Prabesh Ghimire presented on the International Health Partnership (IHP). The IHP was launched in 2007 to help coordinate global health initiatives and improve health systems in developing countries. It aims to support country-led health plans, jointly assess strategies, negotiate funding agreements, and increase accountability. The IHP has grown to include 66 partner organizations and 37 countries. Country compacts outline commitments between governments and donors to align funding with national health priorities. Studies show countries engaged with IHP have seen positive results, including increased health funding and coverage. Nepal was an early adopter of IHP principles through its own health partnership compact.
This document discusses several key concepts related to health policy:
1. It identifies prerequisites for health such as peace, shelter, education, food, income, and environmental sustainability.
2. It outlines five areas for building healthy public policy: building healthy environments, strengthening communities, developing personal skills, reorienting healthcare services, and advocating for these changes.
3. It discusses prevention strategies starting from changing social and environmental risk factors and continuing support for at-risk groups. Prevention strategies are amenable to policy changes.
This presentation is prepared as part of the Course assignment of “Development and Management of HRH” for the Master's Degree of Public Health (MPH), Pokhara University and can be used as reference materials. The content and facts included in the presentation are as of information available till June 2023 and no conflict of interest is associated with the presentation. The presentation is prepared by Sagar Parajuli.
Review of current health service planning in Nepal from province to local levelMohammad Aslam Shaiekh
This document summarizes a review of health service planning in Nepal from the provincial to local levels. It describes the new federal system of government in Nepal with three tiers (federal, provincial, local). At the local level in Pokhara Metropolitan City, the findings show 41 health facilities serving 479,000 people. A top-down and bottom-up approach is used for health program and budget planning. At the provincial level, the Gandaki Province health directorate provides technical support to 11 districts. The challenges of implementing health planning under federalism include coordination between levels of government and building capacity of newly elected local bodies. Recommendations focus on collaboration, clarifying roles, training, and strengthening infrastructure and resources at the
Nepal Health Sector Program Implementation Plan II (NHSP-IP2)Dip Narayan Thakur
The document summarizes Nepal's Health Sector Implementation Plan II (NHSP-IP II). NHSP-IP II aimed to strengthen Nepal's health system from 2010-2015 by improving access, equity, and utilization of essential health services. It reviewed achievements and shortcomings of NHSP-IP I and outlined NHSP-IP II's vision, goals, strategies, and financing plans. Key points included reducing morbidity and mortality through accessible, affordable, quality care; addressing sustainability issues in health financing; and achieving greater efficiency through health systems strengthening. Progress was made in areas like immunization and maternal health, but challenges remained around nutrition, non-communicable diseases, and equity gaps.
This document discusses key concepts in health policy, including definitions of health policy, the aims of health policies in maintaining and improving population health status, and essential concepts like health status, health services, organization and financing of health systems, and the roles of public health, health commissioning, and ensuring appropriateness of care. It also covers international trends, provider-purchaser models, and major challenges for developing countries, including health reform, decentralization, tools for policymaking, and ensuring equity in health.
This document provides an overview of tropical medicine and global health issues. It discusses diseases that disproportionately impact those living in tropical regions, including neglected tropical diseases. It also covers non-communicable diseases, trauma, urbanization, vector-borne diseases, influenza, avian influenza, measles, malaria, Ebola virus disease, and long-term consequences of the 2014-2015 West Africa Ebola outbreak. Health worker migration is also briefly discussed. The document contains detailed information on the transmission, epidemiology, and impact of various tropical and global health challenges.
This document provides an overview and review of Nepal's 1991 National Health Policy and the need for a new health policy. It summarizes the key objectives and components of the 1991 policy, including priorities for preventive, promotive and curative health services. It then reviews progress made against the 1991 policy goals. Several new health policies, strategies and plans have been introduced since 1991 to address issues not covered previously. The document argues that while progress has been made in some areas, the 1991 policy is now outdated given changes over the last 20 years and a new health policy is needed.
Safe Motherhood Program in Nepal: Challenges and Way ForwardKusumsheela Bhatta
The safe motherhood programme is one of the priority programme of Nepal. The goal of the National Safe Motherhood Program is to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and to improve the maternal and neonatal health through preventive and promotive activities as well as by addressing avoidable factors that cause death during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period. This presentation incorporates historical context, introduction, major achievements, actors, what Went Well, what didn’t go well, limitations, challenges, way forward of Safe Motherhood Program in Nepal.
