Health care financing in Saudi Arabia is provided mainly through government revenues, accounting for approximately 80% of total health care spending. Government spending on health as a percentage of the national budget has risen from 2.8% in 1970 to 6.4% in 2004. The remaining sources of health care financing include private sources such as personal out-of-pocket payments and employer-sponsored health insurance programs.
- Government health spending in India is very low at just over 1% of GDP, well below what is needed to meet the country's health needs. This has forced many people to rely on private healthcare, leading to high out-of-pocket costs that push many into poverty.
- Reforms are needed such as increasing public health spending to 3-5% of GDP, regulating the private sector, and implementing a universal health coverage program. However, challenges remain due to India's large population, infrastructure weaknesses, and need to balance fiscal priorities.
- Initiatives have been launched such as the National Rural Health Mission and health insurance programs, but more focus is needed on primary care, community participation, and direct
This document discusses Pakistan's health care financing system. It outlines how funds are mobilized and allocated to different regions and populations. It also describes the mechanisms for paying for health care. The document analyzes factors like public vs private expenditure, sources of funds, and financial protection. It provides statistics on total health expenditure as a percentage of GDP and per capita. It also examines funding allocation between federal, provincial and district levels and between government and private/NGO sectors. The document evaluates inequities in access between rich and poor areas and recommends targeting taxes and financing methods to improve access for underserved groups.
Review of current health service planning in Nepal from province to local levelMohammad Aslam Shaiekh
This document summarizes a review of health service planning in Nepal from the provincial to local levels. It describes the new federal system of government in Nepal with three tiers (federal, provincial, local). At the local level in Pokhara Metropolitan City, the findings show 41 health facilities serving 479,000 people. A top-down and bottom-up approach is used for health program and budget planning. At the provincial level, the Gandaki Province health directorate provides technical support to 11 districts. The challenges of implementing health planning under federalism include coordination between levels of government and building capacity of newly elected local bodies. Recommendations focus on collaboration, clarifying roles, training, and strengthening infrastructure and resources at the
Health sector reforms aim to improve the efficiency, equity and effectiveness of healthcare delivery. Key reforms implemented in India include decentralization through expansion of comprehensive primary healthcare centers, increasing healthcare financing and expenditures, expanding health insurance coverage, reorganizing the existing health system, improving health infrastructure and human resources, implementing digital health initiatives, and encouraging public-private partnerships. Challenges remain in strengthening implementation and ensuring equitable access across states, but ongoing reforms indicate progress toward more accessible and comprehensive healthcare nationwide.
Health financing within the overall health systemHFG Project
Presented during Day One of the 2016 Nigeria Health Care Financing Training Workshop. Presented by Prof. Tanimola Akande and Dr. Francis Ukwuije. More: https://www.hfgproject.org/hcf-training-nigeria
The current five year plan in Nepal's health services aims to increase rural access to basic primary health services and doctors. It focuses on effective implementation of population control through mother and child health and family planning services. The plan also seeks to develop specialized health services within the country. Key targets include establishing more health posts, primary health care centers, and Ayurvedic dispensaries. It also aims to reduce the total fertility rate and cases of leprosy.
Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
Universal health coverage aims to ensure everyone has access to health services without facing financial hardship. World Health Day 2022's theme focuses on achieving universal health coverage for everyone everywhere. India's Ayushman Bharat program aims to achieve this through two pillars - providing basic health services through health centers and providing insurance coverage for serious illnesses for poor families. Realizing universal coverage requires addressing issues like inadequate resources, uneven quality of care, and high out-of-pocket costs that push people into poverty.
Understanding the concept of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and how can we reach it, both globally and also in India. The presentation also includes HLEG report , which is the proposed architecture for India's guide to reach UHC.
The document discusses healthcare systems and financing in Bangladesh. It provides an overview of Bangladesh's healthcare system, which is led by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and delivers services through two branches - the Directorate General of Health Services and the Directorate General of Family Planning. Non-governmental organizations also play an important role in service delivery. The system includes various types of public health facilities at the national, divisional, district, upazila, union and ward levels. It also discusses urban health systems managed by city corporations, and describes the main organizations responsible for health financing in Bangladesh, including the Ministry of Health, social security organizations, and private health insurance funds.
This document provides an overview of health status, health problems, and healthcare delivery in India in 3 paragraphs:
The first paragraph summarizes India's overall health status, including high private healthcare expenditures mostly out-of-pocket, lower public expenditures per capita, and leading health issues like communicable diseases, nutritional problems, and environmental sanitation issues.
The second paragraph outlines India's major public healthcare system, which operates primary care centers and hospitals at state and central levels but has unequal access between rural and urban areas. It also describes limited public health insurance programs.
The third paragraph discusses the large private healthcare sector concentrated in urban areas, as well as indigenous medicine systems and voluntary organizations that provide additional healthcare access across
The document discusses Nepal's Health Management Information System (HMIS). It provides background on how HMIS was established in 1993 to integrate separate vertical reporting systems. The objectives of HMIS are to collect, store, process and report health service delivery statistics to assist monitoring, evaluation and policymaking. However, reviews found issues like irregular reporting, unused data aggregation, and discrepancies. The reform aims to strengthen HMIS to meet data needs, improve quality, and minimize duplication across health programs and facilities.
