The purpose of this presentation is to equip audiences with the ability to:
Define universal health coverage (UHC) and understand the basic tenets of UHC
Identify how UHC fits in USAID’s health and poverty reduction strategies
Effectively communicate to country stakeholders how USAID can support a country’s progress towards UHC
Identify relevant UHC resources within the Office of Health Systems and USAID
The presentation is part of the “UHC Toolkit” and accompanies Universal Health Coverage: An Annotated Bibliography, and Universal Health Coverage: Frequently Asked Questions.
Understanding the concept of Universal Health CoverageHFG Project
Presented during Day One of the 2016 Nigeria Health Care Financing Training Workshop. Presented by Dr. Elaine Baruwa. More: https://www.hfgproject.org/hcf-training-nigeria
The World Health Organization was founded on the principle of universal health coverage and achieving the highest level of health for all people. World Health Day on April 7th aims to inspire and guide countries toward achieving universal health coverage through a series of events in 2018. Currently half the world's population lacks access to needed health services, and countries need to extend coverage to one billion more people by 2023 to meet global targets. World Health Day will highlight the need for universal coverage and benefits it provides.
Health Insurance in Nepal aims to ensure access to quality healthcare without financial hardship. The program began in 2016 and has since expanded to 49 districts. Members pay an annual premium of NRs. 2500-3500 for a family of 5. Benefits include coverage of up to NRs. 100,000 per family per year. Stakeholders provide both support and criticisms, citing issues around awareness, enrollment rates, benefit packages, and quality of care. Expanding the program, improving facilities, and addressing concerns will help achieve universal health coverage in Nepal.
Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in health economics. It discusses how health economics applies economic theories to the health sector, focusing on resource allocation and efficiency. The document outlines the scope of health economics, including economic development and health, the role of the state in healthcare provision, and economic evaluation techniques. It also discusses concepts like demand, supply, markets, and objectives in healthcare like efficiency, effectiveness, and equity.
This document outlines a presentation on Nepal's National Health Policy 2071, which was approved in July 2014. It provides background on Nepal's past health experiences, current health context, and key problems and challenges in the health system. The presentation describes the need for a new health policy to address these issues. The policy's vision, mission, goals, and 14 policy areas with 120 total strategies are summarized. The presentation also discusses organizational management, financial sources, monitoring, risks, and new areas addressed by the new health policy.
Universal health coverage was established in the WHO constitution of 1948 declaring health a fundamental human right.The goal of universal health coverage is to ensure that all people obtain the health services they need without suffering financial hardship when paying for them.
This document discusses health systems strengthening from a global perspective. It defines health systems strengthening as initiatives that improve the core functions or "building blocks" of a health system, with the goal of permanently improving system performance rather than just filling gaps. The document distinguishes between supporting a health system through improving inputs versus strengthening it by facilitating comprehensive changes to performance drivers. It identifies key priorities for facilitating health systems strengthening as the health workforce, cost-effective primary health care interventions and service delivery models, progressive decentralization, results-based financing, and enhanced integrated management approaches.
Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Day 12.12.14, NepalDeepak Karki
This presentation is made on the first ever Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Day 12.12.14 celebration in Nepal by Nepal Health Economics Association (NHEA).
- Government health spending in India is very low at just over 1% of GDP, well below what is needed to meet the country's health needs. This has forced many people to rely on private healthcare, leading to high out-of-pocket costs that push many into poverty.
- Reforms are needed such as increasing public health spending to 3-5% of GDP, regulating the private sector, and implementing a universal health coverage program. However, challenges remain due to India's large population, infrastructure weaknesses, and need to balance fiscal priorities.
- Initiatives have been launched such as the National Rural Health Mission and health insurance programs, but more focus is needed on primary care, community participation, and direct
This document discusses universal health coverage (UHC), which aims to provide access to good quality health services for all members of a society while protecting people from financial hardship due to health costs. UHC can be defined by who and what services are covered and how much of the cost is covered. The WHO defines UHC as access to effective health services without financial hardship. Achieving UHC requires an efficient health system providing services, workers, and medicines to the population as well as a financing system to protect people from health costs. Various funding models like compulsory insurance, tax-based financing, and social health insurance can be used. Egypt has both public and private healthcare sectors working towards UHC.
Universal health coverage means that everyone has access to health care services including preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative care when needed at an affordable cost. The key objectives of universal health coverage are to ensure equitable access to quality health services for all, regardless of ability to pay, and provide financial protection so that costs of care do not cause financial hardship. Universal health coverage aims to make health care available, accessible and affordable for entire populations.
mHealth – also known as mobile health - refers to the practice of medicine and public health supported by mobile devices such as mobile phones, tablets, personal digital assistants and the wireless infrastructure.
Within digital health, mHealth encompasses all applications of telecommunications and multimedia technologies for the delivery of healthcare and health information.