This is a presentation to be used by health activists around the world in the lead up to the PHA3. The slideshow introduces the People's Health Movement, the People's Health Assembly and provides ideas for pre-assembly activities and mobilisation.
The presentation can be adapted to local context.
The National Health Training Center (NHTC) was established in 1993 to coordinate and conduct all health training activities in Nepal. It aims to build technical and managerial capacity of health providers. NHTC oversees 7 provincial training centers and 49 clinical training sites. It develops training materials, provides pre-service training, and conducts various in-service competency courses. Issues include a lack of strategic training approach and inadequate follow-up. Recommendations are to consolidate training needs, improve quality, and establish regulatory bodies to ensure training standards.
The document discusses sector-wide approaches (SWAps) in health sectors, including defining SWAps, their components and evolution in Nepal's health sector. It outlines Nepal's policy context for SWAps, challenges in implementing SWAps, opportunities they provide, and recommendations for strengthening SWAps such as designing awareness and leadership programs.
The World Health Organization was founded on the principle of universal health coverage and achieving the highest level of health for all people. World Health Day on April 7th aims to inspire and guide countries toward achieving universal health coverage through a series of events in 2018. Currently half the world's population lacks access to needed health services, and countries need to extend coverage to one billion more people by 2023 to meet global targets. World Health Day will highlight the need for universal coverage and benefits it provides.
Health policy aims to achieve specific healthcare goals within a society by defining a vision for the future, outlining priorities and roles, and building consensus. There are many categories of health policies that can cover topics like financing and delivery of healthcare, access to care, quality of care, and health equity. Global health policy addresses health needs throughout the world above the concerns of individual nations. National health policies can respond to calls for strengthening health systems through universal coverage, people-centered care, and emphasizing public health and health in all policies.
Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Day 12.12.14, NepalDeepak Karki
This presentation is made on the first ever Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Day 12.12.14 celebration in Nepal by Nepal Health Economics Association (NHEA).
Human Resource for Health (HRH) refers to all people engaged in actions that enhance health, including clinical staff, public health professionals, researchers, community health workers, and health management personnel. HRH is critical for achieving universal health coverage and sustainable development goals. Key HRH indicators tracked by WHO include the number of health workers per 10,000 population and their distribution by occupation, region, workplace, and gender. Nepal faces significant shortages and maldistribution of HRH compared to WHO recommendations, with only 16 health workers per 10,000 people and most located in the hills, despite half the population living in the Terai. Strengthening HRH production and deployment is vital to improving health system access and quality in Nepal.
Bilateral and Multilateral Organizations in NepalPrabesh Ghimire
Declaration: The materials incorporated in this document have come from variety of sources and compiler bears no responsibilities for any information contained herein. The compiler acknowledges all the sources although references have not been explicitly cited for all the contents in this document.
Review of health planning &budgeting from province to local level in federal ...Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
The document reviews the current health service planning system from the province to local level in Nepal.
At the local level, there is a system of top-down and bottom-up approaches for program and budget planning. The health facilities provide services and local health committees provide input into planning and prioritization.
At the provincial level, the health directorate oversees health offices in the districts and reviews and approves local health budgets and plans. The provincial health directorate then sends the provincial health program and budget to the Ministry of Social Development for approval before being sent to the federal government.
The planning process involves input from the community level up to the provincial and federal levels over a period of months, with local
The presentation summarizes the effectiveness and lessons of the World Bank Group's support for health services in client countries, as outlined in IEG's evaluation.
Ethiopia Health Sector Financing Reform/HFG: End-of-Project ReportHFG Project
The HSFR/HFG project worked with the Government of Ethiopia from 2013-2018 to improve Ethiopia's health care financing system and expand access to health services. Key achievements included increasing the proportion of health facilities managing funds and services through boards representing communities, expanding revenue retention at health centers and hospitals, and piloting community-based health insurance. The project aimed to increase utilization of primary health services, enroll more people in insurance, and reduce out-of-pocket costs through technical support across Ethiopia's decentralized health system. Challenges remained in expanding reforms and improving health indicators, but the project strengthened sustainability by building local capacity and engaging stakeholders.
Championing Sustainability, Namibia Funds Health AccountsHFG Project
In Namibia, donor funding for health dropped by 47 percent between 2009 and 2013. This sharp decline could have broad implications for the health sector—particularly Namibia’s HIV and AIDS response which relies heavily on donor resources. In light of declining donor resources for health, the Government of Namibia (GRN) is positioning itself to sustain health sector progress to-date, through investing in Health Accounts.