The Nigerian health system is pluralistic, including orthodox, alternative, and traditional systems. Healthcare is administered through three tiers - primary run by local government, secondary by state government, and tertiary by the federal government. Nigeria has a large stock of health workers, but faces many health challenges like malaria, HIV/AIDS, and lacks adequate sanitation and access to clean water. Healthcare is financed through taxes, out-of-pocket payments, donors, and health insurance though coverage of the National Health Insurance Scheme remains low, only covering formal sector employees.
Review of health planning &budgeting from province to local level in federal ...Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
The document reviews the current health service planning system from the province to local level in Nepal.
At the local level, there is a system of top-down and bottom-up approaches for program and budget planning. The health facilities provide services and local health committees provide input into planning and prioritization.
At the provincial level, the health directorate oversees health offices in the districts and reviews and approves local health budgets and plans. The provincial health directorate then sends the provincial health program and budget to the Ministry of Social Development for approval before being sent to the federal government.
The planning process involves input from the community level up to the provincial and federal levels over a period of months, with local
“Function of a health system concerned with the accumulation, mobilization and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system.” (WHO)
Revenue collection :
Taxation-most equitable system of financing
Health insurance contributions
User pays (out of pocket, no reimbursement)
Donor funding/Grants
Health economics is concerned with applying economic theory and methods of analysis to the production and consumption of health and health care. It involves studying how scarce resources are allocated among alternative uses for health care and improving health. Key aspects of health economics include efficiency in resource allocation, the health care market, demand and supply of health care, equity in health outcomes and care, and health sector budgeting and planning. Economic evaluation techniques used in health economics include cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis, and cost-minimization analysis to compare costs and consequences of alternative health interventions or programs.
Healthcare challenges & solutions in indiakripak93
This document discusses the key challenges facing India's healthcare system and potential solutions. The main challenges are the large burden of infectious and chronic diseases, high maternal and child mortality rates, lack of universal access to healthcare, shortage of resources, and inadequate healthcare financing. Proposed solutions include strengthening public health programs, improving access to healthcare in rural areas, providing incentives for medical professionals to work in underserved areas, leveraging public-private partnerships, and increasing public financing of healthcare.
1. The study evaluated a community-based intervention for dengue control in Cuba that strengthened intersectoral coordination and community empowerment.
2. Surveys found that levels of community participation and positive behavioral changes increased more in pilot areas with the coordination and empowerment interventions compared to the control area.
3. Entomological surveillance data showed that the pilot and extension areas achieved lower Breteau indices, indicating greater effectiveness at controlling the Aedes mosquito, compared to the control area over the six-year period.
Decentralizing Health Insurance in Nigeria: Legal Framework for State Health ...HFG Project
Presented during Day Three of the 2016 Nigeria Health Care Financing Training Workshop. Presented by Dr. Jonathan Eke. More: https://www.hfgproject.org/hcf-training-nigeria
Is strategic purchasing a feasible mechanism in the publicly funded health sy...resyst
This document summarizes a study on the feasibility of strategic purchasing in Nigeria's publicly funded health system. It finds that while policy frameworks guide strategic purchasing, bureaucratic delays limit timely funding releases. Monitoring of budget performance focuses on matching spending to plans rather than health impacts. Purchaser-provider relationships employ some tools to enhance quality and efficiency, but human resource and funding challenges constrain service delivery. Purchaser-citizen engagement is limited by lack of communication channels and incentives for community committees. The study concludes that strategic purchasing requires stronger enforcement of provider performance incentives, empowering citizens, and mutual accountability between purchasers and communities.
This presentation discusses IHME's research in public financing of health in developing countries, including study design, findings, study limitations, and recommendations for governments and future research.
For more information please visit www.healthmetricsandevaluation.org
The document summarizes discussions from a Japan Growth Finance Forum on increasing risk capital flows to support economic growth. In the keynote speech, the CEO of Innovation Network Corporation of Japan argued that increasing the supply of risk capital from financial institutions is important. He outlined four points needed to boost risk money supply: behavioral changes in financial institutions; diversified investments by pension funds; major corporations providing technology and intellectual property; and effective government entrepreneurship support. The panels discussed the roles and outlook of different financial actors in industry finance and challenges in regional economies. Overall, the forum highlighted the importance of cooperation between industries and financial institutions to develop new financing and investment vehicles to support business growth.
The document provides an overview of a course on health service systems and health systems. It discusses several topics that will be covered in the course, including major issues in organizing health services, assessing population health status, analyzing healthcare access and costs. The course will also examine sociopolitical, economic, and ethical issues facing public health systems. Students will learn about different components of health systems through mini-lectures, discussions, and by analyzing case studies.
