Single cell protein (SCP) from methane and methanol - publications from Shell Research Sittingbourne
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The Fermentation and Microbiology (FMB) department of Shell Research Centre in Sittingbourne was a leader in the development of single cell protein (SCP) production from methane and methanol in the 1970's. This updated presentation lists virtually all of the publications from the Shell scientists engaged at that time in the development of a single cell protein production process using methane and methanol as the carbon feedstocks. Their main focus was growing Methylococcus capsulatus in continuous culture on methane.
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Single cell protein (SCP) from methane and methanol - publications from Shell Research Sittingbourne
- 1. SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN FROM METHANE AND METHANOL PAPERS FROM STAFF OF THE FERMENTATION AND MICROBIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF SHELL RESEARCH CENTRE, SITTINGBOURNE Slides created by John Downs - April 2021 1
- 2. SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN FROM METHANE AND METHANOL Research into the production of single-cell protein from methane and methanol was carried out by scientists at Shell Research Centre in Sittingbourne, Kent, UK from 1965 to 1978 2 1974 – Shell announces “…a technique for producing SCP directly from natural gas (methane) has been successfully operated in a 300 litre fermentation plant by Shell scientists at the Sittingbourne Research Centre in Britain.” Slides created by John Downs - April 2021
- 3. SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN FROM METHANE AND METHANOL Shell’s research into the development of a process for producing microbial Single Cell Protein from C1 compounds centred on the use of continuous cultures of Methylococcus capsulatus growing on methane Slides created by John Downs - April 2021
- 4. SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN FROM METHANE AND METHANOL 4 Shell’s pioneering research into the growth of continuous cultures of Methyloccus capsulatus on methane paved the way for three independent commercial SCP ventures in more recent times: • Statoil Norferm – product tradename “Bioprotein” • UniBio – product tradename “UniProtein “ • Calysta – product tradename “Feedkind “ All three ventures run continuous cultures of Methylococcus capsulatus on methane to produce SCP – as pioneered at a pilot scale by Shell in 1970’s Slides created by John Downs - April 2021
- 5. SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN FROM METHANE AND METHANOL A Timeline of SCP research at Shell Research Centre in Sittingbourne 1965-1971 – info kindly supplied by Geoff Hamer • 1965 – Dr. Doug Ribbons starts researching SCP production from methane in the Milstead Laboratory of Chemical Enzymology at Shell Research Centre in Sittingbourne, UK • 1968 – Dr. Geoff Hamer from the Karolinska Institute (Stockholm) replaces Doug Ribbons and continues the supervision of Tim Wilkinson’s Ph. D work on SCP from methane in the Milstead laboratory. Lord Victor Rothschild, Shell’s worldwide Head of Research, authorises the establishment of a specialist Fermentation and Microbiology laboratory at Sittingbourne. • 1969-70 – Dr. Hamer directs the building and staffing of the “Borden” Fermentation & Microbiology Laboratory at Shell Research Centre Sittingbourne • 1970 – Dr. John Norris (Lab Director ), Dr David Harrison, Dr. Harshad Topiwala and Dr. John Harwood are recruited into the new Borden laboratory which is now the centre of Shell’s SCP research activity • 1971 – Borden lab officially opens in August 1971. David Harrison initiates research into methanol as a potential feedstock for SCP 1971 – Shell’s Hamer and Norris present paper on SCP from methane at the 8th World Petroleum Conference in Moscow Slides created by John Downs - April 2021