The USAID Health Finance and Governance project works with developing countries to improve access to healthcare. Led by Abt Associates, the project helps countries increase domestic health funding, better manage resources, and make wise purchasing decisions. The project has activities in over 40 countries and collaborates with health stakeholders to expand services like maternal and child care, reduce financial barriers, and promote universal healthcare coverage.
Public health policy development in developing countries Ruby Med Plus
Public Health policy development in developing countries is addressed by four policy questions:
1. Does the introduction of a health policy at national, international level imply corresponding improvement in the quality of health of a country/population?
2. For effective health systems with efficient outcome: should health related policies be locally/nationally or internationally motivated (initiated)?
3. Should developing countries rely on the West for changes in the health of their population?
4. What is the impact of health policies adopted at the international scene on the health of populations in developing countries?
Exploring New Sources of Revenue for Health: Filling the GapHFG Project
This document summarizes a report on exploring new domestic sources of revenue for health systems in low- and middle-income countries. It outlines different innovative financing options countries have used, such as taxes on goods like soft drinks, lottery funds, and mobile phone taxes. These options have had varying levels of success, with taxation approaches often generating significant funds but also tradeoffs around burden on the poor. The report provides a framework for analyzing options based on criteria like effectiveness, equity and macroeconomic impact. It concludes innovative financing must be considered in the context of broader health system reforms and the goal is improving population health, not just raising money.
This document discusses universal health coverage (UHC) and India's progress toward achieving it. It provides background on UHC, including definitions, objectives, and the global momentum behind it. It then examines India's current scenario, including existing schemes to promote UHC. Key recommendations from the High Level Expert Group on UHC include increasing public health spending, developing a national health package, and strengthening human resources and community participation. Achieving UHC would lead to benefits like greater equity, efficiency, and improved health outcomes. The document outlines the new architecture needed to achieve UHC through reforms in six critical areas.
The purpose of this presentation is to equip audiences with the ability to:
Define universal health coverage (UHC) and understand the basic tenets of UHC
Identify how UHC fits in USAID’s health and poverty reduction strategies
Effectively communicate to country stakeholders how USAID can support a country’s progress towards UHC
Identify relevant UHC resources within the Office of Health Systems and USAID
The presentation is part of the “UHC Toolkit” and accompanies Universal Health Coverage: An Annotated Bibliography, and Universal Health Coverage: Frequently Asked Questions.
The USAID-funded Health Finance and Governance project worked in Namibia from 2013-2018 to help the country strengthen its health system and progress toward universal health coverage. It did this by supporting the institutionalization of Health Accounts to track health spending, conducting studies to estimate costs of health services and assess quality across public and private facilities, and building the government's capacity to mobilize resources and make evidence-based financing decisions. This evidence helped Namibia explore sustainable domestic financing options and identify its total funding needs for achieving universal coverage of priority health services.
HFG began working in Namibia in 2013, closely partnering with the Namibian Ministry of Health and Social Services and going on to collaborate with key government agencies, such as the Namibian Social Security Commission and the Universal Health
Coverage Advisory Committee of Namibia. The overarching aim of our technical assistance has been to support Namibia’s progress toward UHC to ensure all can access necessary, quality health care without financial struggle. We emphasized a government-led and -owned approach as we supported the Namibian government in addressing some of the key challenges it faced at the start of the project.
HFG’s support has helped strengthen the government’s capacity to mobilize and manage resources; improve efficiency, quality, and equity of health services; expand access to health care; sustain key health interventions, especially the HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment program; and, ultimately, identify sustainable financing for UHC. We provided technical support to the Namibian government’s Health Accounts team, equipping them with tools and know-how to lead and implement four Health Accounts exercises and analyze and present data for better policy analysis and evidence-based decision making. Our support has helped institutionalize Health Accounts in Namibia and provided the country’s policymakers with evidence to examine health financing options for UHC, advocate for greater resources, and explore financial risk protection options.
Strengthening the larger health system and generating fiscal space through improved efficiency of health services was another important goal for HFG.
Findings of the health facility costing and district hospital efficiency study we undertook will enable the government to identify where it can save resources, how it can improve equity in service distribution, and what Namibia’s total financing requirement is for UHC.