The document discusses health care financing in Myanmar. It outlines the goals of a health system to provide good health outcomes, responsiveness, and fairness in financing. It then describes the various methods of health care financing in Myanmar including tax-based public financing, user fees, social security benefits, out-of-pocket payments, donor funding, health insurance, and community-based health insurance. It notes that Myanmar aims to explore alternative financing systems to augment roles of other providers and strengthen universal coverage while protecting people from financial hardship due to illness.
5S is a workplace organization method developed in Japan that involves sorting, setting in order, shining, standardizing, and sustaining five principles. Implementing 5S helps create a cleaner, safer, more productive work environment by removing unnecessary items, clearly storing and labeling necessary items, cleaning the workplace, creating standards and procedures, and sustaining the new systems. The benefits of 5S include increased efficiency, improved safety, higher motivation, and enhanced quality. It serves as the foundation for other quality improvement tools and lean manufacturing techniques.
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. It provides leadership on global health issues, shapes the health research agenda, and sets international standards. The WHO aims to address both social and economic determinants of health as well as promote environmental health and disease prevention. It is currently focused on priorities like HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, non-communicable diseases, and responding to health crises such as the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa.
National e-health involves using information and communication technologies to improve healthcare. The WHO promotes intersectoral collaboration between health and IT to develop e-health solutions that are health-centric. Germany launched an e-health initiative in 2007 that gave 80 million patients mobile access to their electronic health records. Both Canada and Australia have invested heavily in developing national e-health infrastructures, with Canada investing $1.6 billion and Australia around $5 billion since 1998. While both countries have seen benefits from increased efficiency and care quality, they still face challenges around interoperability and a fragmented approach.
The document summarizes India's health care delivery system. It has 3 main levels - central, state, and local. At the central level, the main organizations are the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Directorate General of Health Services, which are responsible for policy, planning, research, and coordinating with states. At the state level, each state has its own health administration led by a health secretary. At the local level, districts are divided into subdivisions, blocks, and villages/panchayats. Primary health services are provided at the village, sub-center, primary health center, and community health center levels.
The document discusses health financing in India. It provides information on what constitutes a health system and the functions of health financing mechanisms. The main sources of health financing in India are public funds (20.3% of total funds), private funds like household expenditures (72% of funds), and external support (2.3% of funds). Health expenditure in India is 4.8% of GDP, lower than many other countries. Out-of-pocket expenditures constitute a large portion of private health spending. The majority of public health funds are spent on salaries, while hospitalization and medication costs burden households.
The document discusses lean manufacturing, which aims to eliminate waste and improve efficiency. It describes key lean techniques like 5S, single minute exchange of dies (SMED), kanban, and cellular manufacturing. The benefits of lean include increased productivity and quality while reducing costs, space, lead times, and inventory. People are an important part of lean success through continuous learning and commitment. Customers also benefit from lean through faster, more reliable delivery of the exact products they want.
This document discusses health insurance in India, including what it is, reasons for rising healthcare costs, why it is essential, and the current market and challenges. It outlines that health insurance covers medical expenses, is an agreement between an individual/group and insurer for specific medical coverage in exchange for premiums. While healthcare spending is increasing in India, only a small portion of the population has coverage, representing an opportunity for the insurance industry and hospitals to partner in promoting various insurance policies and educating the public on benefits of health insurance.
Health financing strategies uhc 27 09 12Vikash Keshri
This document discusses health financing strategies for universal health coverage. It begins by defining universal health coverage and providing historical perspectives. It then discusses the current state of health financing in India, including low public spending, high private out-of-pocket expenditures, and variations between states. The document outlines that achieving universal health coverage requires raising sufficient funds, removing financial barriers, and using resources efficiently. It examines strategies for generating more health resources, utilizing resources effectively to prevent waste, and proposes the key recommendations of India's High Level Expert Group on universalizing access to affordable healthcare.
The purpose of this presentation is to equip audiences with the ability to:
Define universal health coverage (UHC) and understand the basic tenets of UHC
Identify how UHC fits in USAID’s health and poverty reduction strategies
Effectively communicate to country stakeholders how USAID can support a country’s progress towards UHC
Identify relevant UHC resources within the Office of Health Systems and USAID
The presentation is part of the “UHC Toolkit” and accompanies Universal Health Coverage: An Annotated Bibliography, and Universal Health Coverage: Frequently Asked Questions.
Exploring the Potential Role Of Community Health Insurance Schemes In A Natio...David Lambert Tumwesigye
Exploring the Potential Role Of Community Health Insurance Schemes In A National Health Insurance Scheme-Presented to CHI practitioners of the Uganda Community Based Health Financing Association
Understanding the concept of Universal Health CoverageHFG Project
Presented during Day One of the 2016 Nigeria Health Care Financing Training Workshop. Presented by Dr. Elaine Baruwa. More: https://www.hfgproject.org/hcf-training-nigeria
The document discusses health systems and financing. It begins by defining a health system as all actors, institutions, and resources that undertake health actions, with the primary intent of improving health. Not all policies that influence health are part of the health system. The document then discusses the goals of health systems, including improving health and ensuring financial contribution. It outlines the key functions of health systems as stewardship, financing, resource generation, and service delivery. The document emphasizes the importance of aligning financing with national health plans to avoid fragmentation. It also discusses concepts of coverage, effectiveness, and factors that influence health outcomes.