- 6. SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN FROM METHANE AND METHANOL A timeline of SCP research at Shell Research Centre, Sittingbourne 1971-1978 - info kindly supplied by Geoff Hamer • 1971 – Geoff Hamer and John Norris present their first paper on SCP from methane at the 8th World Petroleum Conference in Moscow • 1972 – Around 45 scientists and support staff are now working in the Borden Fermentation and Microbiology laboratory at Shell Research Sittingbourne . The staff numbers rise to around 55 by 1976 • 1972-78 – The Shell SCP R&D team at Sittingbourne publish more than 40 papers and patents on SCP production from methane and methanol • 1976 - Shell unsuccessfully seeks to create a joint SCP development/production partnership with an OAPEC oil/gas producer • 1978 - Shell closes down the SCP research project at Sittingbourne and the research team is disbanded. Geoff Hamer joins the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research to develop a SCP process based on methanol and later holds professorships at ETH Zurich and UC Dublin. Slides created by John Downs - April 2021
- 7. SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN FROM METHANE AND METHANOL THE SHELL RESEARCH SITE IN SITTINGBOURNE, UK • Shell’s Sittingbourne Research Centre site – now the Kent Science Park – was home to Shell’s single-cell protein (SCP) research project in 1970s • What was the “Borden Fermentation and Microbiology” building - housing laboratories and a Fermentation Hall containing 300-litre bioreactors - is marked by the arrow 7 Slides created by John Downs - April 2021
- 8. SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN FROM METHANE AND METHANOL SOME MEMBERS OF THE SCP RESEARCH TEAM AT SHELL RESEARCH SITTINGBOURNE John Norris Geoff Hamer David Harrison Harshad Topiwala Tim Wilkinson Jan Drozd John Downs Lionel Barnes Richard Calvert Bez Khosrovi Stuart Wren Tony Young Mike Platten John Linton Mike Collins Ron Harvey Richard Stephenson Robin Wayne-Smith John Maxted Maureen Bailey Robert Milligan Leslie Cheeseman Andrew Rye Ewan Hough Gilbert Joy John Buckee Robert Milligan Jean Dive Andrew Godley Clive Timms Anne Hunt Richard Clancy Phil Sturla Shirley Barton 8 Slides created by John Downs - April 2021
- 9. SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN FROM METHANE AND METHANOL THE SHELL SCP RESEARCH TEAM IN 1970’s The Shell Fermentation and Microbiology team was based in Borden Laboratory, Shell Research Centre, Sittingbourne, UK 1972 – The Shell team headed by Dr. John Norris 1976 – The Shell team headed by Dr. Geoff Hamer 9 Slides created by John Downs - April 2021
- 10. SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN FROM METHANE AND METHANOL SOME OF THE SCP PAPERS PUBLISHED BY THE STAFF OF SHELL RESEARCH IN SITTINGBOURNE Listed by lead author Bailey Bailey, M. L., Downs, J. & Drozd, J. W. (1978). “Nitrogen metabolism in Methylococcus NCIB 11083”. Proceedings of the Society for General Microbiology, 5, 65-66. Barnes Barnes, L.J, Drozd, J.W, Harrison, D.E.F. and Hamer G. (1976). “Process considerations and techniques specific to protein production from natural gas”. In: Microbial Production and Utilisation of Gases (H2, CH4, CO). (eds. H.G. Schlegel, G. Gottschalk and N. Pffenig), pp 389-402, E. Goltze KG, Gottingen Downs Downs, J.D. and Harrison, D.E.F. (1974). “Studies on the production of pink pigment in Pseudomonas extorquens NCIB 9399 grown in continuous culture”. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 37,(1), 65-74. Downs, J.D., Drozd, J.W., Khosrovi, B., Linton, J.D. and Barnes, L.J. (1978) “An analysis of growth energetics in Methylococcus NCIB 11083”. Proceedings of the Society of General Microbiology, 5, (2), 45. Drozd Drozd, J.W., Linton, J.D., Downs, J.D., Stephenson, R., Bailey, M.L. and Wren, S. J. (1977). “Growth energetics in methylotrophic bacteria”. In: Second International Symposium on Microbial Growth on CI Compounds, Puschino, p. 91, Scientific Centre for Biological Research, USSR Academy of Sciences. Drozd, J.W., Bailey, M.L. and Godley, A. (1977).” The physiology of mixed bacterial cultures grown on natural gas”. Paper to the Society of General Microbiology meeting on the interactions of microbes and their environment, Warwick. Drozd, J. W., Godley, A. & Bailey, M. L. (1978). “Ammonia oxidation by methane-oxidising bacteria”. Proceedings of the Society for General Microbiology, 5, 66-67 Drozd, J.W., Linton, J.D., Downs, J.D. and Stephenson, R. (1978). “An in-situ assessment of the specific lysis rate in continuous cultures of Methylococcus sp. (NCIB 11083) grown on methane”, FEMS Microbiology Letters, 4, 311-314 Drozd J.W, Khosrovi B. , Downs J.D., Bailey M.L., Barnes L.J. and Linton J.D. (1980) “Biomass production from natural gas”. In: Sikyta B, editor. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Continuous Cultivation of Microoganisms. Academy of Sciences; Prague, Czech Republic. pp. 505–519 Drozd J. W. and Linton J.D. (1981) “Single-cell protein production from methane and methanol in continuous culture”. In: Calcott P.H. (ed) Continuous culture of cells. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 113–114 10 Slides created by John Downs - April 2021
- 11. SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN FROM METHANE AND METHANOL SOME OF THE SCP PAPERS PUBLISHED BY THE STAFF OF SHELL RESEARCH IN SITTINGBOURNE Listed by lead author Hamer Hamer, G. and Norris, J.R. (1971). “Methane as a source of edible material”. Paper WPC- 14416 presented at the 8th World Petroleum Congress, 13-18 June 1971, in Moscow, USSR Hamer, G., Topiwala, H. and Harrison, D. (1973). “Erzeugung von einzeller-protein aus erdgas”, GWF-Gas/Erdgas, 114, pp 31-34 Hamer, G, Harrison, D., Topiwala, H. and Gabriel, A. (1976). “The conversion of natural gas into protein for use in compounded animal feeds”. Instn. Chem. Engrs. Ser., 44, pp 565-572. Hamer, G. (1977) “Technical aspects of single cell protein production from natural gas (methane)”. In: Proceedings of the regional seminar on microbial conversion system for food and fodder production and waste management. T.G. Overmire (ed.), p. 109-120, KISR, 12-17 November 1977, Kuwait Hamer, G. (1979). “Biomass from natural gas”. In Economic Microbiology, Vol. 4, Microbial Biomass, A.H. Rose (ed.), p.315. Academic Press, London Hamer, G. and Hamdan, I.Y. (1979). “Protein production by micro-organisms”. Chemical Society Reviews, 8, 143-170. Hamer, G. & Harrison, D. E. F. (1980) “Single-cell protein: The technology, economics and future potential”. In: Hydrocarbons in Biotechnology. (ed. by Harrison, D. E. F. Higgins, I. J. & Watkinson R.), pp. 59–73. Heyden & Son Ltd, Institute of Petroleum, London. Hamer, G. (1981). “Progress in fermentation technology resulting from single-cell protein process research and development”. In: Advances in Food Producing Systems for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Part 1, edited by Jamal Mannassah and Earnest J. Briskey, Academic Press, 1981. Hamer, G and Hamdan, I.Y. (1985). “The transfer of single cell protein technology to the petroleum exporting Arab states”. In: MIRCEN Journal of applied microbiology and biotechnology, 1, (1), pp. 22-32 (March 1985) Hamer, G. (1987). “Methane: commercial substrate or commercial product?”. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 9, (8), pp 503-505 (August 1987) 11 Slides created by John Downs - April 2021