The document discusses India's national health policies from 1983 to the present. It provides an overview of key events in India such as the establishment of the Planning Commission in 1950 and the goals and achievements of the National Health Policies of 1983, 2002, and 2017. The current National Health Policy of 2017 aims to achieve universal health coverage and access to affordable healthcare services while strengthening the health system through increased funding, expanded infrastructure and workforce.
The document defines a health system as consisting of all organizations, people, and actions whose primary purpose is to promote, restore, or maintain health. It discusses health systems as complex adaptive systems with many interacting elements. It presents several conceptual frameworks for analyzing health systems, including the WHO health system building blocks and the Antwerp health system dynamics framework. It then discusses the concept of health system strengthening and changing global approaches to improving health systems over time, moving from a disease-focused approach to a more holistic health system strengthening approach.
Health systems, goals of health system,
Leadership and Governance
Human Resource for Health
Health Financing
Medicines and Technologies
Service Delivery, and
Health Information System
Organization Structure of Public Health System in Nepal.
Organization Profile (Structure, Functions, Roles, Responsibilities, ToR): http://bit.ly/HealthsystemsNepal
Organization Structure of Public Health System in Nepal | Health System Nepal | Current Health system of Nepal | Organization Structure of Nepalese Health System | Public Health System | Health Governance System in Nepal |Health Organization Profile | https://publichealthupdate.com |
More updates: https://publichealthupdate.com
The document summarizes recommendations from the High Level Expert Group on achieving Universal Health Coverage in India. It discusses expanding health coverage to all citizens through a national health package, increasing public spending on health to 3% of GDP, strengthening primary healthcare and developing norms for facilities at each level of care. It also emphasizes improving human resources for health, community participation, and access to medicines. The overall vision is to ensure equitable access to quality health services for all Indians.
Equity is the absence of avoidable, unfair, or remediable differences among groups of people, whether those groups are defined socially, economically, demographically or geographically or by other means of stratification. "Health equity” or “equity in health” implies that ideally, everyone should have a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential and that no one should be disadvantaged from achieving this potential.
Universal Health Coverage: Frequently Asked QuestionsHFG Project
This brief answers several “frequently asked questions” (FAQ) on universal health coverage (UHC):
What is Universal Health Coverage (UHC)?
How does UHC align with USAID’s priorities?
How does UHC relate to broader goals for development, including the Sustainable Development Goals?
How is UHC measured?
What progress has been made towards UHC?
How does USAID support countries’ UHC efforts?
The FAQ accompanies Universal Health Coverage: An Annotated Bibliography, which presents resources that provide an overview of UHC and also delve into specific topics within UHC, such as measurement, health financing, and benefit plans. The bibliography also includes links to relevant websites that can provide additional resources.
The Role of Health Insurance in UHC: Learning from Ghana and EthiopiaHFG Project
USAID’s Health Finance and Governance (HFG) project works with partners around the world to support their progress towards universal health coverage (UHC). Protecting families and individuals from catastrophic health costs is one of the pillars of UHC. Health insurance is a key mechanism for providing financial protection. In this technical briefing, HFG shared lessons learned and technical insights from our work in piloting and scaling up community-based health insurance in Ethiopia and supporting Ghana’s National Health Insurance Authority to improve the financial sustainability of its National Health Insurance Scheme.
On Wednesday, March 2nd, the HFG project hosted a webinar featuring technical experts: Hailu Zelelew (Senior Associate/Health Economist, HFG Project), Chris Lovelace (Senior Health Governance Expert, HFG Project), and Jeanna Holtz (Health Insurance Specialist, HFG Project).
More:https://www.hfgproject.org/health-insurance-and-uhc-ghana-ethiopia/
The document discusses several challenges facing healthcare systems, including twin epidemics of infectious and chronic diseases, poor public health program implementation, and limited healthcare access. It provides examples of innovative community healthcare models in Bangladesh and India that aim to overcome resource constraints and engage communities. These include herbal clinics, health promotion temples, and village health workers. However, challenges remain like poor government support. The document also summarizes recommendations from India's High Level Expert Group to strengthen primary healthcare through increased funding, integrated insurance schemes, and empowering regulatory authorities.
HFG Project Brief - Improving Health Finance and Governance Expands Access to...HFG Project
The USAID Health Finance and Governance Project works in over 25 countries to improve health systems financing and governance, expand access to essential services like maternal and child health care, and progress toward universal health coverage. In Burundi, the project strengthened the management and organizational capacity of the National HIV/AIDS Program. In Cote d'Ivoire, the project helped develop the country's first post-conflict strategic plan to address health workforce issues and better support HIV care. The project also piloted an integrated HIV service delivery model in Ukraine.
