Hawaii gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2018

From Ballotpedia
Jump to: navigation, search

General election

General election for Governor of Hawaii

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/DavidIge2015.jpg
David Ige (D)
 
62.7
 
244,934
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Andria_Tupola.jpg
Andria Tupola (R)
 
33.7
 
131,719
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Jim Brewer (G)
 
2.6
 
10,123
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/teruya_terrence-min.jpg
Terrence Teruya (Nonpartisan)
 
1.0
 
4,067

Total votes: 390,843
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.


2022
2014
Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii
Ballotpedia Election Coverage Badge.png
Democratic primary
Republican primary
General election
Election details
Filing deadline: June 5, 2018
Primary: August 11, 2018
General: November 6, 2018

Pre-election incumbent(s):
Gov. David Ige (Democrat)
Lt. Gov. Doug Chin (Democrat)
How to vote
Poll times: 7 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Voting in Hawaii
Race ratings
Cook Political Report: Solid Democratic
Sabato's Crystal Ball: Safe Democratic
Inside Elections: Solid Democratic
Ballotpedia analysis
Federal and state primary competitiveness
State executive elections in 2018
Impact of term limits in 2018
State government trifectas
State government triplexes
Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2018
Hawaii
executive elections
Governor

Lieutenant governor
Office of Hawaiian Affairs board of trustees


Hawaii held an election for governor and lieutenant governor on November 6, 2018. The primary election was held on August 11, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was June 5, 2018.

Incumbent David Ige (D) defeated challengers Andria Tupola (R), Jim Brewer (Green), and Terrence Teruya (nonpartisan), receiving 62.7 percent of the vote to Tupola's 33.6 percent, Brewer's 2.6 percent, and Teruya's 1.0 percent. Ige's 62.7 percent share of the vote was greater than any Democratic candidate for governor in state history, surpassing the 59.83 percent record set by John Waihee (D) in 1990. Click here for more.

SETTING THE STAGE
  • Heading into the election, the sitting governor was David Ige (D). He was first elected to the office in 2014.
  • Heading into the election, the sitting lieutenant governor was Doug Chin (D). He took on the position in February 2018 after then-lieutenant governor Shan Tsutsui (D) resigned. As the state's attorney general at the time, Chin was the third in line of succession, but the Senate president and House speaker declined to serve in the position. Chin did not run for re-election in 2018. Instead, he sought to represent the state's 1st Congressional District in the U.S. House.
  • At the time of the 2018 election, Hawaii was a Democratic trifecta. It first gained this status when former Gov. Neil Abercrombie (D) took office in 2010. Hawaii was a Democratic triplex in 2018.
  • Hawaii had been won by the Democratic candidate in each of the five presidential elections leading up to the 2018 election. The widest margin of victory was Barack Obama's 45 percent margin in 2008 while the narrowest was John Kerry's nine percent margin in 2004.
  • Candidates and election results

    Governor

    See also: Statistics on gubernatorial candidates, 2018
    See also: Hawaii gubernatorial election, 2018 (August 11 Democratic primary)
    See also: Hawaii gubernatorial election, 2018 (August 11 Republican primary)

    General election

    General election for Governor of Hawaii

    Incumbent David Ige defeated Andria Tupola, Jim Brewer, and Terrence Teruya in the general election for Governor of Hawaii on November 6, 2018.

    Candidate
    %
    Votes
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/DavidIge2015.jpg
    David Ige (D)
     
    62.7
     
    244,934
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Andria_Tupola.jpg
    Andria Tupola (R)
     
    33.7
     
    131,719
    Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
    Jim Brewer (G)
     
    2.6
     
    10,123
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/teruya_terrence-min.jpg
    Terrence Teruya (Nonpartisan)
     
    1.0
     
    4,067

    Total votes: 390,843
    Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
    If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

    Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

    Democratic primary election

    Democratic primary for Governor of Hawaii

    The following candidates ran in the Democratic primary for Governor of Hawaii on August 11, 2018.

    Candidate
    %
    Votes
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/DavidIge2015.jpg
    David Ige
     
    51.4
     
    124,572
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Colleen_Hanabusa.jpg
    Colleen Hanabusa
     
    44.4
     
    107,631
    Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
    Ernest Caravalho
     
    2.3
     
    5,662
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/WendellKae.jpg
    Wendell Ka'ehu'ae'a
     
    0.9
     
    2,298
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Richard_Kim-1.jpg
    Richard Kim
     
    0.6
     
    1,576
    Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
    Van Tanabe
     
    0.3
     
    775

    Total votes: 242,514
    Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
    If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

    Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

    Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

    Republican primary election

    Republican primary for Governor of Hawaii

    Andria Tupola defeated John Carroll and Ray L'Heureux in the Republican primary for Governor of Hawaii on August 11, 2018.

