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Database Performance
Database Performance for
Developers
Boris Hristov
Technical Trainers
Software University
http://softuni.bg
Table of Contents
1. Database Performance Factors
2. Query Execution Plans
3. Table Indexes
4. Table Partitioning
5. Performance Troubleshooting
2
Database
Performance Factors
Overview
 DB performance depends on many factors:
 Hardware
 CPU & RAM
 Storage, drives, RAID arrays
 SSD drives boost I/O performance
 Operating system configuration
 Services  turn off unused services
 Drivers  use high-performance devices drivers
 Network configuration  maximize throughput
 Virtual memory  pagefile.sys on separate HDD
DB Performance
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 SQL Server version
 Hardware limits
 Features included
 SQL Server configuration
 Configure database storage and files
 Configure tempdb size and location
 Instance level configurations
 Not using Microsoft’s defaults 
DB Performance (2)
5
 Database design
 Schema normalization (3rd & 4th normal form?)
 Data types!
 Indexes
 Constraints
 Triggers
 Indexed views
 Stored Procedures / Functions
 Temp tables and table variables
DB Performance (3)
6
 Query tuning
 Efficient SQL
 Proper index usage
 Optimize physical I/O
 Stored procedures tuning
 Application design
 E.g. ORM framework, query efficiency, N+1 query problem,
transactions, more…
DB Performance (4)
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Database
Performance Factors
DEMO

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Query Execution Plans
How to Analyze Query Execution Plans?
Query Execution Plans
 The definition of Query Plan:
How the Query Optimizer decides to execute your query.
 Two types of plans:
 Estimated
 Actual
 What plan will be chosen depend on numerous factors!
 Plans are also cached for reuse
10
 Consider the following SQL query:
 Its execution plan might be as follows:
 Read execution plans from right to left and top to bottom!
Execution Plan: Example
SELECT c.CustomerID, soh.SalesOrderID, soh.OrderDate
FROM Sales.Customer c JOIN Sales.SalesOrderHeader soh
ON c.CustomerID = soh.CustomerID
WHERE soh.OrderDate > '20040101'
ORDER BY soh.OrderDate DESC
11
Query Operations
 Clustered Index Scan – O(n) operation
 Walks through the B-Tree clustered index
 The data is sorted by the clustered-index key
 Index Scan – O(n) operation
 Walks through the B-Tree index
 Index Seek – O(log(n)) operation
 Similar performance like Clustered Index Seek
 Key Lookup – O(1) operation
 Finds a table record by its ID (read a record)
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Join Operations
 Nested Loops – O (n*m) operation
 Nested “for each row…” operation
 Merge Join – O (n + m) operation
 Scans both sides of join in parallel
 Ideal for large range scans
 No sort is required when both columns are indexed
 Hash Join – O (n + m) operation
 “Hashes” the join column/s from one side of join
 “Probes” with the other side (the larger)
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Indexes
 Indexes speed up searching of values in a certain column or
group of columns
 Provide fast data access in log(N) steps
 Usually implemented as B-trees
 SQL Server 2012 introduces Columnstore indexes!
 Insert / update / delete of records in indexed tables is slower!
17
 Clustered index is actually the data itself
 An index built-in the table as B-tree – very fast!
 Highly recommended for every table!
 Very useful for fast execution of WHERE, ORDER BY and GROUP BY
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 Maximum 1 clustered index per table
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Non-Clustered Indexes
 Useful for fast retrieving a single record or a range of records
 Maintained in a separate structure in the DB
 Tend to be much narrower than the base table
 Can locate the exact record(s) with less I/O
 Has at least one more intermediate level than the clustered
index
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Non-Clustered Index: Structure
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Add Index When
 You need fast access by some column or group of columns
 Unless the records are less than 1 000
 Search by certain column/s (WHERE clause)
 Data within the column is used to build joins
 Foreign keys are almost always good candidates for indexes
 You need to scan large table fast – Columnstore!
23
 Adding non-clustered indexes to a table can greatly speed-up
SELECT statements
 Every index has a certain amount of overhead
 The greater the number of indexes, the more overhead with every INSERT,
UPDATE, and DELETE statements
 Must balance the needs of the application with the pros and
cons of added indexes
 OLTP  less indexes (more modify, less read)
 Online Transaction Processing (Standard DB)
 OLAP  more indexes (more read, less modify)
 Online Analytical Processing (Data Warehouse)
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 When SQL Server creates indexes, every page is nearly 100% full
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The correct approach to performance issues
Hardware
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SQL Server
Query
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The Algorithm
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 Database Performance Factors
 Query Execution Plans
 Table Indexes
 Table Partitioning
 Performance Troubleshooting
Summary
?
https://softuni.bg/courses/databases
Databases
brshristov@live.com
@BorisHristov
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Database Performance

  • 1. Database Performance Database Performance for Developers Boris Hristov Technical Trainers Software University http://softuni.bg
  • 2. Table of Contents 1. Database Performance Factors 2. Query Execution Plans 3. Table Indexes 4. Table Partitioning 5. Performance Troubleshooting 2
  • 4.  DB performance depends on many factors:  Hardware  CPU & RAM  Storage, drives, RAID arrays  SSD drives boost I/O performance  Operating system configuration  Services  turn off unused services  Drivers  use high-performance devices drivers  Network configuration  maximize throughput  Virtual memory  pagefile.sys on separate HDD DB Performance 4
  • 5.  SQL Server version  Hardware limits  Features included  SQL Server configuration  Configure database storage and files  Configure tempdb size and location  Instance level configurations  Not using Microsoft’s defaults  DB Performance (2) 5
  • 6.  Database design  Schema normalization (3rd & 4th normal form?)  Data types!  Indexes  Constraints  Triggers  Indexed views  Stored Procedures / Functions  Temp tables and table variables DB Performance (3) 6
  • 7.  Query tuning  Efficient SQL  Proper index usage  Optimize physical I/O  Stored procedures tuning  Application design  E.g. ORM framework, query efficiency, N+1 query problem, transactions, more… DB Performance (4) 7
  • 9. Query Execution Plans How to Analyze Query Execution Plans?