The USAID-funded Health Finance and Governance project worked in Namibia from 2013-2018 to help the country strengthen its health system and progress toward universal health coverage. It did this by supporting the institutionalization of Health Accounts to track health spending, conducting studies to estimate costs of health services and assess quality across public and private facilities, and building the government's capacity to mobilize resources and make evidence-based financing decisions. This evidence helped Namibia explore sustainable domestic financing options and identify its total funding needs for achieving universal coverage of priority health services.
Making Quality Healthcare Affordable to Low Income GroupsIDS
This is a presentation on the Hygeia Community Health Plan Model that was given to a meeting hosted by Future Health Systems in Abuja in January 2009 www.futurehealthsystems.org.
HFG began working in Namibia in 2013, closely partnering with the Namibian Ministry of Health and Social Services and going on to collaborate with key government agencies, such as the Namibian Social Security Commission and the Universal Health
Coverage Advisory Committee of Namibia. The overarching aim of our technical assistance has been to support Namibia’s progress toward UHC to ensure all can access necessary, quality health care without financial struggle. We emphasized a government-led and -owned approach as we supported the Namibian government in addressing some of the key challenges it faced at the start of the project.
HFG’s support has helped strengthen the government’s capacity to mobilize and manage resources; improve efficiency, quality, and equity of health services; expand access to health care; sustain key health interventions, especially the HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment program; and, ultimately, identify sustainable financing for UHC. We provided technical support to the Namibian government’s Health Accounts team, equipping them with tools and know-how to lead and implement four Health Accounts exercises and analyze and present data for better policy analysis and evidence-based decision making. Our support has helped institutionalize Health Accounts in Namibia and provided the country’s policymakers with evidence to examine health financing options for UHC, advocate for greater resources, and explore financial risk protection options.
Strengthening the larger health system and generating fiscal space through improved efficiency of health services was another important goal for HFG.
Findings of the health facility costing and district hospital efficiency study we undertook will enable the government to identify where it can save resources, how it can improve equity in service distribution, and what Namibia’s total financing requirement is for UHC.
This report highlights some of the major contributions HFG and its key partners have made toward more efficient use of limited health resources, improved sustainability of
health programs, and progress toward UHC in Namibia.
This document discusses universal health coverage (UHC) and India's progress toward achieving it. It provides background on UHC, including definitions, objectives, and the global momentum behind it. It then examines India's current scenario, including existing schemes to promote UHC. Key recommendations from the High Level Expert Group on UHC include increasing public health spending, developing a national health package, and strengthening human resources and community participation. Achieving UHC would lead to benefits like greater equity, efficiency, and improved health outcomes. The document outlines the new architecture needed to achieve UHC through reforms in six critical areas.
This document discusses improving data on community health workers (CHWs) globally. It makes three key points:
1) CHWs are essential to achieving universal health coverage and meeting Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, but many countries lack comprehensive data on CHWs which hinders effective support and decision-making.
2) Evidence shows CHW programs can effectively deliver primary health services and improve health outcomes in a cost-effective manner. However, definitions and support for CHWs vary greatly between countries.
3) Case studies of CHW programs in Brazil, Liberia, and Uganda illustrate both long-standing, national programs and countries currently scaling up CHW initiatives to address health worker shortages and mortality rates
The document discusses health systems and financing. It begins by defining a health system as all actors, institutions, and resources that undertake health actions, with the primary intent of improving health. Not all policies that influence health are part of the health system. The document then discusses the goals of health systems, including improving health and ensuring financial contribution. It outlines the key functions of health systems as stewardship, financing, resource generation, and service delivery. The document emphasizes the importance of aligning financing with national health plans to avoid fragmentation. It also discusses concepts of coverage, effectiveness, and factors that influence health outcomes.
The document provides information on primary health care (PHC), including its definition, important terms, historical development, principles, components, approaches, characteristics, essential elements, obstacles to implementation, and the nursing process as applied to community health. Some key points:
- PHC is based on practical, scientifically sound methods that are universally accessible and affordable.
- Its goal is to provide the highest level of health for all people.
- Principles include equity, intersectoral collaboration, community involvement, and decentralization.
- Approaches include selective PHC focusing on a few diseases and comprehensive PHC addressing all health elements.
- The nursing process—assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and
This report provides the first global assessment of progress toward universal health coverage. It finds that while access to essential health services has increased globally, significant gaps remain. Coverage of key services like antiretroviral therapy and tuberculosis treatment is below 80%, and inequities exist both between and within countries. The report establishes a core set of tracer indicators to monitor coverage of reproductive, maternal, child, and infectious disease services. It highlights both successes in expanding coverage and the ongoing need to address remaining gaps to achieve universal access to quality health care.