Health care financing involves accumulating, mobilizing, and allocating funds to cover the health needs of individuals and communities. The document discusses various principles and mechanisms of health care financing including revenue collection from taxes, insurance, and out-of-pocket payments. It also discusses risk pooling, where funds are pooled to spread financial risk across populations, and purchasing, where pooled funds are used to purchase services from providers. The objectives of health care financing are to maintain access to basic services, improve quality, and create incentives for efficient use of services.
This document summarizes a presentation on health financing strategies for achieving universal health coverage given by Sourav Goswami and moderated by Dr. Subodh Gupta at MGIMS, Sevagram on June 8th, 2017. The presentation discusses key aspects of health financing policy including universal health coverage goals of access, quality, and financial protection. It covers topics such as revenue raising, risk pooling, purchasing of health services, benefit package design, and principles of rationing health resources. Examples from countries like Moldova and Chile are provided. The current scenario of health financing in India is also summarized, highlighting high levels of out-of-pocket spending and a need to increase public financing to achieve equitable access to
This document provides an overview of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) including:
- Definitions and concepts of UHC.
- A brief history of major UHC initiatives and policies around the world since the late 19th century.
- Monitoring and evaluation of UHC through indices like the UHC Service Coverage Index.
- India's initiatives toward UHC like the Ayushman Bharat program and various national health insurance schemes.
- Key principles and focus areas outlined in India's 2011 High Level Expert Group report on UHC.
An Introduction to Health Systems; An Overview of the Philippine Health Care ...Paolo Victor Medina
The document provides an overview of the Philippine health care system and health systems thinking using the WHO health systems framework. It introduces concepts of health systems, leadership and governance in the Philippines, health financing sources and challenges, and human resources for health. The Department of Health is the lead agency for health care and aims to ensure accessibility and quality, but the system faces issues of inequitable financing that relies heavily on out-of-pocket costs and a lack of incentives and uneven distribution of human resources for health.
This document discusses existing and emerging health issues in Ethiopia. It notes that while Ethiopia has made improvements in health indicators, challenges remain like neonatal mortality, under-5 deaths, and maternal mortality. Emerging issues like COVID-19 also impact health. The building blocks of the health system are described, including health service delivery, workforce, information systems, access to medicines, financing, and leadership. National health policy in Ethiopia focuses on decentralization and developing preventive care. Strategies under the Health Sector Transformation Plan aim to improve quality, equity, and universal health coverage. Reforms introduced revenue retention and exemptions to improve access.
This document provides an overview of India's health system, including its historical evolution, key components, goals, and models of health care delivery. It discusses the health system at the central, state, and local levels in India. At the central level, the main organizations are the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Directorate General of Health Services, which are responsible for policymaking, planning, and coordinating health programs and services. Implementation occurs at the state level through state health ministries and departments. Health care services are then delivered through a three-tiered system at the district, block, and village levels. The document also examines concepts of health systems, methods of financing, and challenges faced.
Universal Health Coverage: Frequently Asked QuestionsHFG Project
This brief answers several “frequently asked questions” (FAQ) on universal health coverage (UHC):
What is Universal Health Coverage (UHC)?
How does UHC align with USAID’s priorities?
How does UHC relate to broader goals for development, including the Sustainable Development Goals?
How is UHC measured?
What progress has been made towards UHC?
How does USAID support countries’ UHC efforts?
The FAQ accompanies Universal Health Coverage: An Annotated Bibliography, which presents resources that provide an overview of UHC and also delve into specific topics within UHC, such as measurement, health financing, and benefit plans. The bibliography also includes links to relevant websites that can provide additional resources.
Follow the Money: Making the Most of Limited Health ResourcesHFG Project
Worldwide, health systems are being asked to do more with less. In many countries, donor funds have stagnated or are declining. This sharp decline could have broad implications for the health sector— particularly Namibia’s HIV and AIDS response which relies heavily on donor resources. New and emerging threats, such as Zika and Ebola, are also testing weak and fragile health systems, such as those in Guinea and Liberia. And costly noncommunicable diseases, like diabetes and cancers, are on the rise in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
With the end of the MDGs and start of the new SDGS, momentum is growing for countries around the world to pursue Universal Health Coverage (UHC) reforms and to expand affordable access to health care services, without risk of financial hardship, while facing real resource constraints in the aftermath of the global economic crisis.
In short, countries need to make their limited health resources go a long way. It is a financing challenge as well as a governance one. Countries cannot manage what they cannot measure. Countries need to measure their health spending – know where the money comes from, how much is spent and where, and how it can be spent more efficiently and equitably.
