Universal health coverage aims to ensure everyone has access to health services without facing financial hardship. World Health Day 2022's theme focuses on achieving universal health coverage for everyone everywhere. India's Ayushman Bharat program aims to achieve this through two pillars - providing basic health services through health centers and providing insurance coverage for serious illnesses for poor families. Realizing universal coverage requires addressing issues like inadequate resources, uneven quality of care, and high out-of-pocket costs that push people into poverty.
The National Health Policy 2017 aims to achieve universal health coverage and deliver quality health care services to all Indians. It sets targets to reduce mortality and disease burdens, and increase access to services by 2025. The policy shifts the focus from sick care to wellness, and outlines objectives to provide primary health care, improve access to secondary and tertiary care, and reduce out-of-pocket health expenditures. It also establishes principles, compares targets between the 2002 and 2017 policies, and details guidelines across several areas including health programs, human resources, regulation, and research.
- Male 1
- Female 1
Nurse 1
Lab Technician 1
ANM 2
Health Worker (F) 2
Health Assistant (M) 1
Total 11 14
SIHFW: an ISO 9001: 2008 certified Institution 37
Urban Health Services
- Urban Health Centers
- Dispensaries
- Maternity Homes
- Special Clinics
- Mobile Units
- School Health
- Environmental Sanitation
- Health Education
- Slum Health Programs
- Referral Services
SIHFW: an ISO 9001: 2008 certified Institution 38
Universal health coverage as a concept was born in 1883 when Germany introduced health coverage for achieving health status of its young population.India, is still attempting to find a way for providing appropriate, affordable and accessible health care to its population.
The document summarizes healthcare financing in India. It discusses that healthcare financing aims to ensure access to health services. The key principles are generating revenue, pooling funds for cross-subsidization between rich/poor and healthy/sick, and purchasing efficient services. In India, healthcare is financed primarily through out-of-pocket payments by households, while government expenditure is low compared to other countries. Reforms like NRHM and RSBY aim to increase public allocation to healthcare. Challenges include expanding coverage with limited resources and improving spending efficiency.
The document discusses the World Health Organization's goal of "Health for All" by the year 2000. It was established in 1977 with the aim of attaining a basic level of health that allows people to live productive lives. The strategy involved strengthening primary healthcare infrastructure at the village, sub-center, primary health center, and community health center levels. It also outlined a primary healthcare package and specific health goals for India to reduce mortality and birth rates while increasing life expectancy. The national strategy for achieving Health for All built upon the principles of primary healthcare established at Alma-Ata in 1978.
The World Health Organization was founded on the principle of universal health coverage and achieving the highest level of health for all people. World Health Day on April 7th aims to inspire and guide countries toward achieving universal health coverage through a series of events in 2018. Currently half the world's population lacks access to needed health services, and countries need to extend coverage to one billion more people by 2023 to meet global targets. World Health Day will highlight the need for universal coverage and benefits it provides.
Equity is the absence of avoidable, unfair, or remediable differences among groups of people, whether those groups are defined socially, economically, demographically or geographically or by other means of stratification. "Health equity” or “equity in health” implies that ideally, everyone should have a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential and that no one should be disadvantaged from achieving this potential.
This document discusses various epidemiological terms used to measure disease frequency and distribution in a population. It defines rate, ratio, and proportion as different ways of comparing two quantities, with rate expressing the occurrence of an event over time, ratio comparing the relative sizes or values of two quantities without a time component, and proportion expressing one quantity as a percentage of the whole. It also defines various epidemiological measures including incidence, prevalence, attack rate, case fatality rate, and different types of mortality rates.
The document discusses primary health care (PHC). It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. PHC is defined by the WHO as essential health care made universally accessible through community participation and affordable costs.
The key principles of PHC include addressing main health problems through promotion, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. Its essential components are environmental sanitation, disease control, immunization, health education, maternal and child care, nutrition, medical care, and treatment of local diseases. PHC relies on health workers like nurses and community workers to form a team and respond to community needs.
The document summarizes several national health policies of India, including the National Health Policy of 1983, 2002, and 2010. It outlines the goals of each policy, such as eradicating polio and other diseases, reducing mortality from tuberculosis, and increasing access to healthcare facilities. It also discusses the National Nutrition Policy and National Education Policy of India.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in public health including definitions, major issues, and the history of public health. It discusses how public health differs from clinical medicine by focusing on populations rather than individual patients. Public health aims to prevent disease and injury through community-level interventions and policy changes. The document also summarizes a famous case study where the physician John Snow used epidemiological methods to identify contaminated water as the source of a cholera outbreak in London in the 1850s.
- Government health spending in India is very low at just over 1% of GDP, well below what is needed to meet the country's health needs. This has forced many people to rely on private healthcare, leading to high out-of-pocket costs that push many into poverty.