The USAID Health Finance and Governance project, led by Abt Associates, works with developing countries to expand access to healthcare. It helps countries increase domestic health funding, manage resources effectively, and make wise purchasing decisions. The project provides technical assistance to improve financing, governance, management systems, and universal health coverage monitoring. In Botswana specifically, the project worked with the Ministry of Health and Wellness to develop a new health financing strategy, update the universal health benefits package, create a blueprint for national health insurance, increase hospital outsourcing efficiencies, analyze HIV treatment costs, and design a framework for setting healthcare service prices.
The document proposes a policy to establish universal primary healthcare in India through a decentralized community-based model. Key aspects include:
1) Developing area-specific 2-year health plans at the sub-district level to address priority health issues like malaria, with involvement from medical officers, staff, and community stakeholders.
2) Establishing incentives for community participation in health as well as career growth for medical professionals involved in implementing plans.
3) Mobilizing resources from various sources including government budgets, private partnerships, and financing institutions to strengthen infrastructure and ensure accessibility of healthcare for all.
The model aims to improve health outcomes through inter-sectoral coordination and making primary healthcare systems proactive and sustainable.
This document discusses universal health coverage and its importance. It defines universal health coverage as ensuring all people can access needed health services without financial hardship. The document outlines what universal health coverage is and is not, and explains why it matters by improving health, reducing poverty and disease, and boosting economic growth. It provides guidance on inspiring, motivating and guiding policymakers to advance universal health coverage domestically or in other countries. The document also discusses ways medical professionals can promote universal health coverage through advocacy and outreach.
Follow the Money: Making the Most of Limited Health ResourcesHFG Project
Worldwide, health systems are being asked to do more with less. In many countries, donor funds have stagnated or are declining. This sharp decline could have broad implications for the health sector— particularly Namibia’s HIV and AIDS response which relies heavily on donor resources. New and emerging threats, such as Zika and Ebola, are also testing weak and fragile health systems, such as those in Guinea and Liberia. And costly noncommunicable diseases, like diabetes and cancers, are on the rise in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
With the end of the MDGs and start of the new SDGS, momentum is growing for countries around the world to pursue Universal Health Coverage (UHC) reforms and to expand affordable access to health care services, without risk of financial hardship, while facing real resource constraints in the aftermath of the global economic crisis.
In short, countries need to make their limited health resources go a long way. It is a financing challenge as well as a governance one. Countries cannot manage what they cannot measure. Countries need to measure their health spending – know where the money comes from, how much is spent and where, and how it can be spent more efficiently and equitably.
Follow the Money: Making the Most of Limited Health ResourcesHFG Project
Worldwide, health systems are being asked to do more with less. In many countries, donor funds have stagnated or are declining. This sharp decline could have broad implications for the health sector— particularly Namibia’s HIV and AIDS response which relies heavily on donor resources. New and emerging threats, such as Zika and Ebola, are also testing weak and fragile health systems, such as those in Guinea and Liberia. And costly noncommunicable diseases, like diabetes and cancers, are on the rise in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
With the end of the MDGs and start of the new SDGS, momentum is growing for countries around the world to pursue Universal Health Coverage (UHC) reforms and to expand affordable access to health care services, without risk of financial hardship, while facing real resource constraints in the aftermath of the global economic crisis.
In short, countries need to make their limited health resources go a long way. It is a financing challenge as well as a governance one. Countries cannot manage what they cannot measure. Countries need to measure their health spending – know where the money comes from, how much is spent and where, and how it can be spent more efficiently and equitably.
Policymakers can influence public and private health spending to improve efficiency, quality, equity, and expand access to life-saving health services. To succeed, however, governments need evidence around their health financing landscape. More and more, policymakers are appreciating the value of health resource tracking –that is, a range of methods, data collection initiatives, and estimation tools aimed at measuring the flow of funds to and through the health system.
Universal health coverage (UHC)—ensuring that everyone has access to quality, affordable health services when needed—can be a vehicle for improved equity, health, financial well-being, and economic development. In its 2013 report, Global Health 2035, the Commission on Investing in Health (CIH) made the case that progressive (“pro-poor”) pathways towards UHC, which target the poor from the outset, are the most efficient way to achieve both improved health outcomes and increased financial protection (FP). Countries worldwide are now embarking on health system changes to move closer to achieving UHC, often with a clear pro-poor intent. While they can draw on guidance related to the technical aspects of UHC (the “what” of UHC), such as on service package design, there is less information on the “how” of UHC—that is, on how to maximize the chances of successful implementation.
Motivated by a shared interest in helping to close this information gap, a diverse international group of 21 practitioners and academics, including ministry of health officials and representatives of global health agencies and foundations, convened at The Rockefeller Foundation’s Bellagio Center for a three-day workshop from July 7–9, 2015. The participants shared their experiences of implementing UHC and discussed the limited evidence on how to implement UHC, focusing on a set of seven key “how” questions from across five domains of UHC.
