Colorado Secretary of State election, 2018

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2022
2014
Colorado Secretary of State
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Democratic primary
Republican primary
General election
Election details
Filing deadline: March 20, 2018
Primary: June 26, 2018
General: November 6, 2018

Pre-election incumbent(s):
Wayne W. Williams (Republican)
How to vote
Poll times: 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.
Voting in Colorado
Ballotpedia analysis
Federal and state primary competitiveness
State executive elections in 2018
Impact of term limits in 2018
State government trifectas
State government triplexes
Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2018
Colorado
executive elections
Governor

Lieutenant governor
Attorney general
Secretary of state
Treasurer
State board of education
State board of regents

Jena Griswold (D) defeated incumbent Wayne Williams (R), Amanda Campbell (American Constitution), and Blake Huber (Approval Voting) in the 2018 general election for Colorado Secretary of State.

Williams was first elected in 2014 by a margin of 2 percentage points. The Republican candidate had won each of the ten preceding secretary of state elections. In 2016, Hillary Clinton (D) carried the state by a margin of 5 percentage points.

Griswold's victory, alongside Jared Polis' (D) victory in the gubernatorial election and Phil Weiser's (D) victory in the attorney general election, created a Democratic triplex in Colorado. At the time of the election, neither party had held a triplex in Colorado since Gov. Bill Ritter (D) took office in 2007, breaking a Republican triplex.

Among the office's duties are management and oversight of the state's elections and voter registration, registration of businesses, nonprofits, and political lobbyists, and administration of the Uniform Commercial Code.



Democratic Party For more information about the Democratic primary, click here.
Republican Party For more information about the Republican primary, click here.

Candidates and election results

General election

General election for Colorado Secretary of State

Jena Griswold defeated incumbent Wayne W. Williams, Amanda Campbell, and Blake Huber in the general election for Colorado Secretary of State on November 6, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Jena_Griswold.jpg
Jena Griswold (D) Candidate Connection
 
52.7
 
1,313,716
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Wayne_Williams2023.jpg
Wayne W. Williams (R)
 
44.7
 
1,113,927
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Amanda Campbell (American Constitution Party)
 
2.1
 
51,734
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Blake_Huber.jpg
Blake Huber (Approval Voting Party) Candidate Connection
 
0.5
 
13,258

Total votes: 2,492,635
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for Colorado Secretary of State

Jena Griswold advanced from the Democratic primary for Colorado Secretary of State on June 26, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Jena_Griswold.jpg
Jena Griswold Candidate Connection
 
100.0
 
510,903

Total votes: 510,903
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Republican primary election

Republican primary for Colorado Secretary of State

Incumbent Wayne W. Williams advanced from the Republican primary for Colorado Secretary of State on June 26, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Wayne_Williams2023.jpg
Wayne W. Williams
 
100.0
 
414,926

Total votes: 414,926
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Candidate profiles

See also: Editorial approach to writing about key campaign messages


Jena Griswold, attorney
Jena Griswold.jpg

Campaign website Facebook Twitter

Party: Democratic

Incumbent: No

Political office: None

Biography: Griswold graduated from Whitman College with a degree in politics and Spanish literature in 2006. She obtained her law degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 2011 and worked for two years with the law firm Paul Hastings. In 2013, Griswold was hired as director of Gov. John Hickenlooper's (D) Washington, D.C. office. She left to found Griswold Strategies, LLC in 2015.

Key messages
  • Griswold said that she was running to protect the integrity of the democratic process, saying that "our democracy is under attack, whether from Russian cyberattacks on our elections or from our own president himself."[3]
  • Griswold stated that she would make elections more fair by enacting transparency requirements for satellite spending and by modifying the state's redistricting procedures.[3]




Wayne Williams, Colorado Secretary of State
Wayne Williams.jpg

Campaign website Facebook

Party: Republican

Incumbent: Yes

Political office: Colorado Secretary of State (Assumed office: 2015), El Paso County Clerk (2011-2014), El Paso County Commission (2003-2011)

Biography: Williams graduated from Brigham Young University with a degree in political science in 1986 and obtained his law degree from the University of Virginia in 1989. After working with two other law firms, Williams founded his own practice in 1998. As of the 2018 election, Williams was owner of his practice.

