns describe the margin of victory between the two presidential candidates in those years. The "Party Control" column notes which party held that seat heading into the 2018 general election. Data on the results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections broken down by state legislative districts was compiled by Daily Kos.[31][32]

In 2012, Barack Obama (D) won 61 out of 100 state House districts in Iowa with an average margin of victory of 19.1 points. In 2016, Hillary Clinton (D) won 35 out of 100 state House districts in Iowa with an average margin of victory of 18.8 points. Clinton won four districts controlled by Republicans heading into the 2018 elections.
In 2012, Mitt Romney (R) won 39 out of 100 state House districts in Iowa with an average margin of victory of 13.3 points. In 2016, Donald Trump (R) won 65 out of 100 state House districts in Iowa with an average margin of victory of 24.5 points. Trump won 10 districts controlled by Democrats heading into the 2018 elections.

Recent news

The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Iowa governor Democratic primary 2018. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

See also

Iowa government:

Elections:

Ballotpedia exclusives:

External links

Footnotes

  1. CNN, "Why Trump's China spat has 2018 consequences," April 4, 2018
  2. The New York Times, "Across Midwest, Farmers Warn of G.O.P. Losses Over Trump’s Trade Policy," April 18, 2018
  3. The Washington Post, "Iowa went big for Trump, but there are signs its voters are souring on the president," January 1, 2018
  4. The Washington Post, "Trump’s emerging trade war threatens House Republican seats," April 3, 2018
  5. Politico, "Iowa Democrat Boulton suspends campaign following sexual misconduct report," May 24, 2018
  6. The Associated Press, "Boulton’s exit leaves Iowa governor candidates scrambling," May 27, 2018
  7. The Des Moines Register, "Fred Hubbell outpaces Kim Reynolds in fundraising; Reynolds holds more cash in governor's race," July 20, 2018
  8. The Gazette, "Poll shows Hubbell building wide lead in Iowa Democratic race," May 8, 2018
  9. The Des Moines Register, "Iowa's race for governor: Hubbell raises $3 million, Reynolds $1.3 million," May 21, 2018
  10. KCRG, "Fact Checker: Hubbell's help with flood, mental health and tax credit issues," May 31, 2018
  11. Iowa State Daily, "Second Democratic gubernatorial debate sets candidates apart before June 5 primary" May 30, 2018
  12. Iowa City Press-Citizen, "Iowa governor candidate Cathy Glasson hopes to spread Johnson County energy across state," May 18, 2018
  13. Des Moines Register, "Iowa Senate OKs primary runoff bill as Dems rail against Steve King," March 15, 2017
  14. Globe Gazette, "Steckman endorses Boulton for governor," December 28, 2017
  15. Sioux City Journal, "Exclusive: Hall endorses Hubbell for Iowa governor," November 20, 2017
  16. Quad-City Times, "Prichard endorses Hubbell for Iowa governor," November 21, 2017
  17. Iowa Ethics & Campaign Disclosure Board," accessed January 22, 2018
  18. Iowa Secretary of State, "2014 Primary Election Canvass Summary," accessed September 18, 2017
  19. Iowa Secretary of State Website, "Voter Registration FAQ," accessed January 3, 2014
  20. Iowa Secretary of State, "Find Your Polling Place," accessed April 13, 2023
  21. The Iowa Legislature, "SF413," accessed April 13, 2023
  22. Iowa Secretary of State, "Voter Pre-Registration," accessed April 13, 2023
  23. Iowa Secretary of State, "Voter Registration," accessed April 13, 2023
  24. 24.0 24.1 24.2 Iowa Secretary of State, "Election Day Registration," accessed April 13, 2023
  25. Iowa Secretary of State, "Election Day Registration," accessed April 13, 2023
  26. 26.0 26.1 Iowa Secretary of State, "Voter ID FAQ," accessed April 13, 2023 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ivid" defined multiple times with different content
  27. Iowa Secretary of State Website, "Absentee Voting by Mail," accessed April 13, 2023
  28. Iowa Demographics, "Iowa Cities by Population," accessed September 4, 2018
  29. Iowa lost one U.S. House seat following the 2010 census.
  30. 270towin.com, "Iowa," accessed June 1, 2017
  31. Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' statewide election results by congressional and legislative districts," July 9, 2013
  32. Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2016 presidential results for congressional and legislative districts," February 6, 2017