This report highlights some of the major contributions HFG and its key partners have made toward more efficient use of limited health resources, improved sustainability of
health programs, and progress toward UHC in Namibia.
Women’s and Children’s Health: Supporting Accountability - General Perspectiv...EveryWomanEveryChild
Carole Presern. "Women’s and Children’s Health: Supporting Accountability - General Perspectives." (English)
Presentations to the Second Stakeholders Meeting on Implementing the Recommendations of the Commission on Information and Accountability for Women's and Children's Health Ottawa.
Session 1 - General Perspectives Plenary Panel
21-22 November 2011
The document summarizes the work of the Health Finance and Governance (HFG) project in Guinea between 2012-2018. The key points are:
1) HFG worked to strengthen Guinea's health system following political instability, economic challenges, and the Ebola epidemic which exposed weaknesses.
2) Some of the results include building institutional capacity at the Ministry of Health, improving governance, and strengthening human resources management.
3) Specific accomplishments include supporting health sector coordination, financial management, use of health research, and oversight from the National Assembly.
The USAID Health Finance and Governance project, led by Abt Associates, works with developing countries to expand access to healthcare. It helps countries increase domestic health funding, manage resources effectively, and make wise purchasing decisions. The project provides technical assistance to improve financing, governance, management systems, and universal health coverage monitoring. In Botswana specifically, the project worked with the Ministry of Health and Wellness to develop a new health financing strategy, update the universal health benefits package, create a blueprint for national health insurance, increase hospital outsourcing efficiencies, analyze HIV treatment costs, and design a framework for setting healthcare service prices.
MDG 8 targets have not been fully met. Official development assistance as a percentage of GNI for most developed countries remains below the UN target of 0.7%, and debt relief has reduced but not eliminated the debt burdens of many developing countries. Market access for exports from least developed countries remains limited. Progress has been made in some areas like access to technologies, but large gaps remain, especially regarding internet access. Collaboration between governments, NGOs, and private organizations is seen as important to make further progress, but also faces challenges around coordination and differing priorities.
1. The document discusses achieving universal health care through primary health care as outlined in the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration. It identifies specific actions needed, such as community-based approaches using community health workers, and innovation and technological approaches. 2. It also discusses challenges faced by developing countries, including inadequate resources and lack of coordination between governments and donors. 3. The conclusion states that a robust primary health care system that is cost-effective can help reduce preventable deaths, but it requires political will and expanded access to basic health services.
A quoi sert la recherche sur les politiques et les systèmes de santé? Point d...valéry ridde
Par Denis Porignon.
Plénière d'ouverture du Colloque Post-Vancouver 2016, sur la recherche francophone sur les politiques et systèmes de santé dans les pays à faible et moyen revenu, organisé par la Chaire REALISME, à l’IRSPUM, Montréal, le 21 novembre 2016.
Organogram/ Organization Structure of Nepalese Health System (Updated- Nov 2021)Prabesh Ghimire
The document outlines the organizational structure of Nepal's health system from the central to local levels. At the central level, the Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) leads the health sector and has various divisions, departments, and facilities. The MOHP oversees the Department of Health Services (DOHS) which contains 5 divisions and 22 sections. Provincially, health directorates manage provincial health training centers and hospitals. District health offices oversee health facilities. Municipally, health sections in rural municipalities and cities manage urban health clinics and centers.