- Reforms are needed such as increasing public health spending to 3-5% of GDP, regulating the private sector, and implementing a universal health coverage program. However, challenges remain due to India's large population, infrastructure weaknesses, and need to balance fiscal priorities.
- Initiatives have been launched such as the National Rural Health Mission and health insurance programs, but more focus is needed on primary care, community participation, and direct
1. The study evaluated a community-based intervention for dengue control in Cuba that strengthened intersectoral coordination and community empowerment.
2. Surveys found that levels of community participation and positive behavioral changes increased more in pilot areas with the coordination and empowerment interventions compared to the control area.
3. Entomological surveillance data showed that the pilot and extension areas achieved lower Breteau indices, indicating greater effectiveness at controlling the Aedes mosquito, compared to the control area over the six-year period.
This document discusses health systems strengthening from a global perspective. It defines health systems strengthening as initiatives that improve the core functions or "building blocks" of a health system, with the goal of permanently improving system performance rather than just filling gaps. The document distinguishes between supporting a health system through improving inputs versus strengthening it by facilitating comprehensive changes to performance drivers. It identifies key priorities for facilitating health systems strengthening as the health workforce, cost-effective primary health care interventions and service delivery models, progressive decentralization, results-based financing, and enhanced integrated management approaches.
This document outlines a presentation on Nepal's National Health Policy 2071, which was approved in July 2014. It provides background on Nepal's past health experiences, current health context, and key problems and challenges in the health system. The presentation describes the need for a new health policy to address these issues. The policy's vision, mission, goals, and 14 policy areas with 120 total strategies are summarized. The presentation also discusses organizational management, financial sources, monitoring, risks, and new areas addressed by the new health policy.
The document discusses the history and definitions of health promotion. It provides:
1) The term "health promotion" was first used in 1974 and refers to strategies that tackle the wider determinants of health beyond just healthcare.
2) Health promotion aims to empower people to have more control over their health and aspects of their lives that affect it.
3) Key strategies of health promotion include building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills, and reorienting health services.
This document discusses universal health coverage and provides information on key facts, definitions, objectives, and challenges. It summarizes the evolution of universal health coverage in India through various committee reports and schemes. Key recommendations from the High Level Expert Group report on achieving universal health coverage in India include establishing a national health package, developing health service norms, increasing human resources for health, strengthening community participation, and improving access to medicines and technology. Monitoring progress and overcoming challenges such as inadequate services, varying quality, and affordability issues are important to achieve universal health coverage.
This document discusses health for all as a goal and outlines steps needed for universal health coverage in India by 2022. It recommends increasing public health expenditure to at least 3% of GDP, developing a national health package with essential services, strengthening human resources for health, and ensuring access to affordable medicines for all through price controls and expanding the essential drugs list. The goal is to make affordable, quality health services accessible to all Indians.
This document provides an overview of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) including:
- Definitions and concepts of UHC.
- A brief history of major UHC initiatives and policies around the world since the late 19th century.
- Monitoring and evaluation of UHC through indices like the UHC Service Coverage Index.
- India's initiatives toward UHC like the Ayushman Bharat program and various national health insurance schemes.
- Key principles and focus areas outlined in India's 2011 High Level Expert Group report on UHC.
Understanding the concept of Universal Health CoverageHFG Project
Presented during Day One of the 2016 Nigeria Health Care Financing Training Workshop. Presented by Dr. Elaine Baruwa. More: https://www.hfgproject.org/hcf-training-nigeria
The document provides an overview of India's health care delivery system. It defines key terms and outlines the various sectors that make up India's system, including public, private, voluntary, and indigenous medicine. It describes the organization of health services in India at the central, state, and district levels. Primary health care is discussed as the cornerstone of rural health services in India, with principles of equitable distribution, community participation, and preventive focus. Comparative infrastructure statistics are also provided for the states of India and Karnataka.
health promotion and primary prevention: Mamta SuryavanshiMamtaSuryavanshi1
The document provides an overview of a seminar on primary health care and health promotion. It discusses the background and principles of primary health care, highlighting definitions from the Alma-Ata and Astana declarations. It describes the concepts of comprehensive primary health care and health and wellness centers in India. The role of nurses and challenges in implementing primary health care in India are also summarized, in addition to the topics of health promotion, government initiatives, and the seminar's learning objectives.
The document discusses primary health care (PHC) as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). It outlines the key principles of PHC established at the International Conference on PHC in Alma-Ata in 1978, including making essential health care universally accessible through community participation and affordable locally. The document also examines the history of the PHC movement and WHO's goal of "Health for All" by 2000. Finally, it identifies six pillars that PHC is built on: social justice, preventive health care, community participation, inter-sector cooperation, appropriate technology, and sustainable measures.