Sustainability and transition - Nicolas Cantau, The Global FundOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Nicolas Cantau, The Global Fund, at the 2nd Health Systems Joint Network Meeting for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European Countries held in Tallinn, Estonia, on 1-2 December 2016
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This document outlines a training manual for a hospital costing workshop. It provides an agenda for the 3-day workshop covering topics like the fundamentals of costing, the MASH costing tool, and calculating unit costs. The workshop aims to teach participants how to conduct costing exercises to understand their hospital's costs and improve management. Sessions include introductions, an overview of costing concepts, the costing process, and a demonstration of the MASH tool which is an Excel-based framework for tracking and analyzing hospital resources, services, and costs.
Trinidad and Tobago 2015 Health Accounts - Main ReportHFG Project
This document summarizes the key findings of the 2015 health accounts report for Trinidad and Tobago. It finds that total health expenditure was 4.5 billion TT dollars in 2015, equivalent to 4.1% of GDP. The government financed 41% of health spending, while households financed 35% through direct out-of-pocket payments. Noncommunicable diseases accounted for the largest share of recurrent health spending at 42%. Out-of-pocket payments remain high, comprising over a third of total health expenditure. The report recommends strengthening government commitment to health financing, increasing risk pooling to reduce out-of-pocket spending, improving access to services, and institutionalizing ongoing health accounts estimations.
Guyana 2016 Health Accounts - Dissemination BriefHFG Project
The 2016 Guyana Health Accounts study found that:
1) Total health expenditure in Guyana was $28.6 billion (Guyanese dollars), with the government contributing 81% of funding.
2) The majority (71%) of health funds were spent on public health facilities like hospitals and clinics.
3) Most funds (64%) were spent on curative care services, while non-communicable diseases received the largest share (34%) of funds.
4) Government funding represents the largest source of financing for HIV/AIDS programs and services in Guyana, providing 62% of funds.
Guyana 2016 Health Accounts - Statistical ReportHFG Project
The document provides an overview of Guyana's 2016 Health Accounts methodology. It summarizes key aspects of the System of Health Accounts 2011 framework used, including boundaries, classifications, and definitions. Data was collected from government, households, NGOs, employers, insurers, and donors to track financial flows for health for 2016. The results help understand Guyana's health financing and answer questions on spending patterns.
Guyana 2016 Health Accounts - Main ReportHFG Project
The document summarizes the key findings of Guyana's first Health Accounts exercise for fiscal year 2016. It found that total health expenditure was G$ 28.6 billion, with the government contributing 81% of funding. Household out-of-pocket spending accounted for 9% of total spending. Non-communicable diseases received the largest share of spending at 34%. The analysis aims to inform strategic health financing decisions and assess domestic resource mobilization as external donor funding declines. Recommendations include increasing prevention spending and strengthening financial commitment to HIV programs.
The Next Frontier to Support Health Resource TrackingHFG Project
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for institutionalizing health resource tracking (HRT) in low- and middle-income countries. It identifies three key elements needed for institutionalization: strong demand for HRT data; sustainable local capacity to produce HRT data; and use of HRT results in policy and decision making. It outlines remaining challenges in each area and suggestions for future investments to address challenges, such as building understanding of HRT's value, maintaining local expertise, improving health information systems, and strengthening communication and use of HRT findings.
Rivers State has a population of over 7 million people from various ethnic groups. The main occupations are fishing, farming, and trading. The state has high rates of tuberculosis, neonatal and under-5 mortality, and HIV prevalence. Key stakeholders in health include the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Finance, and various agencies. The USAID Health Finance and Governance project worked to increase domestic health financing through advocacy, establishing a health insurance scheme, and capacity building. These efforts led to increased health budgets, establishment of healthcare financing units, and improved sustainability of health financing in Rivers State.
ASSESSMENT OF RMNCH FUNCTIONALITY IN HEALTH FACILITIES IN BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIAHFG Project
This document summarizes an assessment of reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (RMNCH) services in health facilities in Bauchi State, Nigeria. It found that infrastructure like electricity, water and toilets were lacking in many facilities. There were also shortages of skilled healthcare workers, especially midwives, and staff training. While many facilities offered antenatal care and immunizations, availability of emergency obstetric and newborn care and services like postnatal care and post-abortion care were more limited. Supplies of essential medicines, equipment and guidelines were also often inadequate. Community outreach was provided by some facilities but could be expanded.
BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW 2012-2016 HFG Project
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HEALTH INSURANCE: PRICING REPORT FOR MINIMUM HEALTH BENEFITS PACKAGE, RIVERS ...HFG Project
This document provides a pricing report for a Minimum Health Benefit Package (MHBP) being developed by Rivers State government in Nigeria. It analyzes the cost of 6 scenarios for the package, including individual and household premiums, based on medical claims data from hospitals in Rivers State from 2014-2017. The recommended annual premiums range from N14,026 to N111,734 for individuals and N79,946 to N636,882 for households, depending on the benefits included and the percentage of the state's population covered. The report provides context on data sources and actuarial assumptions used to determine the premiums.