Factors Associated with Anemia among Pregnant Women of Underprivileged Ethnic...Prabesh Ghimire
Abstract
Background. This study aims at determining the factors associated with anemia among pregnant women of underprivileged ethnic groups attending antenatal care at the provincial level hospital of Province 2. Methods. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Janakpur Provincial Hospital of Province 2, Southern Nepal. 287 pregnant women from underprivileged ethnic groups attending antenatal care were selected and interviewed. Face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire were undertaken. Anemia status was assessed based on hemoglobin levels determined at the hospital’s laboratory. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors associated with anemia. Analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 23 software. Results. The overall anemia prevalence in the study population was 66.9% (95% CI, 61.1–72.3). The women from most underprivileged ethnic groups (Terai Dalit, Terai Janajati, and Muslims) were twice more likely to be anemic than Madhesi women. Similarly, women having education lower than secondary level were about 3 times more likely to be anemic compared to those with secondary level or higher education. Women who had not completed four antenatal visits were twice more likely to be anemic than those completing all four visits. The odds of anemia were three times higher among pregnant women who had not taken deworming medication compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, women with inadequate dietary diversity were four times more likely to be anemic compared to women having adequate dietary diversity. Conclusions. The prevalence of anemia is a severe public health problem among pregnant women of underprivileged ethnic groups in Province 2. Being Dalit, Janajati, and Muslim, having lower education, less frequent antenatal visits, not receiving deworming medication, and having inadequate dietary diversity are found to be the significant factors. The present study highlights the need of improving the frequency of antenatal visits and coverage of deworming program in ethnic populations. Furthermore, promoting a dietary diversity at the household level would help lower the prevalence of anemia. The study findings also imply that the nutrition interventions to control anemia must target and reach pregnant women from the most-marginalized ethnic groups and those with lower education
Factors Associated with Enrolment of Households in Nepal’s National Health In...Prabesh Ghimire
The study aimed to identify factors associated with enrollment in Nepal's National Health Insurance Program (NHIP). A survey of 570 households in 2 municipalities was conducted, with equal numbers of enrolled and non-enrolled households. The results showed that enrollment was associated with ethnicity, socioeconomic status, past illness experience, and presence of chronic illness. Households from privileged ethnic groups and with higher socioeconomic status were more likely to enroll. Households experiencing acute illness or with a chronically ill member were also more likely to enroll. This suggests gaps in enrollment between rich and poor households, and privileged and underprivileged ethnic groups. Ensuring equitable enrollment across groups is needed to increase equity and universal coverage.
Urbanization is the process of urban concentration and growth in the proportion of the total population living in urban areas. It occurs through the multiplication of urban settlements and the increase in size of existing settlements. There are three aspects of urbanization: behavioral changes in individuals, structural changes in the economy and technology, and demographic changes as societies shift from small homogeneous to large heterogeneous. Gibbs' model outlines five sequential stages of urbanization from initial emergence to a more ubiquitous population distribution with satellite towns. The theory of spatial cycles describes four phases of urban development: urbanization through rural-urban migration, suburbanization as residential areas expand outward, counter-urbanization as people move further out, and re-urbanization as people return to previously abandoned
Recent Advances in Evidence Based Public Health PracticePrabesh Ghimire
This product is the result of compilation from various sources. I acknowledge all direct and indirect sources although they have not been mentioned explicitly in the document.
This document discusses factors that influence the selection of appropriate statistical techniques. It begins by explaining the main statistical methods used in analysis: descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and regression analysis. It then discusses three main factors that influence technique selection: the study aim and objectives, the nature of observations as paired or unpaired, and the type and distribution of data. Specific statistical tests are recommended based on different data characteristics, such as whether data is continuous and normally distributed. The impacts of selecting the wrong statistical technique are also reviewed.
Observational analytical study: Cross-sectional, Case-control and Cohort stu...Prabesh Ghimire
This presentation provides overview of three observational analytical studies: cross-sectional study design, case-control study design and cohort study design
Observational descriptive study: case report, case series & ecological studyPrabesh Ghimire
This document discusses different types of research designs, including observational and intervention designs. It focuses on non-intervention designs like case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies. Case reports describe the occurrence, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of an individual patient, especially unusual cases. Case series describe aspects of a disease or treatment by following a group of patients with common characteristics. Both case reports and case series are useful for generating hypotheses but have limitations due to lack of a control group.
This document discusses research design. It defines research design as the planned sequence of the entire research process, including the framework of methods chosen. A good research design includes accurate purpose and methodology statements, appropriate settings and techniques for data collection and analysis, and consideration of timeline and measurements. Key aspects of research design include type of data needed, participants, variables or research questions, and data analysis methods. Choosing a research design requires considering priorities, practicalities, and the type of primary or secondary, qualitative or quantitative data required, as well as how that data will be collected and analyzed.
Development of test instruments
Includes information about:
Methods of collecting information
Interview techniques and tools
Observation: concept and observation checklist
This is the product of compilation from various sources. I would like to acknowledge all direct and indirect sources although they have not been mentioned explicitly within the document.
This product is the result of compilation from various sources. I would like to acknowledge all direct and indirect sources, although they have not been explicitly mentioned within the document.
This product is the result of compilation from various sources. I acknowledge all direct and indirect sources although they have not been mentioned explicitly in the document.