    Candidate
    %
    Votes
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Andria_Tupola.jpg
    Andria Tupola
     
    55.5
     
    17,297
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/CarrollHI.jpg
    John Carroll
     
    35.2
     
    10,974
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Ray_L_Heureux_fixed.jpg
    Ray L'Heureux
     
    9.3
     
    2,885

    Total votes: 31,156
    Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
    If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

    Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

    Nonpartisan primary election

    Nonpartisan primary for Governor of Hawaii

    Terrence Teruya defeated Selina Blackwell and Link El in the primary for Governor of Hawaii on August 11, 2018.

    Candidate
    %
    Votes
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/teruya_terrence-min.jpg
    Terrence Teruya
     
    47.7
     
    543
    Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
    Selina Blackwell
     
    43.7
     
    497
    Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
    Link El
     
    8.6
     
    98

    Total votes: 1,138
    Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
    If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

    Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

    Green primary election

    Green primary for Governor of Hawaii

    Jim Brewer advanced from the Green primary for Governor of Hawaii on August 11, 2018.

    Candidate
    %
    Votes
    Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
    Jim Brewer
     
    100.0
     
    454

    Total votes: 454
    Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
    If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

    Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

    Lieutenant Governor

    See also: Hawaii lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2018 (August 11 Democratic primary)
    See also: Hawaii lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2018 (August 11 Republican primary)

    General election

    General election for Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii

    Joshua Green defeated Marissa Kerns, Renee Ing, and Paul Robotti in the general election for Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii on November 6, 2018.

    Candidate
    %
    Votes
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Joshua-Green.PNG
    Joshua Green (D)
     
    62.7
     
    244,934
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/IMG_8794.png
    Marissa Kerns (R)
     
    33.7
     
    131,719
    Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
    Renee Ing (G)
     
    2.6
     
    10,123
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/PaulRobotti.JPG
    Paul Robotti (Nonpartisan) Candidate Connection
     
    1.0
     
    4,067

    Total votes: 390,843
    Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
    If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

    Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

    Democratic primary election

    Democratic primary for Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii

    Joshua Green defeated Jill Tokuda, Bernard Carvalho, Kim Coco Iwamoto, and William Espero in the Democratic primary for Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii on August 11, 2018.

    Candidate
    %
    Votes
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Joshua-Green.PNG
    Joshua Green
     
    31.4
     
    74,845
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Jill-Tokuda.PNG
    Jill Tokuda
     
    28.6
     
    68,124
    Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
    Bernard Carvalho
     
    19.2
     
    45,825
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/KimCocoIwamoto2018.jpg
    Kim Coco Iwamoto
     
    14.4
     
    34,243
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/William_Espero.jpg
    William Espero
     
    6.5
     
    15,463

    Total votes: 238,500
    Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
    If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

    Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

    Republican primary election

    Republican primary for Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii

    Marissa Kerns defeated Steve Lipscomb and Jeremy Low in the Republican primary for Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii on August 11, 2018.

    Candidate
    %
    Votes
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/IMG_8794.png
    Marissa Kerns
     
    35.4
     
    9,758
    Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
    Steve Lipscomb
     
    34.7
     
    9,543
    Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
    Jeremy Low
     
    29.9
     
    8,232

    Total votes: 27,533
    Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
    If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

    Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

    Nonpartisan primary election

    Nonpartisan primary for Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii

    Paul Robotti defeated Ernest Magaoay in the primary for Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii on August 11, 2018.

    Candidate
    %
    Votes
    Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/PaulRobotti.JPG
    Paul Robotti Candidate Connection
     
    50.6
     
    536
    Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
    Ernest Magaoay
     
    49.4
     
    523

    Total votes: 1,059
    Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
    If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

    Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

    Green primary election

    Green primary for Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii

    Renee Ing advanced from the Green primary for Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii on August 11, 2018.

    Candidate
    %
    Votes
    Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
    Renee Ing
     
    100.0
     
    444

    Total votes: 444
    Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
    If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

    Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

    Context of the 2018 election

    Race rating

    Race ratings: Hawaii gubernatorial election, 2018
    Race trackerRace ratings
    November 5, 2018October 30, 2018October 23, 2018October 16, 2018
    The Cook Political ReportSolid DemocraticSolid DemocraticSolid DemocraticSolid Democratic
    Inside Elections with Nathan L. GonzalesSolid DemocraticSolid DemocraticSolid DemocraticSolid Democratic
    Larry J. Sabato's Crystal BallSafe DemocraticSafe DemocraticSafe DemocraticSafe Democratic
    Note: Ballotpedia updates external race ratings every two weeks throughout the election season.

    Other 2018 statewide elections

    See also: States with both gubernatorial and U.S. Senate elections in 2018

    This race took place in one of twenty-two states that held elections for both governor and U.S. Senate in 2018.