National Health Policy 2017 and its historic perspectiveDr Sanket Nandekar
Presentation aims to describe National health policy 2017 & its historic perspective in the simplest possible way. Highlights of past two health polices are also covered in the discussion.
Universal health coverage aims to ensure all people can access needed health services without financial hardship. It requires a strong health system that meets priority needs through integrated care, including services for major diseases. It also requires affordability so costs don't create financial hardship, access to essential medicines and technologies, and sufficient health workers. Recognizing the roles of other sectors in health, like transport, is also important to achieving universal coverage.
This document provides an overview of health care in India, including:
1. It discusses the levels of health care in India from primary to tertiary and the services provided at each level. Primary care aims to provide essential health care close to communities.
2. It outlines changing concepts of health care over time from comprehensive to basic to primary health care, with a focus on community participation and equitable access.
3. It describes goals and principles of primary health care in India, including the goal of "Health for All" and providing basic health services that are accessible to all.
The document discusses India's evolving approach to healthcare, from the Bhore Committee's recommendation of comprehensive healthcare in 1946 to the Alma-Ata Declaration's emphasis on primary healthcare in 1978. It outlines the levels of healthcare in India, from primary to tertiary, and key policies and goals like Health for All by 2000, the Millennium Development Goals, and National Health Policies of 1983, 2002, and 2015. Primary healthcare is defined as essential care that is universally accessible, affordable, and participatory for communities.
Universal health coverage was established in the WHO constitution of 1948 declaring health a fundamental human right.The goal of universal health coverage is to ensure that all people obtain the health services they need without suffering financial hardship when paying for them.
This document discusses International Nurses Day 2018 and related topics. It begins by outlining the presentation's flow, then provides information about the International Council of Nurses (ICN), including its founding, objectives, and work with UN agencies. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their relationship to Millennium Development Goals are explained. Universal Health Coverage and its importance are discussed. The theme of International Nurses Day 2018 - "Nurses: A Voice to Lead: Health is a Human Right" - is presented across four parts focusing on health as a human right, access to healthcare, investment and economic growth, and the role of nurses in policy. The document emphasizes nurses' knowledge and ability to advocate
The document discusses India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, which oversees national health programs and policies. It oversees departments on health, Ayurveda, health research, and AIDS control. The ministry works through state health infrastructure like community health centers and aims to improve access through new facilities. Major programs address cancer, mental health, emergencies, and diseases like diabetes. The Central Government Health Scheme provides services to government employees. Other discussed topics include rural health services, food safety policies, and national health policies aiming to improve standards.
Health financing strategies uhc 27 09 12Vikash Keshri
This document discusses health financing strategies for universal health coverage. It begins by defining universal health coverage and providing historical perspectives. It then discusses the current state of health financing in India, including low public spending, high private out-of-pocket expenditures, and variations between states. The document outlines that achieving universal health coverage requires raising sufficient funds, removing financial barriers, and using resources efficiently. It examines strategies for generating more health resources, utilizing resources effectively to prevent waste, and proposes the key recommendations of India's High Level Expert Group on universalizing access to affordable healthcare.
The document summarizes Pakistan's healthcare system. It consists of both private and public sectors, with the private sector serving 70% of the population. Healthcare is organized into three levels - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary care is the first level and focuses on preventive services through facilities like basic health units and rural health centers. Secondary care is provided at district hospitals and focuses on referral services and specialist care. Tertiary care in specialized hospitals handles referrals from primary and secondary levels. The document also outlines the key principles of primary healthcare as defined by the Alma Ata Declaration of 1978.
The document discusses India's primary health care system and community health care. It begins by defining health, healthcare, and community. It then outlines the levels of healthcare delivery and describes how primary health care in India evolved from recommendations made by various committees. The key aspects of primary health care delivery in India include its basis in the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration, focus on rural areas through a three-tier system, and emphasis on community participation and equitable access. The document also discusses community health centers, voluntary health agencies, and international organizations involved in India's health care system.
The document outlines India's national health policies from 1983 to 2017. It begins with the background of the Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 which established the goal of "Health for All" through primary health care. The key policies are the National Health Policy 1983 which aimed to achieve health for all by 2000, the 2002 policy which revised goals, and subsequent policies in 2015 and 2017 which set new targets for improving health outcomes and increasing access to care. The policies focus on developing infrastructure, increasing funding, and making progress on reducing diseases and improving health indicators.