New Organogram of Nepalese Health System (Please check the updated slides on ...Prabesh Ghimire
This slide has been updated to accommodate the recent changes. Please check the following link for the updated presentation:
https://www.slideshare.net/PrabeshGhimire/organogram-organization-structure-of-nepalese-health-system-updated-nov-2021
This document provides an overview of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) operating in Nepal, including their roles, activities, and areas of focus. It discusses several major NGOs such as the Family Planning Association of Nepal, Nepal Red Cross Society, Nepal Netrajyoti Sangh, Nepal Anti-Tuberculosis Association, and Nepali Technical Assistance Group. These NGOs work on issues like family planning, health, disease control, disability, and nutrition. They manage programs, hospitals, and community-based activities across the country.
International Non Government Organizations (INGOs) in NepalPrabesh Ghimire
International non-governmental organizations (INGOs) are autonomous, internationally operating organizations that provide health and development aid to developing countries. They work in areas like relief, development projects, advocacy, research, and addressing global issues. Some major INGOs operating in Nepal include Save the Children, CARE Nepal, BNMT, Plan International Nepal, and FHI 360. These organizations focus on areas such as maternal and child health, nutrition, water and sanitation, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. They implement national and local programs and support health system strengthening through activities like building health infrastructure, training health workers, and promoting health behaviors.
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August 2024. Smart hospitals use advanced technologies like the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), AI, ML, NLP, and blockchain to improve efficiency, sustainability, and patient experience. Smart hospital applications include electronic health records (EHR), telemedicine, and MHealth. Smart and sustainable hospitals offer many benefits, like enhanced care, cost savings, and pollution reduction. However, challenges like high electricity consumption and cyberattack vulnerability exist. To overcome these, smart hospitals must adopt energy-efficient technologies, use renewable energy, and enhance cybersecurity. In this slideshow, you will learn about the definition, benefits, challenges, sustainability strategies, UN policy, and global statistics of smart hospitals and smart healthcare.
Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a therapeutic approach that helps individuals find the motivation to make positive behavioral changes. By fostering a collaborative, empathetic, and non-judgmental dialogue, MI empowers clients to explore their ambivalence about change and strengthen their commitment to personal goals. This method is effective in various settings, including addiction treatment, health behavior change, and mental health.
Innovations in Hair Loss Treatment: The Role of R3 Stem CellR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cell is revolutionizing hair loss treatment with cutting-edge regenerative medicine. By harnessing the power of stem cells, R3 Stem Cell offers a novel approach to hair restoration that rejuvenates and regenerates hair follicles. This minimally invasive treatment involves extracting a patient’s own stem cells, processing them, and injecting them into the scalp to stimulate natural hair growth and improve scalp health. Patients experience significant improvements in hair density and thickness, making R3 Stem Cell a leader in effective and natural hair loss solutions.
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Week 8 Case of Tiana-DIAGNOSIS OF FEEDING AND EATING DISORDERS CASE STUDY.pdfReliable Assignments Help
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VENEERS: YOUR SMILE'S BEST KEPT SECRET.pptxSatvikaPrasad
Veneers are a transformative dental solution that offers a seamless blend of aesthetics and functionality, making them a popular choice for enhancing smiles. These thin, custom-fabricated laminates are primarily constructed from either high-grade porcelain or composite resin materials, both selected for their superior aesthetic and functional properties. Veneers are meticulously bonded to the labial surfaces of anterior teeth, providing a definitive solution for a variety of dental conditions, including intrinsic discoloration, enamel defects, minor malalignments, diastemas, and structural deficiencies such as chips or fractures. The preparation for veneer placement typically involves minimal reduction of the tooth structure, preserving the maximum amount of healthy tooth while allowing for optimal adhesive bonding. This conservative approach is pivotal in maintaining tooth vitality and structural integrity. The precise customization and application of veneers require a thorough understanding of dental materials, occlusion, and esthetic principles, underscoring their role as a sophisticated and effective treatment modality in contemporary prosthodontic practice.
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The Yoga Biomechanics course aims to deepen students’ understanding of yoga by studying the biomechanics of yoga poses, learning how to apply anatomical guidelines to position correct positions, studying effective teaching techniques in a variety of situations, and exploring the history and philosophy of yoga.
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Biomechanics is the use of mechanical methods to study the mechanical structure, function and movement of biological systems at any level from the entire organism to organs, cells and organelles.