    A table of where these elections occurred, the names of incumbents prior to the 2018 elections, and links to our coverage of these races can be viewed by clicking "[show]" on the banner below:

    Wave election analysis

    See also: Wave elections (1918-2016)

    The term wave election is frequently used to describe an election cycle in which one party makes significant electoral gains. How many seats would Republicans have had to lose for the 2018 midterm election to be considered a wave election?

    Ballotpedia examined the results of the 50 election cycles that occurred between 1918 and 2016—spanning from President Woodrow Wilson's (D) second midterm in 1918 to Donald Trump's (R) first presidential election in 2016. We define wave elections as the 20 percent of elections in that period resulting in the greatest seat swings against the president's party.

    Applying this definition to gubernatorial elections, we found that Republicans needed to lose seven seats for 2018 to qualify as a wave election.

    The chart below shows the number of seats the president's party lost in the 11 gubernatorial waves from 1918 to 2016. Click here to read the full report.

    Gubernatorial wave elections
    Year President Party Election type Gubernatorial seats change Elections analyzed[1]
    1970 Nixon R First midterm -12 35
    1922 Harding R First midterm -11 33
    1932 Hoover R Presidential -10 35
    1920 Wilson D Presidential -10 36
    1994 Clinton D First midterm -10 36
    1930 Hoover R First midterm -9 33
    1938 Roosevelt D Second midterm -9 33
    1966 Johnson D First midterm[2] -9 35
    1954 Eisenhower R First midterm -8 33
    1982 Reagan R First midterm -7 36
    2010 Obama D First midterm -7 33

    State overview

    Partisan control

    This section details the partisan control of federal and state positions in Hawaii heading into the 2018 elections.

    Congressional delegation

    State executives

    State legislature

    Democrats controlled both chambers of the Hawaii State Legislature. They had a 45-6 majority in the state House and a 25-0 majority in the state Senate.

    Trifecta status

    2018 elections

    See also: Hawaii elections, 2018

    Hawaii held elections for the following positions in 2018:

    Demographics

    Demographic data for Hawaii
     HawaiiU.S.
    Total population:1,425,157316,515,021
    Land area (sq mi):6,4233,531,905
    Race and ethnicity**
    White:25.4%73.6%
    Black/African American:2%12.6%
    Asian:37.7%5.1%
    Native American:0.2%0.8%
    Pacific Islander:9.9%0.2%
    Two or more:23.7%3%
    Hispanic/Latino:9.9%17.1%
    Education
    High school graduation rate:91%86.7%
    College graduation rate:30.8%29.8%
    Income
    Median household income:$69,515$53,889
    Persons below poverty level:11.6%11.3%
    Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015)
    Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Hawaii.
    **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

    As of July 2017, Hawaii's three largest cities were Urban Honolulu (pop. est. 350,395), East Honolulu (pop. est. 47,957), and Pearl City (pop. est. 47,241).[3]

    State election history

    This section provides an overview of federal and state elections in Hawaii from 2000 to 2016. All data comes from the Hawaii Office of Elections.

    Historical elections

    Presidential elections, 2000-2016

    This chart shows the results of the presidential election in Hawaii every year from 2000 to 2016.

    Election results (President of the United States), Hawaii 2000-2016
    Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
    2016 Democratic Party Hillary Clinton 61.0% Republican Party Donald Trump 29.4% 31.6%
    2012 Democratic Party Barack Obama 70.1% Republican Party Mitt Romney 27.7% 42.4%
    2008 Democratic Party Barack Obama 71.5% Republican Party John McCain 26.4% 45.1%
    2004 Democratic Party John Kerry 53.7% Republican Party George W. Bush 45.0% 8.7%
    2000 Democratic Party Al Gore 55.3% Republican Party George W. Bush 37.1% 18.2%

    U.S. Senate elections, 2000-2016

    This chart shows the results of U.S. Senate races in Hawaii from 2000 to 2016. Every state has two Senate seats, and each seat goes up for election every six years. The terms of the seats are staggered so that roughly one-third of the seats are up every two years.

    Election results (U.S. Senator), Hawaii 2000-2016
    Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
    2016 Democratic Party Brian Schatz 70.1% Republican Party John Carroll 21.2% 48.9%
    2014 Democratic Party Brian Schatz 66.8% Republican Party Cam Cavasso 26.5% 40.3%
    2012 Democratic Party Mazie Hirono 61.6% Republican Party Linda Lingle 36.8% 24.8%
    2010 Democratic Party Daniel Inouye 71.9% Republican Party Cam Cavasso 20.7% 51.2%
    2006 Democratic Party Daniel Akaka 60.3% Republican Party Cynthia Thielen 36.1% 24.2%
    2004 Democratic Party Daniel Inouye 72.7% Republican Party Cam Cavasso 20.2% 52.5%
    2000 Democratic Party Daniel Akaka 67.7% Republican Party John Carroll 22.8% 44.9%

    Gubernatorial elections, 2000-2016

    This chart shows the results of the four gubernatorial elections held between 2000 and 2016. Gubernatorial elections are held every four years in Hawaii.