This document discusses universal health coverage (UHC) and India's progress toward achieving it. It provides background on UHC, including definitions, objectives, and the global momentum behind it. It then examines India's current scenario, including existing schemes to promote UHC. Key recommendations from the High Level Expert Group on UHC include increasing public health spending, developing a national health package, and strengthening human resources and community participation. Achieving UHC would lead to benefits like greater equity, efficiency, and improved health outcomes. The document outlines the new architecture needed to achieve UHC through reforms in six critical areas.
This document discusses questionnaires as a method for conducting research. It defines a questionnaire as a structured self-reported instrument used to collect data on knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and feelings from research subjects. The document outlines the purpose, types, advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires. It provides guidance on key aspects to consider when designing a questionnaire such as the sample, questions, format, and sequencing.
The document discusses India's Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS) program and National Iron Plus Initiatives (NIPI) which aim to reduce anemia among adolescents and children. The key strategies of the programs include weekly supplementation of IFA tablets through schools and Anganwadi centers, deworming, and nutrition education. Anemia negatively impacts productivity and child development. Proper storage, administration and monitoring of IFA distribution are emphasized to ensure the success of the initiatives.
This document presents information on endometriosis. It defines endometriosis as the presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterus, most commonly found in the abdominal cavity below the umbilicus. It affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age. Risk factors include low parity, delayed childbearing, family history, and genital tract obstruction. Symptoms include dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and deep pelvic pain. Diagnosis is made through physical exam finding tenderness, masses, and a fixed retroverted uterus. Treatment options include drug therapy with contraceptives or progestogens, as well as surgery such as laparoscopy or hysterectomy.
This document presents a presentation on minor disorders of newborns and their management. It defines a newborn as an infant from birth to 28 days old. Minor disorders are physical conditions that cause disturbances to normal functioning. The document discusses 12 common minor disorders including oral thrush, ophthalmia neonatorum, omphalitis, neonatal mastitis, nasopharyngitis, excessive crying, abdominal distension, constipation, diarrhea, pain, vomiting, and physiological jaundice. For each disorder, it describes symptoms and provides recommendations for management and treatment. The overall document aims to educate about minor health issues in newborns and appropriate care responses.
Multiple pregnancy is defined as the development of more than one fetus in the uterus at the same time. The most common type is twins, which can be either dizygotic (from two separate eggs) or monozygotic (from one egg that splits). Diagnosis involves history, examination, ultrasound, and biochemical tests. Risks include preterm birth, low birthweight, preeclampsia, and prolonged labor. Management involves specialized antenatal care including diet, rest, and hospitalization later in pregnancy. During labor, careful monitoring is needed and a team should be prepared for complications like emergency c-section or bleeding. Postnatal care requires close observation of both mother and babies.
Mittal college of nursing student Bhawna Prajapat submitted a paper on lower segment caesarean section to her lecturer Mrs Sehnlata Parashar. The paper was submitted as part of Bhawna's fourth year Bsc nursing degree program at Mittal college of nursing.
This document provides information about lower segment cesarean section (LSCS). It begins with an introduction defining LSCS as a surgical procedure to deliver a fetus after 28 weeks through an incision in the abdominal and uterine walls. It then discusses the rising incidence of LSCS, common indications including previous c-section and fetal distress, and the preoperative preparations and steps of the procedure. Complications are outlined as well, including potential issues for both the mother such as hemorrhage, and fetus like prematurity. Postoperative care including monitoring, antibiotics, feeding, and expected recovery timeline are also reviewed.
Bharat Sevak Samaj is a development organization established in 1951 by the Planning Commission of India to promote voluntary service and build economic strength. It was founded on the recommendations of Pandit Nehru and aims to utilize unused resources for social and economic development. Membership is open to anyone over 18 who can volunteer at least two hours per week. The organization has a central head board and branches across states, districts, blocks and villages. It conducts training programs and works in areas like public awareness, social welfare, slum improvement and family planning.
The Kayakalp award scheme was launched in 2015 by the Union Health Minister as an extension of the Swachh Bharat Mission. The scheme aims to promote cleanliness, hygiene and infection control practices in public health care facilities. Facilities are assessed on these criteria and the best performing hospitals receive cash awards. AIIMS Delhi was the first winner of the Kayakalp award in 2015. Since then, the scheme has been expanded to assess more public health facilities across India.
Mittal College of Nursing in Ajmer submitted a report on amniocentesis to their professor Mrs. Snehlata Parashar. The report was submitted by 4th year Bsc nursing student Monika Choudhary and focused on the medical procedure known as amniocentesis.
The document summarizes India's Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) programs. It discusses the origins and goals of RCH, which aims to improve women's health and empowerment, adolescent health, and other priorities. The key components of RCH include maternal and child health, family planning, and addressing issues like HIV/AIDS. RCH has been implemented in two phases, with the second phase beginning in 2005 to address issues like expanding coverage and improving quality of services, especially for vulnerable groups. The overall goal is to reduce infant and maternal mortality and fertility rates.