Key messages
  • Williams said that he was the only candidate who has experience with administering elections, pointing to both his first term as secretary and his four years as El Paso County clerk.[4]
  • Williams said that he had a business-friendly record, saying that under his tenure, "since becoming Secretary of State, Colorado has added over 100,000 businesses."[4]
  • Williams stated that he had a record of working with both Democrats and Republicans, adding that his opponents "might aim to turn the Colorado Secretary of State’s office into a hyper-partisan office that only seeks to serve one political party or agenda."[4]


Polls

See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls

If you are aware of polls conducted in this race, please email us.

Campaign finance

The chart below contains data from financial reports submitted to the Colorado Secretary of State with information on all raising and spending between the beginning of the election cycle on December 5, 2014, and September 26, 2018.

Noteworthy endorsements

See also: Ballotpedia: Our approach to covering endorsements

This section lists noteworthy endorsements issued in this election, including those made by high-profile individuals and organizations, cross-party endorsements, and endorsements made by newspaper editorial boards. It also includes a bulleted list of links to official lists of endorsements for any candidates who published that information on their campaign websites. Please note that this list is not exhaustive. If you are aware of endorsements that should be included, please click here.

Click the links below to see endorsement lists published on candidate campaign websites, if available:


Noteworthy general election endorsements
Endorsement Griswold (D) Williams (R)
Newspapers and editorials
The Aspen Times[5]
The Aurora Sentinel[6]
The Coloradoan[7]
The Durango Herald[8]
The Gazette[9]
The Greeley Tribune[10]
The Pueblo Chieftain[11]
Elected officials
Former President Barack Obama (D)[12]
Former Vice President Joe Biden (D)[13]

Timeline

Campaign advertisements

This section shows advertisements released in this race. Ads released by campaigns and, if applicable, satellite groups are embedded or linked below. If you are aware of advertisements that should be included, please email us.

Campaign themes

Democratic Party Jena Griswold

Griswold's campaign website stated the following:

Voting Rights
Jena Griswold grew up in rural Colorado in a working-class family that faced financial difficulties and at times received help from local foodbanks. She’s held a job since the seventh grade, and she was the first person in her family to attend a four-year college. Growing up working-class, she knows first-hand how important it is for every Coloradan's voice to be heard and every vote to count.

The Secretary of State should make elections more accessible and secure. Jena will work to increase voter participation and turnout. That’s why Jena plans to expand automatic voter registration. On the other hand, Jena’s opponent has opposed laws to increase voter participation, such as universal mail ballots and same-day voter registration.

Jena will protect Coloradans’ right to vote. Donald Trump set up a federal voter commission to discourage eligible citizens from voting. As Secretary of State, Jena Griswold will stand up to Donald Trump and protect every Coloradan’s right to vote in secure elections.

Cyber Security
Colorado was one of 21 states targeted by Russian hackers in the 2016 election. Colorado also recently received a B-ranking in cyber security. As Secretary of State, Jena Griswold will protect Colorado’s elections from Russian hacking or any attempts to interfere with our elections. Jena will also fix our statewide voter registration system, which went down in 2016, causing 2-3 hour lines in some places. Our statewide system has to work perfectly on Election Day.

We have great cyber and IT resources in Colorado. As SOS, Jena plans to work with the top minds in government and private sector cyber experts to ensure that we are ready for 21st century challenges.

Small Businesses & Entrepreneurs
Our state is built by entrepreneurs and small business owners. As a small business owner herself, Jena Griswold will strengthen Colorado’s economy and create jobs by cutting red tape and making it easier for people to launch their own business. Jena believes that government bureaucracy should never stand in the way of success, and plans to make the Secretary of State’s Office into a resources center for small businesses and entrepreneurs.