The document is an actuarial report for Kano State's contributory healthcare benefit package in Nigeria. It analyzes 4 scenarios for the package - a basic minimum package alone or plus HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, or family planning services. The report finds that the estimated annual premium per individual would be between N12,180-N12,600 depending on the scenario, while the estimated annual premium per household of 6 would be between N73,081-N75,595. It provides these estimates by analyzing the state's population data, healthcare facilities, utilization rates, and costs to determine the risk premiums, administrative costs, marketing costs, and contingency margins for each scenario. The report recommends rounding the premium estimates and includes
Supplementary Actuarial Analysis of Tuberculosis, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA HEALTH...HFG Project
This document provides an actuarial analysis of including tuberculosis (TB) coverage in the Lagos State Health Scheme in Nigeria. It analyzes 3 different TB treatment regimens and estimates the additional premium required. Based on historical TB case data from 2013-2016, it projects the number of cases and costs for the next 3 years. The analysis finds the additional premium to be 488.79 Naira on average per person to cover TB screening tests and the 3 treatment regimens. It acknowledges limitations in the source data and outlines key assumptions made in the projections.
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This document provides a supplementary actuarial analysis of including HIV/AIDS coverage in the Lagos State Health Scheme benefit package in Nigeria. It estimates the total additional medical cost to cover HIV/AIDS services would be 209.40 Naira per person per year, broken down into costs for HIV testing and counseling (13.60), antiretroviral therapy (133.05), and preventing mother-to-child transmission (15.96). The analysis is based on HIV service data from 2012-2016 and projected population and drug cost data from the Lagos State Ministry of Health. It assumes a 90% continuation and conversion rate for antiretroviral therapy and a 6.5% annual medical cost trend.
World Health Organization Guidelines on Nutrition .pptxMopideviSravani
WHO is the directing and coordinating authority for health. It is responsible for providing
leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and
standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries
and monitoring and assessing health trends.
WHO guidelines on Nutrition:
1. Guideline: iron and folic acid supplementation in menstruating women
2. Guideline: iron supplementation in preschool and school-age children
3. Guideline: Neonatal vitamin A supplementation
4. Guideline: Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for reducing the risk of mother-tochild transmission of HIV
5. Guideline: Vitamin A supplementation for infants 1-5 months of age
6. Guideline: Vitamin A supplementation in postpartum women
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TEST BANK For Carolyn Jarvis, Physical Examination and Health Assessment 4th Canadian Edition 2024 Verified Chapters 1 - 31.pdf
TEST BANK For Carolyn Jarvis, Physical Examination and Health Assessment 4th Canadian Edition 2024 Verified Chapters 1 - 31.pdf
August 2024. Smart hospitals use advanced technologies like the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), AI, ML, NLP, and blockchain to improve efficiency, sustainability, and patient experience. Smart hospital applications include electronic health records (EHR), telemedicine, and MHealth. Smart and sustainable hospitals offer many benefits, like enhanced care, cost savings, and pollution reduction. However, challenges like high electricity consumption and cyberattack vulnerability exist. To overcome these, smart hospitals must adopt energy-efficient technologies, use renewable energy, and enhance cybersecurity. In this slideshow, you will learn about the definition, benefits, challenges, sustainability strategies, UN policy, and global statistics of smart hospitals and smart healthcare.
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1. Abt Associates Inc.
In collaboration with:
Avenir Health | Broad Branch Associates | Development Alternatives Inc. (DAI) | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (JHSPH) |
Results for Development Institute (R4D) | RTI International | Training Resources Group, Inc. (TRG)
Demystifying Universal Health
Coverage (UHC)
2. Outline
Objectives and Key Messages
What is UHC?
Why UHC?