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that can spread throughout the body. It is caused by factors like chemicals, radiation, and pathogens that cause changes at the cellular level. The document discusses signs and symptoms of cancer, as well as ways to prevent cancer through lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, exercise, limiting alcohol and tobacco, and reducing sun exposure. It also outlines treatments for cancer like surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biological therapy, and targeted cancer treatments.
The document summarizes key aspects of the puerperium period, which lasts approximately 6 weeks following childbirth. It describes the anatomical and physiological changes that occur as the body reverts to the non-pregnant state, including involution of the uterus, breasts, blood vessels, and other reproductive organs. It also covers lochia, lactation, vital signs, weight loss, urinary changes, and the general management and care of the mother during the puerperium period, including diet, sleep, immunizations and treatment of any ailments.
This presentation summarizes polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a complex hormonal disorder common in women of reproductive age, characterized by enlarged ovaries with small cysts, irregular periods, and excess androgen. The presentation covers the definition, epidemiology, types, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, management, and complications of PCOS. Key points include that PCOS can be inflammatory, post-pill, insulin resistance or adrenal-related, and treatment involves lifestyle changes, medication, and surgery depending on symptoms.
Vital statistics are records of life events like births, deaths, diseases, and marriages that help analyze community health and plan health services. They are collected through systems like censuses, registration of vital events, sample registration of births and deaths, disease notification, and population surveys. This data provides information on demography, health status, health resources, disease patterns, and more. It is used for purposes like evaluating health programs, assessing community health issues, informing legislation, and conducting research. Maintaining accurate and up-to-date vital statistics is important for effective public health management and policymaking.
Ayushman Bharat is India's flagship healthcare program that aims to provide universal health coverage. It has two major components: PM-JAY which provides health insurance of Rs. 500,000 per family per year for secondary and tertiary care, and strengthening primary healthcare through health and wellness centers. The program will expand services at primary healthcare centers, train frontline workers, implement population screening programs, use telemedicine, and aim to provide comprehensive and affordable healthcare for all Indians.
The document summarizes Guinea worm eradication efforts in India. It describes how Guinea worm disease is caused by a parasite and presents symptoms. It provides global case numbers from the 1980s onward, showing a decline from 3.5 million cases worldwide to only 126 cases in 2014. The strategy for eradication in India included case detection and surveillance, case management, vector control through water treatment and filters, provision of safe drinking water, training, and evaluation. Through these efforts, India reduced cases from around 40,000 in 1984 to only 9 cases in 1996, and was certified Guinea worm free by WHO in 2000. Improved access to safe drinking water was key to eradicating the disease.
This document provides an overview of school health services in India. It defines key terms like school, school health, and school health services. It describes the history and development of school health services in India from before independence to the present. It outlines the common health problems faced by schoolchildren in India. The overall aim and objectives of school health services are to promote, protect, and maintain student health. The key components of school health programs include health appraisal, treatment and follow-up, immunization, nutrition services, first aid, health education, and ensuring a healthful school environment.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations global development network that advocates for change and connects countries to resources to help people build better lives. UNDP operates in 177 countries working with governments on poverty reduction, HIV/AIDS, governance, social development, crisis prevention and recovery. It has six signature solutions focused on keeping people out of poverty, governance, crisis prevention, environment, energy, and women's empowerment. UNDP is entirely funded by voluntary contributions and focuses on helping poorer nations develop their resources and build local capacity.
Trauma refers to an injury that affects one or more body systems and can cause excessive bleeding, impacting normal body functioning. Road traffic injuries are a significant but overlooked global health issue, especially in developing countries like India, which require coordinated prevention and management efforts to address sustainably and effectively.
HIV weakens the immune system, increasing the risk of TB in people with HIV. Infection with both HIV and TB is called HIV/TB coinfection. This presentation is an overview on "HIV-Tuberculosis Coinfection"
Co-Chairs, Hussein Tawbi, MD, PhD, and Prof. Christian Blank, MD, PhD, discuss melanoma in this CME activity titled “Deploying the Immune GAMBIT Against Melanoma: Guidance on Advances and Medical Breakthroughs With ImmunoTherapy.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4edfNpE. CME credit will be available until July 5, 2025.
Interventional radiology is a medical specialty that uses imaging techniques, such as X-rays, CT scans, and ultrasound, to guide minimally invasive procedures to diagnose and treat a variety of conditions. These procedures can be an alternative to open surgery, often resulting in shorter recovery times for patients.