Campaign Finance
Billionaires, special interest groups, and big corporations are spending millions to influence the outcome of our elections. As Secretary of State, Jena Griswold will fight for real campaign finance reform that increases transparency of these hidden campaign donors and gets secret money out of Colorado politics.

Jena Griswold plans to close lobbyist loopholes and stop dark money, which is unreported, secret political spending. She will also make sure campaign finance law is enforced and make sure special interest groups and politicians play by the rules.[14]

Jena Griswold for Colorado[15]


Republican Party Wayne Williams

Williams' campaign website stated the following:

Independent Principled Leadership
Colorado Secretary of State Wayne Williams isn’t the loudest or most attention-seeking elected official you’ll ever meet, but he might be the most effective public servant in our state. Since winning his first statewide campaign in 2014, Wayne has transformed his often-overlooked but deeply important office into a nationally-recognized model of efficiency, competence and professionalism. In doing so, he has remained committed to embracing fiscally conservative solutions to Colorado’s most pressing needs, and has helped deliver real, noticeable results for the people of our state while saving taxpayers millions of dollars in the process. This summer, when Wayne was reappointed to serve on the executive board of the National Association of Secretaries of State (NASS), Vermont Secretary of State Jim Condos (D), the president of NASS, said, “I’ve seen firsthand how Wayne Williams has worked across the aisle to bring people together. Wayne works with both Democrats and Republicans to protect our nation’s elections and to ensure the right to vote. That why I asked him to serve again on the NASS executive board.”

Safe and Fair Elections
As Colorado’s chief elections official, Wayne has worked hand-in-hand with County Clerks across the state to rapidly and safely modernize Colorado’s ability to conduct and oversee elections of all sizes, recently directing the statewide implementation of new, 21st Century voting systems. He has placed a great deal of emphasis on election integrity, and in 2017 oversaw Colorado’s first ever statewide risk-limiting audit, designed to catch election errors. It’s no surprise, then, that the Washington Post recently called Colorado, “The safest state to cast a vote.” Wayne hasn’t just made voting in Colorado more safe and secure, he’s helped make it easier for Coloradans to vote than ever before. Under his leadership, all but two of Colorado’s 64 counties now have 24-hour drop boxes for their voters’ convenience during election season. It is no coincidence that Colorado enjoys the highest voter registration percentage of any state in America, alongside ranking in the top-5 in election turnout.

Business Development and Charitable Giving
The Secretary of State’s office oversees an entire business and licensing division, and under Wayne’s leadership, Colorado businesses of all sizes have found registration and reporting more affordable and streamlined than ever before. Wayne has slashed fees. Colorado is the cheapest place in America to renew a business, at a cost of $10. By comparison, the cost of registering a business in Massachusetts is $500. And searching Colorado’s database is free and easy. The streamlined filing process has helped businesses thrive and has enabled Colorado to grow by over 100,000 businesses in the 3 ½ years that Wayne has been Secretary of State! And Wayne recently partnered with the Governor’s office to launch mybiz.colorado.gov to make starting a business even easier. Additionally, the Secretary of State’s office oversees the registration and reporting of charities based in Colorado. In 2017, philanthropic organizations in the state raised a staggering $4.7 billion, a particular source of pride to Wayne. Wayne has also been an advocate for wise charitable giving, including “Operation Donate with Honor,” an education campaign to help potential donors spot fraudulent organizations that falsely promise donations will help veterans and service members.

Innovation and Cybersecurity
Under the leadership of Secretary of State Wayne Williams, Colorado has become a national model for excellence for its role in innovation and cybersecurity. During Wayne’s tenure, the Colorado Secretary of State’s office has won the following awards:

  • 2015 IDEAS Award – National Association of Secretaries of State
  • 2015 CIO 100 Award – CIO Magazine
  • 2015 Merit Award – International Association of Commercial Administrators
  • 2016 Merit Award – International Association of Commercial Administrators
  • 2018 Public Service Award – Election Verification Network
  • 2018 Public Sector Innovation Winner – Government Innovation Awards[14]
Wayne Williams for Colorado[16]


Social media

Twitter accounts

Facebook accounts

Click the icons below to visit the candidates' Facebook pages.