USAID’s Contribution to UHC
Additional Resources
Annexes
3. Objectives
At the end of this presentation, the audience will be able to:
Define universal health coverage (UHC) and understand the
basic tenets of UHC
Identify how UHC fits in USAID’s health and poverty reduction
strategies
Effectively communicate to country stakeholders how USAID can
support a country’s progress towards UHC
Identify relevant UHC resources within the Office of Health
Systems and USAID
4. Key messages: Understanding UHC
UHC is a goal, not a health financing strategy
Progress towards UHC is measurable
Strengthening health systems to achieve UHC is valuable
Both public and private sectors are involved
There is no ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach
5. Key messages: USAID and UHC
The goal of UHC aligns with USAID’s development
objectives
Countries are driving momentum for UHC; Ministries of
Health want USAID to help them achieve UHC
USAID’s investments in health systems contribute to
countries’ progress towards UHC
There are many ways for USAID Missions to support
UHC reforms
8. Setting the record straight
UHC is an aspirational goal:
“UHC means all people receiving the quality health services they
need, without being exposed to financial hardship.”– WHO/World
Bank Tracking Report
UHC is NOT equivalent to:
Health Financing
Health Insurance
An Intervention
A Strategy
Privatization
9. UHC 101: The UHC cube
Three dimensions of UHC:
Population coverage (and equity)
Service coverage
Financial risk protection
Source: WHO World Health Report
10. Key concepts
Effective Coverage: People who need health services obtain them in a timely
manner and at a level of quality necessary to obtain the desired effect and
potential health gains
Financial Risk Protection: People who need services are not deterred from
seeking them, and are not subject to catastrophic expenditures or impoverishment
for doing so
Risk Pooling: the accumulation and management of financial resources to ensure
that the financial risk of paying for health care is borne by all members of the pool,
not only by the sick
Equity: Equity is central to UHC; different segments of the population should
achieve equitable access to health services and levels of financial risk protection
11. Measuring UHC
Health services coverage
Promotion/Prevention tracer indicators: Family planning, ante-natal care,
skilled birth attendance, DPT3 immunization, improved water, and
improved sanitation
Treatment tracer indicators: Anti-retroviral treatment and TB treatment
Financial protection
Protection from health impoverishment
Protection from catastrophic health expenditures
Equity
All indicators above stratified by gender, place of residence, wealth quintile
Source: WHO/World Bank Measurement Framework 2015
12. UHC service coverage indicators
Median coverage of selected interventions by wealth quintile, in low- and middle-income countries
Source: WHO/WB 2015
14. Global momentum for UHC
Post-2015 Development Agenda
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3
“Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”
SDG Target 3.8
“Achieve UHC, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential
health care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable
essential medicines and vaccines for all.”
Dr. Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General:
“I regard universal health coverage as the single most powerful concept that
public health has to offer. It is inclusive. It unifies services and delivers them in
a comprehensive and integrated way, based on primary health care.”
15. UHC enables USAID’s development
objectives
USAID priorities UHC synergy
Ending preventable maternal
and child deaths
• Prioritization of cost-effective RMNCH interventions
• Integrated primary health care services effectively
reduce preventable mortality
Creating an AIDS-free
generation
• Comprehensive benefits plans and approaches to
service delivery can include priority diseases such as
HIV and Malaria
• UHC focus on financial protection reduces barriers to
access care, including preventive services
Ending extreme poverty • Reduced financial barriers to care and increased
access to services lead to improved health outcomes
and, ultimately, to economic growth and poverty
reduction
Health Systems
Strengthening
• USAID HSS efforts focus on financial protection,
essential services, population coverage and
responsiveness, which are closely aligned with UHC
16. The returns on investing in health
UHC reduces and mitigates the effects of out-of-pocket (OOP)
spending to improve access to health services, reduce poverty,
and contribute to economic growth
Investments in health in LMICs yield returns 9-20 times more than
the costs
Each year, 17% of the global population is pushed into or further into
poverty as a result of OOP spending (WHO/World Bank 2015)
26% of families resort to borrowing or selling assets in order to pay
for health (Kruk et al. 2009)
18. Possible elements of UHC reform
Health financing
Increased public financing
Insurance
Provider payment reform
Results-based financing
Subsidization of the poor and
the informal sector
Institutional re-organization
Purchaser/provider separation
Redefining governance and
stewardship roles
Consolidation of insurance
schemes
Human resources for health
Increased production of
competent health workers
Incentives and deployment in
rural areas
Service delivery
Prioritization of primary health
care
Benefits package reform
Contracting the private sector
19. Examples of USAID support of UHC
Reforms
Providing technical assistance in the development of benefits plans
and essential packages of health services (Peru)
Piloting innovations and new initiatives, such as performance-based
financing (Senegal)
Conducting implementation research of strategies and programs that
aim for UHC (Indonesia)
Supporting countries to measure their progress towards UHC, such
as with Demographic and Health Surveys and National Health
Accounts (Namibia and Burkina Faso)
20. USAID support of UHC measurement:
Health Accounts and DHS
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)
300 surveys in over 90 countries