These simplified lecture slides by Dr Sidra Arshad offer a concise look at the cardiovascular effects of heart failure:
1. Define cardiac failure, its pathophysiology and clinical manifestations
2. Differentiate between the factors causing hyper-effective and hypo-effective heart functions
3. Differentiate between right and left heart failure based on their presentation
4. Outline the physiology of treatment of cardiac failure
A medical treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors by damaging their DNA. When the DNA is damaged, cancer cells can no longer divide and grow, and they eventually die.
General Endocrinology and mechanism of action of hormonesMedicoseAcademics
This presentation, given by Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology, delves into the foundational concepts of general endocrinology. It covers the various types of chemical messengers in the body, including neuroendocrine hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and traditional hormones. Dr. Faiza explains how these messengers are secreted and their modes of action, distinguishing between autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects.
The presentation provides detailed examples of glands and specialized cells involved in hormone secretion, such as the pituitary gland, pancreas, parathyroid gland, adrenal medulla, thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, ovaries, and testis. It outlines the special features of hormones, differentiating between peptides and proteins based on their amino acid composition.
Key principles of endocrinology are discussed, including hormone secretion in response to stimuli, the duration of hormone action, hormone concentrations in the blood, and secretion rates. Dr. Faiza highlights the importance of feedback control in hormone secretion, the occurrence of hormonal surges due to positive feedback, and the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus as the master clock regulating rhythmic patterns in biological clocks of neuroendocrine cells and endocrine glands.
The presentation also addresses the metabolic clearance of hormones from the blood, explaining the mechanisms involved, such as metabolic destruction by tissues, binding with tissues, and excretion by the liver and kidneys. The differences in half-life between hydrophilic and hydrophobic hormones are explored.
The mechanism of hormone action is thoroughly covered, detailing hormone receptors located on the cell membrane, in the cell cytoplasm, and in the cell nucleus. The processes of upregulation and downregulation of receptors are explained, along with various types of hormone receptors, including ligand-gated ion channels, G protein–linked hormone receptors, and enzyme-linked hormone receptors. The presentation elaborates on second messenger systems such as adenylyl cyclase, cell membrane phospholipid systems, and calcium-calmodulin linked systems.
Finally, the methods for measuring hormone concentrations in the blood, such as radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), are discussed, providing a comprehensive understanding of the tools used in endocrinology research and clinical practice.
Principles of Cleaning
Nonsurgical root canal treatment is a predictable method of retaining a tooth that otherwise would require extraction. Success of root canal treatment in a tooth with a vital pulp is higher than that of a tooth that is necrotic with periradicular pathosis. The difference is the persistent irritation of necrotic tissue remnants, and the inability to remove the microorganisms and their by-products. The most significant factors affecting this process are tooth anatomy and morphology, and the instruments and irrigants available for treatment. Instruments must contact and plane the canal walls to debride the canal.
Morphologic factors such as lateral and accessory canals, canal curvatures, canal wall irregularities, fins, cul-de-sacs, and isthmuses make total debridement virtually impossible. Therefore the goal of cleaning not total elimination of the irritants but it is to reduce the irritants.
Currently there are no reliable methods to assess cleaning. The presence of clean dentinal shavings, the color of the irrigant, and canal enlargement three file sizes beyond the first instrument to bind have been used to assess the adequacy; however, these do not correlate well with debridement. Obtaining glassy smooth walls is a preferred indicator. The properly prepared canals should feel smooth in all dimensions when the tip of a small file is pushed against the canal walls. This indicates that files have had contact and planed all accessible canal walls thereby maximizing debridement (recognizing that total debridement usually does not occur).
Principles of Shaping
The purpose of shaping is to
1) facilitate cleaning and
2) provide space for placing the obturating materials.
The main objective of shaping is to maintain or develop a continuously tapering funnel from the canal orifice to the apex. This decreases procedural errors when cleaning and enlarging apically. The degree of enlargement is often dictated by the method of obturation. For lateral compaction of gutta percha the canal should be enlarged sufficiently to permit placement of the spreader to within 1-2 millimeters of the corrected working length. There is a correlation between the depth of spreader penetration and the apical seal.5 For warm vertical compaction techniques the coronal enlargement must permit the placement of the pluggers to within 3 to 5 mm of the corrected working length.6
As dentin is removed from the canal walls the root is weakened.7 The degree of shaping is determined by the preoperative root dimension, the obturation technique, and the restorative treatment plan. Narrow thin roots such as the mandibular incisors cannot be enlarged to the same degree as more bulky roots such as the maxillary central incisors. Post placement is also a determining factor in the amount of coronal dentin removal.
Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis and Simulation ...Oleg Kshivets
5YS of local advanced non-small cell LCP after combined radical procedures significantly depended on: tumor characteristics, LC cell dynamics, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors, biochemical factors, hemostasis system, anthropometric data, adjuvant treatment and procedure type. Optimal strategies for local advanced LCP are: 1) availability of very experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity radical procedures; 2) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 3) precise prediction; 4) AT for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
This presentation gives a clear explanation of hemodynamics and cardiac electrophysiology which will be helpful for students of bpharmacy sem 5 as a part of the pharmacology. the presentation is explained diagramatically which makes ease for the students.
As a leading rheumatologist in Chandigarh, Dr. Aseem specializes in the diagnosis and management of a wide range of rheumatic conditions, including but not limited to:
Rheumatoid Arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the joints.
Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage.
Lupus: A systemic autoimmune disease that can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, and other organs.
Ankylosing Spondylitis: A type of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, causing pain and stiffness.
Gout: A form of arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, redness, and tenderness in the joints.
Psoriatic Arthritis: A type of arthritis that affects some people with psoriasis.
Vasculitis: An inflammation of the blood vessels that can cause a variety of symptoms.
Sjogren’s Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder characterized by dry eyes and mouth.
Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. Dr. Aseem Goyal utilizes advanced diagnostic techniques to identify the underlying causes of rheumatic conditions. Our state-of-the-art facility is equipped with the latest technology to provide comprehensive diagnostic services, including:
Blood Tests: To check for markers of inflammation and autoimmune activity.
Imaging Studies: Such as X-rays, MRI, and ultrasound to assess joint and soft tissue damage.
Joint Fluid Analysis: To examine the fluid in the joints for signs of inflammation or infection.
Biopsy: In certain cases, a small tissue sample may be taken for further examination.
Treatment Approaches
Dr. Aseem Goyal adopts a holistic and patient-centered approach to treatment. Depending on the specific condition and its severity, treatment options may include:
Medications
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): To reduce inflammation and relieve pain.
Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): To slow the progression of rheumatic diseases.
Biologic Agents: Targeted therapies that block specific pathways in the immune system.
Corticosteroids: To control severe inflammation quickly.
This document contains an overview of different types of ocular neoplastic disorders or ocular tumors among pediatric patients. you can have a quick basic concept about ocular tumors among children and a basic management strategy. You will have perfect idea about almost 8 ocular tumors among pediatric patients .
THE MANAGEMENT OF PENILE CANCER. PowerPointBright Chipili
This PowerPoint includes all the relevant information and science about penile cancer and its management. Information is based on Campbell 12th edition and EAU 2024 updated guidelines.
2. Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all
people and communities can use the promotive,
preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative
health services they need, of sufficient quality to
be effective, while also ensuring that the use of
these services does not expose the user to
financial hardship.
3. Theme of world health day :
“UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE: EVERYONE,
EVERYWHERE”
The ultimate goal of UHC is to ensure that
everyone, everywhere, should have access to
essential healthcare services without facing
financial hardship
Progressive realization of UHC is also one of
the key features of the United Nations’
Sustainable Development Goals
6. Healthcare need is not only uncertain and
unpredictable but also catastrophic to families
living on the margins
INADEQUATE MANPOWER: Against the
recommended 85 doctors and 255 nurses and
ANMs per lakh population, there is just 45 doctors,
and 75 nurses and ANMs
QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES: It varies
considerably in both the public and private sector.
Private sector also has the problem of unqualified
doctors. Regulatory standards for public and
private hospitals are neither adequately defined nor
effectively enforced
7. AFFORDABILITY: Poor and vulnerable families not only spend
money out-of-pocket (OOP) due to ill health but also have to
suffer wage loss to seek healthcare
-Estimates suggest that in India, around 50 million
households fall in poverty annually on account
of OOP healthcare expenditures
-One of the reasons for high rate of OOP expenditures is
limited access to healthcare in public
sector, which compels patients to seek care in the private
sector
-Evidence suggests that a dynamic interaction between three
factors forces patients towards
private sector in India: (i) healthcare provisioning dominated
by private sector
(ii) high share of private expenditure as
compared to public expenditure in TOTAL
HEALTH EXPENDITURE (THE)
8. Health For All
Millennium Development Goal
Sustainable Development goal
10. This definition of UHC embodies three
related objectives:
Equity in access to health services - everyone
who needs services should get them, not only those who
can pay for them.
The quality of health services should be good enough to
improve the health of those receiving services; and
People should be protected against financial-risk, ensuring
that the cost of using services does not put people at risk of
financial harm.
UHC is firmly based on the WHO constitution of 1948
declaring health a fundamental human right and on the
Health for All agenda set by the Alma Ata declaration in
1978. UHC cuts across all of the health-related Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) and brings hope of better health
and protection for the world’s poorest.