Follow the Money: Making the Most of Limited Health ResourcesHFG Project
Worldwide, health systems are being asked to do more with less. In many countries, donor funds have stagnated or are declining. This sharp decline could have broad implications for the health sector— particularly Namibia’s HIV and AIDS response which relies heavily on donor resources. New and emerging threats, such as Zika and Ebola, are also testing weak and fragile health systems, such as those in Guinea and Liberia. And costly noncommunicable diseases, like diabetes and cancers, are on the rise in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
With the end of the MDGs and start of the new SDGS, momentum is growing for countries around the world to pursue Universal Health Coverage (UHC) reforms and to expand affordable access to health care services, without risk of financial hardship, while facing real resource constraints in the aftermath of the global economic crisis.
In short, countries need to make their limited health resources go a long way. It is a financing challenge as well as a governance one. Countries cannot manage what they cannot measure. Countries need to measure their health spending – know where the money comes from, how much is spent and where, and how it can be spent more efficiently and equitably.
Policymakers can influence public and private health spending to improve efficiency, quality, equity, and expand access to life-saving health services. To succeed, however, governments need evidence around their health financing landscape. More and more, policymakers are appreciating the value of health resource tracking –that is, a range of methods, data collection initiatives, and estimation tools aimed at measuring the flow of funds to and through the health system.
The Role of Health Insurance in UHC: Learning from Ghana and EthiopiaHFG Project
USAID’s Health Finance and Governance (HFG) project works with partners around the world to support their progress towards universal health coverage (UHC). Protecting families and individuals from catastrophic health costs is one of the pillars of UHC. Health insurance is a key mechanism for providing financial protection. In this technical briefing, HFG shared lessons learned and technical insights from our work in piloting and scaling up community-based health insurance in Ethiopia and supporting Ghana’s National Health Insurance Authority to improve the financial sustainability of its National Health Insurance Scheme.
On Wednesday, March 2nd, the HFG project hosted a webinar featuring technical experts: Hailu Zelelew (Senior Associate/Health Economist, HFG Project), Chris Lovelace (Senior Health Governance Expert, HFG Project), and Jeanna Holtz (Health Insurance Specialist, HFG Project).
More:https://www.hfgproject.org/health-insurance-and-uhc-ghana-ethiopia/
I have 2 discussions and 2 writing assignments No turnitin.docxbkbk37
This document compares the healthcare systems of China, Turkey, and Mozambique based on six foundational elements: service delivery, workforce, access to medication, financing, health information systems, and leadership/governance. Regarding service delivery, China is reforming its system which previously had long stays and excess capacity. Mozambique has low access, especially for facility-based care. Turkey has enhanced access through high-efficiency services. For financing, China relies heavily on out-of-pocket costs while Turkey and Mozambique receive international support to improve coverage.
Similar to Health Financing Within the Overall Health System (20)
This document outlines a training manual for a hospital costing workshop. It provides an agenda for the 3-day workshop covering topics like the fundamentals of costing, the MASH costing tool, and calculating unit costs. The workshop aims to teach participants how to conduct costing exercises to understand their hospital's costs and improve management. Sessions include introductions, an overview of costing concepts, the costing process, and a demonstration of the MASH tool which is an Excel-based framework for tracking and analyzing hospital resources, services, and costs.
Trinidad and Tobago 2015 Health Accounts - Main ReportHFG Project
This document summarizes the key findings of the 2015 health accounts report for Trinidad and Tobago. It finds that total health expenditure was 4.5 billion TT dollars in 2015, equivalent to 4.1% of GDP. The government financed 41% of health spending, while households financed 35% through direct out-of-pocket payments. Noncommunicable diseases accounted for the largest share of recurrent health spending at 42%. Out-of-pocket payments remain high, comprising over a third of total health expenditure. The report recommends strengthening government commitment to health financing, increasing risk pooling to reduce out-of-pocket spending, improving access to services, and institutionalizing ongoing health accounts estimations.
Guyana 2016 Health Accounts - Dissemination BriefHFG Project
The 2016 Guyana Health Accounts study found that:
1) Total health expenditure in Guyana was $28.6 billion (Guyanese dollars), with the government contributing 81% of funding.
2) The majority (71%) of health funds were spent on public health facilities like hospitals and clinics.
3) Most funds (64%) were spent on curative care services, while non-communicable diseases received the largest share (34%) of funds.
4) Government funding represents the largest source of financing for HIV/AIDS programs and services in Guyana, providing 62% of funds.
Guyana 2016 Health Accounts - Statistical ReportHFG Project
The document provides an overview of Guyana's 2016 Health Accounts methodology. It summarizes key aspects of the System of Health Accounts 2011 framework used, including boundaries, classifications, and definitions. Data was collected from government, households, NGOs, employers, insurers, and donors to track financial flows for health for 2016. The results help understand Guyana's health financing and answer questions on spending patterns.
Guyana 2016 Health Accounts - Main ReportHFG Project
The document summarizes the key findings of Guyana's first Health Accounts exercise for fiscal year 2016. It found that total health expenditure was G$ 28.6 billion, with the government contributing 81% of funding. Household out-of-pocket spending accounted for 9% of total spending. Non-communicable diseases received the largest share of spending at 34%. The analysis aims to inform strategic health financing decisions and assess domestic resource mobilization as external donor funding declines. Recommendations include increasing prevention spending and strengthening financial commitment to HIV programs.