    Election results (Governor), Hawaii 2000-2016
    Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
    2014 Democratic Party David Ige 49.0% Republican Party Duke Aiona 36.7% 12.3%
    2010 Democratic Party Neil Abercrombie 57.8% Republican Party Duke Aiona 40.8% 17.0%
    2006 Republican Party Linda Lingle 49.8% Democratic Party Randy Iwase 34.9% 14.9%
    2002 Republican Party Linda Lingle 51.6% Democratic Party Mazie Hirono 47.0% 4.6%

    Congressional delegation, 2000-2016

    This chart shows the number of Democrats and Republicans who were elected to represent Hawaii in the U.S. House from 2000 to 2016. Elections for U.S. House seats are held every two years.

    Congressional delegation, Hawaii 2000-2016
    Year Republicans Republicans (%) Democrats Democrats (%) Balance of power
    2016 Republican Party 0 0.0% Democratic Party 2 100.0% D+2
    2014 Republican Party 0 0.0% Democratic Party 2 100.0% D+2
    2012 Republican Party 0 0.0% Democratic Party 2 100.0% D+2
    2010 Republican Party 1 50.0% Democratic Party 1 50.0% Even
    2008 Republican Party 0 0.0% Democratic Party 2 100.0% D+2
    2006 Republican Party 0 0.0% Democratic Party 2 100.0% D+2
    2004 Republican Party 0 0.0% Democratic Party 2 100.0% D+2
    2002 Republican Party 0 0.0% Democratic Party 2 100.0% D+2
    2000 Republican Party 0 0.0% Democratic Party 2 100.0% D+2

    Trifectas, 1992-2017

    A state government trifecta occurs when one party controls both chambers of the state legislature and the governor's office.

    Hawaii Party Control: 1992-2024
    Twenty-five years of Democratic trifectas  •  No Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    Governor D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
    Senate D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
    House D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D


    Pivot Counties

    See also: Pivot Counties by state

    There are no Pivot Counties in Hawaii. Pivot Counties are counties that voted for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012 and for Donald Trump (R) in 2016. Altogether, the nation had 206 Pivot Counties, with most being concentrated in upper midwestern and northeastern states.

    In the 2016 presidential election, Hillary Clinton (D) won Hawaii with 62.2 percent of the vote. Donald Trump (R) received 30 percent. In presidential elections between 1960 and 2016, Hawaii voted Democratic 86.67 percent of the time and Republican 13.33 percent of the time. The only presidential elections from 1960 to 2016 where Hawaii voted for the Republican candidate were the elections in 1972 and 1984. Richard Nixon (R) and Ronald Reagan (R), respectively, won nearly every state in those elections.[4] Hawaii voted Democratic in every presidential election from 2000 to 2016.

    Presidential results by legislative district

    The following table details results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections by state House districts in Hawaii. Click [show] to expand the table. The "Obama," "Romney," "Clinton," and "Trump" columns describe the percent of the vote each presidential candidate received in the district. The "2012 Margin" and "2016 Margin" columns describe the margin of victory between the two presidential candidates in those years. The "Party Control" column notes which party held that seat heading into the 2018 general election. Data on the results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections broken down by state legislative districts was compiled by Daily Kos.[5][6]

    In 2012, Barack Obama (D) won all 51 state House districts in Hawaii with an average margin of victory of 42.9 points. In 2016, Hillary Clinton (D) won all 51 state House districts in Hawaii with an average margin of victory of 31.7 points. Six of those districts were controlled by Republicans heading into the 2018 elections.


    See also

    Hawaii government:

    Elections:

    Ballotpedia exclusives:

    External links

    Footnotes

    1. The number of gubernatorial seats up for election varies, with as many as 36 seats and as few as 12 seats being up in a single even-numbered year.
    2. Lyndon Johnson's (D) first term began in November 1963 after the death of President John F. Kennedy (D), who was first elected in 1960. Before Johnson had his first midterm in 1966, he was re-elected president in 1964.
    3. Hawaii Demographics, "Hawaii Cities by Population," accessed August 30, 2018
    4. 270towin.com, "Historical Presidential Elections," accessed August 2, 2017
    5. Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' statewide election results by congressional and legislative districts," July 9, 2013
    6. Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2016 presidential results for congressional and legislative districts," February 6, 2017