12. * principles guided the formulation of UHC in
India:
Universality
Equity
Non-exclusion and non-discrimination
Comprehensive care that is rational and of good quality
Financial protection
Protection of patients’ rights that guarantee
appropriateness of care, patient choice, portability and
continuity of care.
Consolidated and strengthened public health provisioning
Accountability and transparency
Community participation
Putting health in people’s hands.
16. HEALTH FINANCING AND FINANCIAL PROTECTION:
Government should increase public expenditure on
health, from the current level of 1.2% of GDP to at least
2.5% by the end of 12th Five Year Plan, and to at least 3%
of GDP by 2022
-General taxation should be used as the principal
source of healthcare financing, not levying sector
specific taxes
-Expenditures on primary health care should account
for at least 70% of all healthcare expenditure.
-The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified
four key financing strategies to achieve UHC -
increasing taxation efficiency, increasing government
budgets for health, innovation in financing for health
and increasing development assistance for health
17. ACCESS TO MEDICINES, VACCINES AND TECHNOLOGY:
Enforcement of price control and price regulation, especially
on essential drugs, and revision, expansion, and rational use
of Essential Drug List
-Protection of safeguards provided by Indian patents law and
the TRIPS Agreement against the country’s ability to produce
essential drugs
-To recognise barrier to the access and to overcome
especially for disadvantaged and people located far from
facilities, and differently-abled, and also making it gender
sensitive and child friendly
HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH: Strengthening of Institute
of Family Welfare and Regional Faculty Development Centres
to ensure availability of adequately trained faculty
-Establishment of District Health Knowledge Institutes and
National Council for Human Resources in Health (NCHRH)
18. HEALTH SERVICE NORMS: Development of National Health
Package, that offers, as a part of the entitlement of every citizen,
essential health services at different levels of the healthcare
delivery system
-There should be equitable access to health facilities in the
urban areas, by rationalising services and focusing particularly
on the health needs of the urban poor
MANAGEMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS: Introduction of All
India and State level Public Health Service Cadres and a
specialised State Level Health System Management Cadre should
be introduced in order to give greater attention to Public Health
and also to strengthen the management of the UHC system
-Establishment of a National Health Regulatory and Development
Authority (NHRDA), a National Drug Regulatory and Development
Authority (NDRDA), and a national Health Promotion and
Protection Trust (NHPPT) is recommended
19. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND CITIZEN
ENGAGEMENT: Existing Village Health Committees
should be transformed into participatory Health
Councils
MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEM: Routine
monitoring and evaluations are to collect
disaggregates information on disadvantaged
segments of the population, so that to compare
access of services to these groups and their impact
and also with general population
23. ‘Health for All' Ayushman Bharat Yojna or Pradhan Mantri
Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) or National Health Protection
Scheme or ModiCare is a centrally sponsored scheme
launched in 2018, under the Ayushman Bharat Mission of
MoHFW in India.(Biggest govt.sponsered Health
Scheme in the world.)
Ayushman Bharat rests on the twin pillars of Health and
Wellness Centres for provision of comprehensive primary
healthcare services and the Prime Minister's National
Health Protection Mission for secondary and tertiary care
to 100 million families.
FIRST PILLAR(NATIONAL HEALTH PROTECTION)
we are reaching out to approximately 40 per cent of
country's population roughly covering 500 million
individuals, who will be provided an insurance cover of
24. SECOND PILLAR (HEALTH AND WELLNESS CENTER)
About 1,50,000 health and wellness centres would
bring healthcare closer to people, so that every Indian
can have timely access to health care, including
diagnostic services and free essential drugs.
Pregnancy care and maternal health services
Neonatal and infant health services
Child health
Chronic communicable diseases
Non-communicable diseases
Management of mental illness
Dental care
Geriatric care Emergency medicine
29. JAANCH-
Vision of JAANCH: To enable a
universal healthcare system that uses
information to empower individuals and
to improve the health of the population
Mission of JAANCH: To improve
healthcare of all Indians through
meaningful use of Health information
technology
32. UHC will achieving an acceptable
standard of good health for people of Ind
Editor's Notes
Health for all ,MDG like poverty and hunger, universal education, Gender equelity, child health to reduce under five mortality up to 2/3 ,maternal health improvement reduce mmr up to ¾, HIV malaria, tb half up to 2015 and reverse trend in hiv,environmental sustanability abd global partnership
SDG focus on poverty,food,health,education,women,water,energy,echonomy,infrastructure,inequality,habitation,consumption,climate change,echosystem,institutions sustainability, SDG have focus on health twards UHC
Joint action for accreditation of nationally recognized center of health
Imr 25,mmr 100,tfr 2.1,malnutrition 27, anaemia in 15 to 49 yr female 28,poor household gdp 1.87 in 2017 will increase 3 in 2022