The Next Frontier to Support Health Resource TrackingHFG Project
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for institutionalizing health resource tracking (HRT) in low- and middle-income countries. It identifies three key elements needed for institutionalization: strong demand for HRT data; sustainable local capacity to produce HRT data; and use of HRT results in policy and decision making. It outlines remaining challenges in each area and suggestions for future investments to address challenges, such as building understanding of HRT's value, maintaining local expertise, improving health information systems, and strengthening communication and use of HRT findings.
Rivers State has a population of over 7 million people from various ethnic groups. The main occupations are fishing, farming, and trading. The state has high rates of tuberculosis, neonatal and under-5 mortality, and HIV prevalence. Key stakeholders in health include the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Finance, and various agencies. The USAID Health Finance and Governance project worked to increase domestic health financing through advocacy, establishing a health insurance scheme, and capacity building. These efforts led to increased health budgets, establishment of healthcare financing units, and improved sustainability of health financing in Rivers State.
ASSESSMENT OF RMNCH FUNCTIONALITY IN HEALTH FACILITIES IN BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIAHFG Project
This document summarizes an assessment of reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (RMNCH) services in health facilities in Bauchi State, Nigeria. It found that infrastructure like electricity, water and toilets were lacking in many facilities. There were also shortages of skilled healthcare workers, especially midwives, and staff training. While many facilities offered antenatal care and immunizations, availability of emergency obstetric and newborn care and services like postnatal care and post-abortion care were more limited. Supplies of essential medicines, equipment and guidelines were also often inadequate. Community outreach was provided by some facilities but could be expanded.
BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW 2012-2016 HFG Project
This document summarizes a public expenditure review of health spending in Bauchi State, Nigeria from 2012 to 2016. It finds that while Bauchi State's health budget increased over this period, actual health spending lagged behind budgeted amounts. Specifically, health spending accounted for a small and declining share of the state's total budget and expenditure. The review recommends that Bauchi State increase and better target public health funding to improve health outcomes and progress toward universal health coverage goals.
HEALTH INSURANCE: PRICING REPORT FOR MINIMUM HEALTH BENEFITS PACKAGE, RIVERS ...HFG Project
This document provides a pricing report for a Minimum Health Benefit Package (MHBP) being developed by Rivers State government in Nigeria. It analyzes the cost of 6 scenarios for the package, including individual and household premiums, based on medical claims data from hospitals in Rivers State from 2014-2017. The recommended annual premiums range from N14,026 to N111,734 for individuals and N79,946 to N636,882 for households, depending on the benefits included and the percentage of the state's population covered. The report provides context on data sources and actuarial assumptions used to determine the premiums.
The document is an actuarial report for Kano State's contributory healthcare benefit package in Nigeria. It analyzes 4 scenarios for the package - a basic minimum package alone or plus HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, or family planning services. The report finds that the estimated annual premium per individual would be between N12,180-N12,600 depending on the scenario, while the estimated annual premium per household of 6 would be between N73,081-N75,595. It provides these estimates by analyzing the state's population data, healthcare facilities, utilization rates, and costs to determine the risk premiums, administrative costs, marketing costs, and contingency margins for each scenario. The report recommends rounding the premium estimates and includes
Supplementary Actuarial Analysis of Tuberculosis, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA HEALTH...HFG Project
This document provides an actuarial analysis of including tuberculosis (TB) coverage in the Lagos State Health Scheme in Nigeria. It analyzes 3 different TB treatment regimens and estimates the additional premium required. Based on historical TB case data from 2013-2016, it projects the number of cases and costs for the next 3 years. The analysis finds the additional premium to be 488.79 Naira on average per person to cover TB screening tests and the 3 treatment regimens. It acknowledges limitations in the source data and outlines key assumptions made in the projections.
Supplementary Actuarial Analysis of HIV/AIDS in Lagos State, NigeriaHFG Project
This document provides a supplementary actuarial analysis of including HIV/AIDS coverage in the Lagos State Health Scheme benefit package in Nigeria. It estimates the total additional medical cost to cover HIV/AIDS services would be 209.40 Naira per person per year, broken down into costs for HIV testing and counseling (13.60), antiretroviral therapy (133.05), and preventing mother-to-child transmission (15.96). The analysis is based on HIV service data from 2012-2016 and projected population and drug cost data from the Lagos State Ministry of Health. It assumes a 90% continuation and conversion rate for antiretroviral therapy and a 6.5% annual medical cost trend.
Maximize efficiency and accuracy in medical billing with our comprehensive solutions tailored to your practice's needs. Our expert team ensures timely reimbursements and minimized denials, so you can focus on providing quality patient care. visit: www.velanhcs..com
BED MAKINGIt is the techniques of preparing different types of bed in making assuser3155141
DEFINITION
It is the techniques of preparing different types of bed in making a patients\clients comfortable or his\her position suitable for a particular condition.