2025 QPP: Proposed Changes from the PFS Proposed RuleShelby Lewis
CMS has released the 2025 PFS Proposed Rule and proposed several changes to the Quality Payment Program. Here is a slideshow that highlights the key changes.
https://www.biomedscidirect.com/journalfiles/IJBMRF2024345/prevalence-and-drug-susceptibility-of-e-coli-campylobacter-and-citrobacter-from-the-eggshell-surface-of-table-and-hatchable-eggs-in-lahore-pakistan.pdf
Authors: Muhammad Danish Mehmood, Shan E Fatima, Huma Anwar Ul-Haq, Rabia Habib, Muhammad Usman Ghani
Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(3): 7825-7832
Abstract
Eggs, a staple food consumed globally, are at risk of contamination, posing a severe threat to their safety and quality. The bacterial load on the eggshell surface is crucial in predicting bacterial penetration and egg interior contamination. Exposure to nesting material and faecal matter can introduce egg-borne pathogens, some of which can lead to food-borne illnesses. The global scale of epidemics caused by egg-borne pathogens underscores the criticality of egg safety. A comprehensive study was conducted in Punjab, Pakistan, to assess the potential risk of contamination. A total of 360 eggs from various breeds of hens were tested and categorized as unclean, soiled and clean. The bacteria Salmonella, Proteus and Staphylococcus were isolated from the eggs. The highest percentage of isolates were found in unclean eggs: Salmonella (26.7%), Proteus (24.5%) and Staphylococcus (33%). In soiled eggs, the highest percentage of isolates were Salmonella (22.6%), Proteus (17.6%) and Staphylococcus (10.9%). In cleaned eggs, Proteus showed the highest prevalence (15.5%), followed by Salmonella (10.3%) and Staphylococcus (9.4%). The antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) results showed that all bacterial isolates were sensitive to the drugs Ofloxacin (5 µg/ml) and Cefotaxime (30 µg/ml). However, Staphylococcus and Proteus also showed sensitivity to Trimethoprim + Sulphamethoxazole (2.25/23.75 µg/ml). The study aimed not only to raise awareness about the importance of egg safety and identify the most common pathogens found on eggshells but also to develop effective strategies to reduce the risk of contamination of eggs and egg products. Once implemented, these strategies will ensure the safety and quality of this essential food source, offering a promising solution to the current challenges.
Left Atrial Appendage Closure Devices Market by Product Type, Distribution Ch...IMARC Group
The global left atrial appendage closure devices market size reached US$ 1.5 Billion in 2023. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach US$ 6.3 Billion by 2032, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 16.85% during 2024-2032.
More Info:- https://www.imarcgroup.com/left-atrial-appendage-closure-devices-market
Management of materials and finance hospital pharmacysibirajpharmdoff
Definition:
It is concerned with the planning, organizing & controlling the flow of materials from their initial purchase through internal operations to the service point through distribution
Aims of material management:
The right quality
Right quality of supplies
At the right time
At the right place
For the right cost
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2. Background
2
2000s MDG declaration: 3 of 8 goals were health
related
Development assistance doubled
Global initiatives for specific health priorities increased
Progress results were inadequate
Significant Bottlenecks:
Health systems constraints
Level and way health aid was provided/managed
3. Progress towards MDG: Inadequate
3
2.9 3.2 3.5 4.1 4.6 4.9
2
5.1
13.5
10.9
8.3 7 5.1 4.1
2.2
3
4.1
3.6
2.7
1.8
1.4
1.1
0.1
0.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
Other
Asia
Africa
Trends in U-5 deaths, 1960-2015 (million deaths per year)
6. Background contd.
6
2001: Report of Commission on Macro Economics
and Health
Low income countries are not capable of financing
modest package of essential health services by
themselves.
recommendation for poor countries to work in partnership
with high income countries to scale up their health
systems
Donors support low income countries
8. Birth of IHP
8
Sep 2007: Global partnership launched under UK
government initiative as International Health Partnership
Built on core principles of Paris declaration, 2007
Accra Agenda for Action, 2008
Busan Partnership for Effective Development Co-
operation (2011)
Four main objectives:
Results-focused, country-led compacts
Generating and disseminating relevant knowledge, guidance
and tools
Coordination and efficiency
Mutual accountability and monitoring of performance
9. What IHP does?
9
Putting principles into practice
Support inclusive national planning processes
Jointly assess national health strategies and plans
(JANS)
Negotiate and agree country compacts or their equivalent
Report on progress in a more unified way, based on one
common results monitoring framework
Ensure mutual accountability between all stakeholders.