Democratic Party Jena Griswold Facebook

Republican Party Wayne Williams Facebook

Pivot Counties

See also: Pivot Counties by state

Four of 64 Colorado counties—6 percent—are Pivot Counties. Pivot Counties are counties that voted for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012 and for Donald Trump (R) in 2016. Altogether, the nation had 206 Pivot Counties, with most being concentrated in upper midwestern and northeastern states.

Counties won by Trump in 2016 and Obama in 2012 and 2008
County Trump margin of victory in 2016 Obama margin of victory in 2012 Obama margin of victory in 2008
Conejos County, Colorado 3.56% 9.22% 12.93%
Huerfano County, Colorado 6.61% 8.27% 11.23%
Las Animas County, Colorado 15.60% 2.65% 7.04%
Pueblo County, Colorado 0.50% 13.99% 14.97%

In the 2016 presidential election, Hillary Clinton (D) won Colorado with 48.2 percent of the vote. Donald Trump (R) received 43.3 percent. In presidential elections between 1900 and 2016, Colorado voted Republican 63.3 percent of the time and Democratic 36.7 percent of the time. Colorado voted Republican in the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections, but voted Democratic in the 2008, 2012, and 2016 elections.

Presidential results by legislative district

The following table details results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections by state House districts in Colorado. Click [show] to expand the table. The "Obama," "Romney," "Clinton," and "Trump" columns describe the percent of the vote each presidential candidate received in the district. The "2012 Margin" and "2016 Margin" columns describe the margin of victory between the two presidential candidates in those years. The "Party Control" column notes which party held that seat heading into the 2018 general election. Data on the results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections broken down by state legislative districts was compiled by Daily Kos.[17][18]

In 2012, Barack Obama (D) won 37 out of 65 state House districts in Colorado with an average margin of victory of 27.3 points. In 2016, Hillary Clinton (D) won 40 out of 65 state House districts in Colorado with an average margin of victory of 24.8 points. Clinton won four districts controlled by Republicans heading into the 2018 elections.
In 2012, Mitt Romney (R) won 28 out of 65 state House districts in Colorado with an average margin of victory of 21.2 points. In 2016, Donald Trump (R) won 25 out of 65 state House districts in Colorado with an average margin of victory of 25.8 points. Trump won one district controlled by a Democrat heading into the 2018 elections.


Election history

2014

See also: Colorado secretary of state election, 2014

In the 2014 secretary of state election, Wayne Williams (R) defeated Joe Neguse (D).

Secretary of State of Colorado, 2014
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngWayne Williams 47.3% 932,588
     Democratic Joe Neguse 45% 886,043
     American Constitution Amanda Campbell 3.9% 77,790
     Libertarian David Schambach 3.7% 73,413
Total Votes 1,969,834
Election results via Colorado Secretary of State

State overview

Partisan control

This section details the partisan control of federal and state positions in Colorado heading into the 2018 elections.

Congressional delegation

  • The state had a split delegation (one Democrat, one Republican) in the U.S. Senate. Colorado did not hold elections for either U.S. Senate seat in 2018.
  • Republicans held four of seven U.S. House seats in Colorado, and Democrats held three.

State executives

State legislature

  • The Colorado state legislature was under divided control. Republicans had an 18-16 majority in the state Senate, with one Independent who caucused with the Democrats. Democrats had a 36-29 majority in the state House.

Trifecta status

  • Heading into the 2018 elections, Colorado was under divided government.

2018 elections

See also: Colorado elections, 2018

Colorado held elections for the following positions in 2018:

Demographics

Demographic data for Colorado
 ColoradoU.S.
Total population:5,448,819316,515,021
Land area (sq mi):103,6423,531,905
Race and ethnicity**
White:84.2%73.6%
Black/African American:4%12.6%
Asian:2.9%5.1%
Native American:0.9%0.8%
Pacific Islander:0.1%0.2%
Two or more:3.5%3%
Hispanic/Latino:21.1%17.1%
Education
High school graduation rate:90.7%86.7%
College graduation rate:38.1%29.8%
Income
Median household income:$60,629$53,889
Persons below poverty level:13.5%11.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015)
Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Colorado.
**Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

As of July 2017, Colorado had a population of approximately 5.6 million people, and its two largest cities were Denver (pop. est. 719,000) and Colorado Springs (pop. est. 484,000).[19][20]

State election history

This section provides an overview of federal and state elections in Colorado from 2000 to 2016.