Betty Burns iHuman Case Study Assignment Help
The Betty Burns iHuman case study is a crucial assignment that tests the clinical skills and critical thinking of medical students. Tackling this case study requires a comprehensive understanding of patient history, symptom analysis, diagnostic reasoning, and treatment planning. At GPAShark.com, we specialize in providing expert assistance for iHuman case studies, ensuring that you master the essential skills needed to excel in your medical education.
Understanding the Betty Burns Case Study
The Betty Burns iHuman case study presents a complex scenario that requires careful analysis and a methodical approach. Betty Burns is a fictional patient whose case involves multiple layers of medical history and symptoms. The primary focus is on developing an accurate diagnosis and creating an effective treatment plan based on the gathered information.
Key Components of the Betty Burns Case Study
Patient History
Collecting a detailed patient history is the first step in the case study. This includes understanding the chief complaint, history of present illness, past medical history, family history, and social history. Each of these components provides vital clues that contribute to the overall clinical picture.
Symptom Analysis
Analyzing the symptoms presented by Betty Burns is critical. This involves noting the onset, duration, intensity, and nature of the symptoms. Understanding the patient's perspective and documenting any changes in symptoms over time is essential for accurate diagnosis.
Physical Examination
Conducting a thorough physical examination is necessary to identify any physical signs that correlate with the symptoms. This step involves examining various body systems and documenting any abnormal findings.
Diagnostic Reasoning
Based on the collected data, students must engage in diagnostic reasoning to identify potential conditions that could explain Betty Burns' symptoms. This step involves forming differential diagnoses and ruling out possibilities through critical thinking and additional tests.
Treatment Planning
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Health Financing within the
overall Health System
Prof T.M Akande
February 6, 2017
2. Outline
Introduction
Health System – Introduction
Health System Building Blocks
Definition of Health Care Financing
Health Care Financing in the context of Health System
Health financing functions
Opportunities for Health Financing Reform in Nigeria
Conclusion
2
3. Health is a Right
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and
social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity.
Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights 1948 recognizes Health as a right
It is a fundamental human right and … a most important
world-wide social goal.”
Alma Ata Declaration-1973
4. Health System – What it is
A health system consists of all organizations, people and
actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or
maintain health.
A good health system delivers quality services to all
people, when and where they need them.
The exact configuration of services varies from country
to country, but in all cases requires a robust financing
mechanism; a well-trained and adequately paid
workforce; reliable information on which to base
decisions and policies; well maintained facilities and
logistics to deliver quality medicines and technologies.
5. Health System Introduction Cont’d
Erroneously people tend to think that the public
sector service delivery system is “the health system”
Public sector is never the whole “health system”
Leaves out households
Private finance, Private supply chain
Private workforce training
Dysfunction in one affects others.
8. 1) Service Delivery
Good health services
delivery…
Quality
Health workers paid,
supervised,
motivated
Drugs, supplies, and
equipment in stock
Equitable and efficient
financing
Rational planning,
professional
management based on
data
Access
9. 2) Health Workforce
A well performing health
workforce consists of…
HR Management;
HR skills
HR policies
Adequate drugs and
supplies for effective
workforce
Financing to hire adequate
staff in National budget
Data tracking of human
resources
10. 3) Health Information System
A well performing health information system
Ensures the production, analysis, dissemination
and use of timely an reliable information
Photo: David Lubinski, HMN
Link use of data to resource
allocation, measurement of
health worker performance
Share data with community
National Health Financing
information informing policy
11. 4) Medical Products, Vaccines and Technologies
Procurement and supply programs need to ensure…
Equitable access
Assured quality
Cost-effective use.
Pro-poor financing of
essential products
Health workers trained
in cost-effective
prescribing practices
Local capacity to
enforce regulations
12. 5) Financing
A good health financing
system…
Raises adequate funds for
health
Ensure access to quality
health care regardless of
ability to pay
Protects people from
financial catastrophe
Allocates resources and
purchases good and
services in ways that
improve quality, equity, and
efficiency.
Payment systems to reward
health worker distribution and
retention
Use data to allocate resources
Pro-poor financing of essential
products
13. 6) Leadership and Governance
Effective leadership and
governance ensures…
strategic policy frameworks
exist
effective oversight and
coalition-building
provision of appropriate
incentives
attention to system-design,
and accountability.
Accountability to patients
Financing that empowers
consumers
Regulation of health
workers and medical
products
Availability of accruate
data for policy and
advocacy
14. The 7th Building Block – People
Individuals, households,
and communities as:
Civil society
Consumers
Patients
Payers
Producers of health
through knowledge,
attitudes, behaviors,
and practices Graphic: Bob Emrey, USAID
15. Health Care Financing - Definition
Health financing is one of the main functions of the health
system.
It is defined as the raising or collection of revenue to pay
for the operations of the health system.
It is a key determinant of health system performance in terms
of equity, efficiency, and quality.
Principal functions are:
Revenue collection from various sources,
Pooling of funds and spreading of risks across larger
population groups, and
Allocation or use of funds to purchase services from
public and private providers of health care.