- 12. SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN FROM METHANE AND METHANOL 12 SOME OF THE SCP PAPERS PUBLISHED BY THE STAFF OF SHELL RESEARCH IN SITTINGBOURNE Listed by lead author Harrison Harrison, D. E. F., Topiwala, H. H. & Hamer, G. (1972). Yield and productivity in single-cell protein production from methane and methanol. Proceedings of the 4th International Fermentation Symposium. Fermentation Technology Today, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 491-495. Edited by G. Terui, Japan: Society of Fermentation Technology. Harrison, D. E. F. (1973). Studies on the affinity of methanol- and methane-utilising bacteria for their carbon substrates. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 36, 301-308. Harrison, D.E.F. and Topiwala, H.H. (1974). Transient and oscillatory states of continuous culture. Advances in Biochemical Engineering, 3, 167-219 Harrison, D. E. F, Wilkinson, T. G., Wren, S. J. & Harwood, J. H. (1975). Mixed bacterial cultures as a basis for continuous production of single cell protein from C1 compounds. Continuous Culture 6. Applications and New Fields, pp.122-134. Edited by A. C. R. Dean, D. C. Ellwood, C. G. T. Evans and J. Melling. Chichester: Ellis Horwood. Harrison D. E. F, Wilkinson, T. G., Wren, S. J. & Harwood, J. H. (1975). Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Microbial Physiology and Continuous Culture, Oxford, 129 Harrison, D.E.F. and Wren, S.J. (1976). Mixed microbial cultures as a basis for future fermentation processes. Process Biochemistry, 11, (8), 30-32 Harrison, D.E.F., Drozd, J.W. and Khosrovi, B. (1976). Abstracts of the 5th International Fermentation Symposium, Berlin, 395 Harrison, D.E.F. (1976). Making protein from methane. Chemical Technology, 6, 570-574 Harrison, D.E.F. (1978). Mixed cultures in industrial fermentation processes. Advances in Applied Microbiology, 24, 129-164 Slides created by John Downs - April 2021
- 13. SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN FROM METHANE AND METHANOL 13 SOME OF THE SCP PAPERS PUBLISHED BY THE STAFF OF SHELL RESEARCH IN SITTINGBOURNE Listed by lead author Linton Linton J.D. and Buckee J.C. (1977). “Interactions in a methane-utilising mixed bacterial culture in a chemostat”. J. Gen. Microbiol.;101:219–225. Linton J.D and Vokes J. (1978). “Growth of the methane-utilising bacterium Methylococcus NCIB11083 in mineral salts medium with methanol as the sole source of carbon”. FEMS Microbiol. Lett.;4:125–128. Linton, J.D. and Stephenson R.J. (1978). “A preliminary study on growth yields in relation to the carbon and energy content of various organic growth substrates”, FEMS Microbiology Letters; 3 : 95-98 Topiwala Topiwala, H.H. and Hamer, G. (1971). “Effects of wall growth in steady-state continuous cultures”. Biotechnol. Bioeng.; 13, p 919-922 Topiwala, H.H. and Hamer, G. (1973). “A study of gas transfer in fermenters”. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symposium No. 4, pp. 547-557 Topiwala, H.H. and Hamer, G. (1974). “Mass transfer and dispersion properties in a fermenter with a gas- inducing impeller”. Trans. Instn. Chem. Engrs.; 52, p 113-120 Topiwala, H.H. and Khosrovi, B. (1978). “Water recycle in biomass production processes”. Biotechnol. Bioeng.; 20, p 73-85. Slides created by John Downs - April 2021
- 14. SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN FROM METHANE AND METHANOL 14 SOME OF THE SCP PAPERS PUBLISHED BY THE STAFF OF SHELL RESEARCH IN SITTINGBOURNE Listed by lead author Wilkinson Wilkinson, T. G. & Harrison, D. E. F. (1973).”The affinity for methane and methanol of mixed culturesgrown on methane in continuous culture”. Journal of Applied Bacteriology; 36 : 309-313. Wilkinson T.G., Topiwala H.H. and Hamer G. (1974). “ Interactions in a mixed bacterial population growing on methane in continuous culture”. Biotechnol. Bioeng.; 16, p 41-59. Wilkinson, T.G , and Hamer, G. (1974). “Wall growth in mixed bacterial cultures growing on methane”. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 16, 251-260 Wren Wren, S.J., Harwood, J.H. and Harrison, D.E.F. (1974). “Growth characteristics of a methanol-utilising mixed culture”. Proceedings of the Society of General Microbiology; 2, p.14 Slides created by John Downs - April 2021