Historical elections

Presidential elections, 2000-2016

This chart shows the results of the presidential election in Colorado every year from 2000 to 2016.

Election results (President of the United States), Colorado 2000-2016[21]
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2016 Democratic Party Hillary Clinton 48.2% Republican Party Donald Trump 43.3% 4.9%
2012 Democratic Party Barack Obama 51.5% Republican Party Mitt Romney 46.1% 5.4%
2008 Democratic Party Barack Obama 53.7% Republican Party John McCain 44.7% 9.0%
2004 Republican Party George W. Bush 51.7% Democratic Party John Kerry 47.0% 4.7%
2000 Republican Party George W. Bush 50.8% Democratic Party Al Gore 42.4% 8.4%

U.S. Senate elections, 2000-2016

This chart shows the results of U.S. Senate races in Colorado from 2000 to 2016. Every state has two Senate seats, and each seat goes up for election every six years. The terms of the seats are staggered so that roughly one-third of the seats are up every two years.

Election results (U.S. Senator), Colorado 2000-2016
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2016[22] Democratic Party Michael Bennet 50.0% Republican Party Darryl Glenn 44.3% 5.7%
2014[23] Republican Party Cory Gardner 48.2% Democratic Party Mark Udall 46.3% 1.9%
2010[24] Democratic Party Michael Bennet 48.1% Republican Party Ken Buck 46.4% 1.7%
2008[25] Democratic Party Mark Udall 52.8% Republican Party Bob Schaffer 42.5% 10.3%
2004[26] Democratic Party Ken Salazar 50.4% Republican Party Pete Coors 45.7% 4.7%
2002[27] Republican Party Wayne Allard 50.1% Democratic Party Tom Strickland 45.2% 4.9%

Gubernatorial elections, 2000-2016

This chart shows the results of the four gubernatorial elections held between 2000 and 2016. Gubernatorial elections are held every four years in Colorado, and take place in even-numbered years between presidential elections.

Election results (Governor), Colorado 2000-2016
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2014[23] Democratic Party John Hickenlooper 49.3% Republican Party Bob Beauprez 46.0% 3.3%
2010[24] Democratic Party John Hickenlooper 51.1% Grey.png Tom Tancredo 36.4% 14.7%
2006[28] Democratic Party Bill Ritter 56.0% Republican Party Bob Beauprez 39.5% 16.5%
2002[27] Republican Party Bill Owens 61.7% Democratic Party Rollie Heath 33.2% 28.5%

Congressional delegation, 2000-2016

This chart shows the number of Democrats and Republicans who were elected to represent Colorado in the U.S. House from 2000 to 2016. Elections for U.S. House seats are held every two years.

Congressional delegation, Colorado 2000-2016
Year Republicans Republicans (%) Democrats Democrats (%) Balance of power
2016[22] Republican Party 4 57.1% Democratic Party 3 42.9% R+1
2014[23] Republican Party 4 57.1% Democratic Party 3 42.9% R+1
2012[29] Republican Party 4 57.1% Democratic Party 3 42.9% R+1
2010[24] Republican Party 4 57.1% Democratic Party 3 42.9% R+1
2008[25] Republican Party 2 28.6% Democratic Party 5 71.4% D+3
2006[28] Republican Party 3 42.9% Democratic Party 4 57.1% D+1
2004[26] Republican Party 4 57.1% Democratic Party 3 42.9% R+1
2002[27] Republican Party 5 71.4% Democratic Party 2 28.6% R+3
2000[30] Republican Party 4 66.7% Democratic Party 2 33.3% R+2

Trifectas, 1992-2018

A state government trifecta occurs when one party controls both chambers of the state legislature and the governor's office.