16. Health Financing within health system
Financing is a “function of a health system
concerned with the mobilization, accumulation
and allocation of money to cover the health
needs of the people, individually and collectively”
The purpose of health financing is “to make
funding available, as well as to set the right
financial incentives to providers to ensure that all
individuals have access to effective public health
and personal health care”
17. Health Financing within health system cont’d
A good health financing system raises adequate funds for
health, so that people can use needed services protected
from financial catastrophe or impoverishment associated with
having to pay for them.
It provides incentives for providers and users to be efficient
and minimize market failures
The approaches that countries use to finance their health
systems varies
There is the need to have institutional arrangements that
create economic incentives in the operation of health systems.
18. Health Financing within health system
All health financing approaches should try to fulfill three basic
principles of public finance:
1) Raise enough revenues to provide individuals with the
intended packages of health services that assure health and
financial protection against catastrophic medical expenses caused
by illness and injury in an equitable, efficient and financially
sustainable manner;
2) Manage these revenues to pool health risks equitably and
efficiently; and
3) Ensure the payment for or purchase of health services is
carried out in ways that are allocatively and technically efficient.
21. National Health Act Provision for Health Care
Financing
Establishment of Basic Health Care Provision
Fund.
The Basic Health Care Provision Fund to be
financed from:
Federal Government annual grant of not
less than one per cent of its Consolidated
Revenue Fund.
Grants by international donor partners; and
Funds from any other source.
22. National Health Act Provision for Health Care
Financing
Money from the Fund shall be used to finance the following: 50 per
cent of the Fund shall be used for the provision of basic minimum
package of health services to citizens, in eligible 'primary or secondary
health care facilities through the National Health Insurance Scheme
(NHIS);
20 per cent of the Fund shall be used to provide essential drugs,
vaccines and consumables for eligible primary health care facilities;
15 per cent of the Fund shall be used for the provision and
maintenance of facilities, equipment and transport for eligible primary
healthcare facilities;
10 per cent of the Fund shall be used for the development of human
resources for primary health care; and
5 per cent of the fund shall be used for emergency medical treatment
to be administered by a Committee appointed by the National Council
on Health.
23. National Health Act Provision for Health
Care Financing
The National Primary Health Care Development Agency shall
disburse the funds for 2nd, 3rd and 4th of above through State
and Federal Capital Territory Primary Health Care Boards for
distribution to Local Government and Area Council Health
Authorities.
For any State or Local Government to qualify for a block grant
pursuant to such State or Local Government shall contribute:
In the case of a State, not less than 25 per cent of the total
cost of projects; and
In the case of a Local government, not less than 25 per cent
of the total cost of projects as their commitment in the
execution of such projects.
24. Opportunities for Health Care Financing Reform in
Nigeria
State Health Insurance Schemes (SHIS)
Nigeria operates fiscal federalism characterized by extensive
intergovernmental fiscal relations and decentralization in the
amount of fiscal autonomy and responsibility accorded to
subnational levels of government.
The federating units are heterogeneous in terms of levels of
economic and social developments
There are varying degree of funding and implementation
capacities of states to respond to the establishment of SHIS
A number of states have made significant progress in
stablishing SHIS
This will no doubt help in achieving UHC
25. Opportunities for Health Care Financing Reform in
Nigeria
Community Based Health Insurance Schemes - share three common characteristics:
Not-for-profit prepayment plans
Community empowerment
Voluntary membership
Several examples of such schemes in Nigeria
Oriade Initiative presents co-financing and co-management based on
existing local practice as adaptable and feasible strategies for
sustainable development with active participation of the local
community and its partners
Anambra State in 2004 conceptualized and implemented
Government/Community Healthcare co-financing scheme essentially to
make additional funds available for the provision of quality health
services to the people especially at PHC level
Lagos State in July 2008 launched the state pilot community‐based
health insurance scheme, called the Ikosi‐ Isheri Mutual Health Plan
Kwara State CBHIS
26. Opportunities for Health Care Financing Reform in
Nigeria
Save One Million Lives (SOML)
Saving One Million Lives’ scheme launched in 2015 is to
expand access to essential primary health care services
for women and children was launched
This scheme is meant to improve access of women and
children that constitute a high proportion of the population.
27. Opportunities for Health Care Financing Reform in
Nigeria
Health care should be financed through multiple
mechanisms to ensure long-range sustainability,
underscored the importance of promoting cost-sharing in the
provision of health services.
Other strategies include:
Systematizing a fee-waiver system
Standardizing exemption services
Outsourcing of nonclinical services in public hospitals
Establishing private wings in public hospitals
Establishing health facility autonomy through the
introduction of a governance system
Revenue retention and utilization at health facility level
28. Conclusion
Health care Financing is an important component of Health
System Building Blocks
It encompasses three basic functions of revenue
collection, risk pooling and purchase of health services
Countries go about these basic functions in diverse ways.
It is however important to raise enough revenue to have a
good health system that delivers quality services to all
people, when and where they need them