Indicators allowing countries to track access to health services
Health Accounts
Namibia
In 2007/08, reproductive health spending was 10% of total health
expenditures; Health accounts highlighted the need for investment in
reproductive health
By 2012/2013, reproductive health spending grew to 38%
Burkina Faso
In response to health accounts findings of high OOP spending, policymakers
decided to subsidize key medical services such as deliveries and emergency
obstetric care, improving access and financial protection
21. Peru: Insurance and benefits package
design
Context:
Eliminated user fees to reduce barrier to access among the poor
and informal sector
Decentralized Ministry of Health service delivery network
USAID support:
Policy dialogue and building consensus around health sector
reform and decentralization
Design of insurance and benefits package
Inputs to legislation consolidating UHC reforms, including creation
of a supervisory body and a minimum benefits package
22. Senegal: CBHI and PBI
Community-based health insurance (CBHI)
CBHI reforms intended to improve financial protection
USAID developed training manuals on the creation of insurance
mutuelles and on their administrative and financial management
Performance-based incentives (PBI)
USAID supported Ministry of Health’s PBI pilot at 108 health
facilities in 7 health districts
Promising results leveraged additional investment from other
partners
With World Bank and USAID support, Senegal now scaling up PBI
and evaluating its impact
23. Indonesia: Implementation research
Context
“JKN” National Health Insurance program initiated in 2014;
ambitious goal of UHC by 2019
Diverse and populous country with 13,000 islands
USAID Implementation research
Purpose: to explore the planned and unintended effects of UHC
reforms at the primary care level; to generate ongoing data on
what is and is not working, what can be done to improve JKN
24. Points to remember on policy and reform
Policy reform processes to advance UHC are inherently
political and encounter many challenges
Social movements can elevate UHC to the political agenda
Economic crises can provide impetus for reform
Entrenched interests will often attempt to block reform
Strong and adaptive leadership from country
stakeholders is necessary to drive reform; USAID can
be a valuable ally
25. Additional resources
USAID Financing Framework to End Preventable Child and Maternal Deaths:
https://www.usaid.gov/cii/financing-framework-end-preventable-child-and-maternal-deaths-
epcmd
WHO/World Bank Tracking UHC Report:
http://www.who.int/healthinfo/universal_health_coverage/report/2015/en/
WHO/World Bank UHC Monitoring Framework:
http://www.who.int/healthinfo/universal_health_coverage/en/
World Health Report 2010: http://www.who.int/whr/2010/en/
Lancet Global Health 2035 Report: http://globalhealth2035.org/
UHC Annotated Bibliography: http://rabinmartin.com/report/universal-health-coverage-
annotated-bibliography-2-0/
World Bank UNICO UHC Series:
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/health/publication/universal-health-coverage-study-series
World Bank Universal Health Coverage for Inclusive and Sustainable Development:
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/health/publication/universal-health-coverage-for-inclusive-
sustainable-development
26. Abt Associates Inc.
In collaboration with:
Avenir Health | Broad Branch Associates | Development Alternatives Inc. (DAI) | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (JHSPH) |
Results for Development Institute (R4D) | RTI International | Training Resources Group, Inc. (TRG)
Thank you
www.hfgproject.org
28. Lancet “Global Health 2035: a world
converging within a generation”
Source: Lancet Global Health 2035
29. Links between health and GDP per capita
Lower fertility and
lower child mortality
Increased ratio of
workers to
dependants
Larger labor force
from increased
survival and later
retirement
Improved child health
and nutrition
Improved adult health
and nutrition
Increased access to
natural resources and
global economy
Increased school
attendance and
cognitive capacity
Increased labor
productivity
Increased investment
in physical capital
Higher GDP
per capita
Source: Lancet Global Health 2035
31. Financing reforms
Revenue generation
Countries adopt diverse strategies to generate revenues, including general taxation,
payroll deductions and mandatory enrollment in insurance schemes
Economic growth facilitates health finance reform but is not sufficient
Risk pooling
Consolidating and integrating risk pools features in reform experiences including Brazil,
Turkey and Thailand
Expanding coverage to the informal sector often involves the creation of a new,
subsidized insurance scheme, as in Mexico and Peru. In Chile, the public insurer has
different levels of copays for different socioeconomic groups
Purchasing
In low-income countries, benefits packages must prioritize the most cost-effective
RMNCH interventions.
In middle income countries and those that have achieved high levels of coverage,
efficiency and cost-containment are necessary to ensure sustainability
32. UHC Reforms: Beyond financing
Financing for health is a necessary but not sufficient condition for progress
towards UHC; the organization of the health system and equitable distribution of
resources are critical to the success of health reform
The transition to insurance schemes often entails reorganizing purchaser/provider
functions (e.g. Mexico, Thailand, Peru)
In many countries, including Ethiopia, Thailand and Bangladesh, the establishment of
new insurance and financial protection schemes was accompanied or preceded by
reforms to increase the availability of human resources in rural areas
The organization of service delivery networks around primary care is a common
element of reform, particularly in the LAC region. In Brazil, the Universal Health Service
(SUS) replaced a social security system and decentralized service provision with a
special emphasis on expanding access to primary care services.
Results-based financing has also played a major role in countries like Rwanda and
Argentina, creating incentives to increase coverage and improve quality