Colorado Party Control: 1992-2024
Twelve years of Democratic trifectas  •  Four years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Governor D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
Senate R R R R R R R R R D D R R D D D D D D D D D D R R R R D D D D D D
House R R R R R R R R R R R R R D D D D D D R R D D D D D D D D D D D D


Recent news

The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Colorado secretary of state election 2018. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

See also

Colorado government:

Elections:

Ballotpedia exclusives:

External links

Footnotes

  1. Same-day registration was available for those voting in person at Voter Service and Polling Centers,
  2. Same-day registration was available for those voting in person at Voter Service and Polling Centers,
  3. 3.0 3.1 Youtube, "Why I am running," accessed October 2, 2018
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Wayne Williams for Colorado Secretary of State, "Experience Matters: The Williams Record," accessed October 2, 2018
  5. The Aspen Times, "Aspen Times Editorial: Breaking down the Colorado races," October 30, 2018
  6. The Aurora Sentinel, "ENDORSEMENT: Williams deserves your vote of confidence as Colorado secretary of state," October 9, 2018
  7. Coloradoan, "Coloradoan editorial board endorsement: Williams has earned trust as secretary of state," October 28, 2018
  8. The Durango Herald, "Ignore the wave, support Wayne Williams," October 31, 2018
  9. The Gazette, "EDITORIAL: Keep Wayne Williams, a proven success, as secretary of state," October 30, 2018
  10. The Greeley Tribune, "Tribune Endorsement: Wayne Williams deserves another term as Colorado’s secretary of state," October 27, 2018
  11. The Pueblo Chieftain, "Williams for secretary of state," October 1, 2018
  12. Chicago Sun-Times, "Obama jumps into mid-terms; endorses Pritzker, Raoul, Casten, Kelly, Underwood," August 2, 2018
  13. 9 News, "Joe Biden throws weight behind secretary of state hopeful Jena Griswold," June 19, 2018
  14. 14.0 14.1 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  15. Jena for Colorado, "Issues and Solutions," accessed October 2, 2018
  16. Wayne Williams for Colorado, "Home," accessed October 2, 2018
  17. Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' statewide election results by congressional and legislative districts," July 9, 2013
  18. Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2016 presidential results for congressional and legislative districts," February 6, 2017
  19. United States Census Bureau, "QuickFacts Colorado," accessed April 2, 2018
  20. World Population Review, "Population of Cities in Colorado (2018)," accessed April 2, 2018
  21. US Election Atlas, "United States Presidential Election Results," accessed April 2, 2018
  22. 22.0 22.1 Colorado Secretary of State, "2016 Abstract of Votes Cast," accessed April 3, 2018
  23. 23.0 23.1 23.2 Colorado Secretary of State, "2014 Abstract of Votes Cast," accessed April 3, 2018
  24. 24.0 24.1 24.2 Colorado Secretary of State, "2010 Abstract of Votes Cast," accessed April 4, 2018
  25. 25.0 25.1 Colorado Secretary of State, "Official Publication of the Abstract of Votes Cast for the 2008 Primary & 2008 General," accessed April 4, 2018
  26. 26.0 26.1 Colorado Secretary of State, "Official Publication of the Abstract of Votes Cast for the 2003 Coordinated, 2004 Primary, & 2004 General," accessed April 4, 2018
  27. 27.0 27.1 27.2 Colorado Secretary of State, "Official Publication of the Abstract of Votes Cast for the 2001 Coordinated, 2002 Primary, & 2002 General," accessed April 4, 2018
  28. 28.0 28.1 Colorado Secretary of State, "Official Publication of the Abstract of Votes Cast for the 2005 Coordinated, 2006 Primary, & 2006 General," accessed April 4, 2018
  29. Colorado Secretary of State, "2012 Abstract of Votes Cast," accessed April 4, 2018
  30. Colorado Secretary of State, "Official Publication of the Abstract of Votes Cast for the 2000 Presidential, 2000 Primary, & 2000 General," accessed April 4, 2018