  • 10. Query Execution Plans  The definition of Query Plan: How the Query Optimizer decides to execute your query.  Two types of plans:  Estimated  Actual  What plan will be chosen depend on numerous factors!  Plans are also cached for reuse 10
  • 11.  Consider the following SQL query:  Its execution plan might be as follows:  Read execution plans from right to left and top to bottom! Execution Plan: Example SELECT c.CustomerID, soh.SalesOrderID, soh.OrderDate FROM Sales.Customer c JOIN Sales.SalesOrderHeader soh ON c.CustomerID = soh.CustomerID WHERE soh.OrderDate > '20040101' ORDER BY soh.OrderDate DESC 11
  • 12. Query Operations  Clustered Index Scan – O(n) operation  Walks through the B-Tree clustered index  The data is sorted by the clustered-index key  Index Scan – O(n) operation  Walks through the B-Tree index  Index Seek – O(log(n)) operation  Similar performance like Clustered Index Seek  Key Lookup – O(1) operation  Finds a table record by its ID (read a record) 12
  • 13. Join Operations  Nested Loops – O (n*m) operation  Nested “for each row…” operation  Merge Join – O (n + m) operation  Scans both sides of join in parallel  Ideal for large range scans  No sort is required when both columns are indexed  Hash Join – O (n + m) operation  “Hashes” the join column/s from one side of join  “Probes” with the other side (the larger) 13
  • 14. 14 SQL Sentry Plan Explorer (Free)
  • 16. Table Indexes Clustered and Non-Clustered Indexes
  • 17. Indexes  Indexes speed up searching of values in a certain column or group of columns  Provide fast data access in log(N) steps  Usually implemented as B-trees  SQL Server 2012 introduces Columnstore indexes!  Insert / update / delete of records in indexed tables is slower! 17
  • 18.  Clustered index is actually the data itself  An index built-in the table as B-tree – very fast!  Highly recommended for every table!  Very useful for fast execution of WHERE, ORDER BY and GROUP BY clauses  Maximum 1 clustered index per table  If a table has no clustered index, its data rows are stored in an unordered structure (heap) Clustered Indexes 18
  • 21. Non-Clustered Indexes  Useful for fast retrieving a single record or a range of records  Maintained in a separate structure in the DB  Tend to be much narrower than the base table  Can locate the exact record(s) with less I/O  Has at least one more intermediate level than the clustered index  Much less valuable if table doesn’t have a clustered index 21
  • 23. Add Index When  You need fast access by some column or group of columns  Unless the records are less than 1 000  Search by certain column/s (WHERE clause)  Data within the column is used to build joins  Foreign keys are almost always good candidates for indexes  You need to scan large table fast – Columnstore! 23
  • 24.  Adding non-clustered indexes to a table can greatly speed-up SELECT statements  Every index has a certain amount of overhead  The greater the number of indexes, the more overhead with every INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements  Must balance the needs of the application with the pros and cons of added indexes  OLTP  less indexes (more modify, less read)  Online Transaction Processing (Standard DB)  OLAP  more indexes (more read, less modify)  Online Analytical Processing (Data Warehouse) How Many Indexes? 24
  • 25.  When SQL Server creates indexes, every page is nearly 100% full  No room on the leafs or intermediate pages for INSERTs, UPDATEs, or DELETEs  The default (100%) can cause costly page splits on certain tables  Promotes table fragmentation  You can specify amount of free space in leaf and intermediate pages with FILLFACTOR and PADINDEX (prefer 75-80%)  An option in the CREATE INDEX  Small FILLFACTOR may cause performance issues – bigger pages = more data in cache Fill Factor 25
  • 28. Numbers 0 … 8000  Partitioning is a physical split of a large table into several pieces by some criteria Why is partitioning cool? Partition 1 0 … 2500 Partition 1 0 … 2500 Partition 1 0 … 2500 Partition 2 2501 … 4000 Partition 3 4001 … 8000
  • 29. Numbers 0 … 8000 Why is partitioning cool? (2) Partition 1 0 … 2500 Numbers 2501 … 4000 Numbers 4001 … 8000 FG1 FG2 FG3
  • 30. Partitioning in SQL Server Live Demo
  • 32.  Baselining!  Collect and Store Performance Data  Performance Monitor  SQL Server DMVs  System information  Ask the user –Was the performance OK today?  If yes – save the information!  Every time there is a performance problem – collect the same data and compare! Prerequisite before troubleshooting
  • 33. 33 The correct approach to performance issues Hardware OS SQL Server Query
  • 35. 35  Database Performance Factors  Query Execution Plans  Table Indexes  Table Partitioning  Performance Troubleshooting Summary
  • 37.  AdventureWorks DB  AdventureWorks Enlarged  Credit Database  Parametrization Database  SQL Sentry Plan Explorer Resources
  • 38. License  This course (slides, examples, demos, videos, homework, etc.) is licensed under the "Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International" license 38  Attribution: this work may contain portions from  "Databases" course by Telerik Academy under CC-BY-NC-SA license
  • 39. Free Trainings @ Software University  Software University Foundation – softuni.org  Software University – High-Quality Education, Profession and Job for Software Developers  softuni.bg  Software University @ Facebook  facebook.com/SoftwareUniversity  Software University @ YouTube  youtube.com/SoftwareUniversity  Software University Forums – forum.softuni.bg