Small country grants, as flexible funds
10. Framework of Partnership
10
Donors/
Funders
Recipient country
Multi, Bilateral
Health Initiatives
Related Health
Initiatives
Country Led
National Health Strategy• harmonized
partnership,
• more efficient use of
domestic and external
resources for health,
and
• improved results
against the health
MDGs / SDGs
11. Related initiatives
11
Related initiatives came at same time to scale-up
access and interventions to address health system
bottlenecks.
Coordination with multitude of global/ donor
initiatives and a common workplan
Initiated in 2008
Called as the international health partnership and
related initiatives (IHP+)
13. IHP+ Partners
13
26 Partners in 2007
Currently 66 partners
37 Partner countries
29 Development Partners
Civil Societies
14. Compacts
14
Global Compacts
Foundation global document for IHP+
All partner countries, international agencies and bilateral
donors sign it when they join IHP+
sets out the goals and approach of IHP+
Signatories make collective and individual commitments
to adhere to agreed aid effectiveness principles in the
health sector
15. Compacts contd.
15
Country Compacts
negotiated agreement between a government and
development partners
Set out points on how to work together to improve health
outcomes
Benefits:
improve partner alignment with country systems;
brings new partners into health sector coordination efforts;
addresses the fragmentation and volatility of health aid, and
reduces transaction costs
tool for mutual accountability
16. Country Led National Health Plan
16
Central to the compact is the country led national
health plan
one costed, results-oriented
IHP + shifts in aid environment
17. Results and Evidences
17 Source: IHP + 2014 Progress Report
Overall country performance
scores were positively
correlated with the number of
years a country participated in
the IHP+
There was also a positive
correlation between overall
country performance
scores and level of external
funding
18. Results and Evidences
18
Democratic Republic of Congo,
New MOH single donor coordination arrangement led to a
significant reduction in management costs for donor funds from
28 percent to nine percent.
Ethiopia
Progressive alignment of donors helped increase Primary
Health Care coverage.
Nepal:
Impressive results from free maternal health care launched in
few districts in 2007.
Nationwide scale up because government and donors acted
collectively to ensure the necessary resources reached all
districts.
19. IHP+ Recent Developments
19
2011: 4th High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in
Busan
IHP+ changed its focus from aid effectiveness to effective
development cooperation
South-south and triangular cooperation
Engaging private sector and emerging economies
2012: Seven systems-focused behaviours identified
for international partners
2016: Commitments to Sustainable Development
Goals
Replaced MDG with SDG ----- attain universal health
coverage
21. Nepal in International Health Partnership
21
First South Asian country to sign global compact in
Sep 2007
Third country to sign country compact in Feb 2009
IHP+ Nepal Country Compact: Nepal Health
Development Partnership
Signed by 8 EDPs
7 commitment areas, joint and separate
responsibilities
22. References
1. Sharma N. The International Health Partnership (IHP) and Related
Initiatives (IHP+)and Nepal’s Experience. [Presentation]. 2009.
2. International Health Partnership official webpage
http://www.internationalhealthpartnership.net/
3. Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, 2007
4. IHP + Strategic Directions 2016-17
5. Nepal Health Development Partnership. Kathmandu: Government
of Nepal; 2009.
6. Progress in the International Health Partnership & Related
Initiatives (IHP+). 2014.
7. Holzcheiter A. The Handbook of Transnational Governance:
Institutions and Innovations. UK: Polity Press; 2012.
22
Editor's Notes
Ownership: Funded countries exercise leadership over their development policies and strategies
Alignment: Donors base their support on funded countries' strategies, institutions and procedures
Harmonization: Donors’ actions are more harmonised, transparent and collectively effective
Result based Management: Managing resources and improving decision making for results
Mutual Accountability: Donors and partners are accountable for development results
Four main objectives:
Developing results-focused, country-led compacts that rally all development partners around one national health plan; one M&E framework; and one review process,
Generating and disseminating relevant knowledge, guidance and tools
Enhancing coordination and efficiency at country, regional and global levels
Ensuring mutual accountability and monitoring of performance
In Dec 2012, IHP+ identified seven systems-focused behaviours that international partners needed to adopt in order to be more effective, partly because donors were making progress than developing country governments in putting IHP+ principles into practice.
At the IHP+ meeting in Nairobi, December 2012, participants identified a number of critical areas where international development partners need to change their behaviour in order to accelerate progress on the MDGs. Recent meetings of global health leaders have strongly supported renewed action on these seven behaviours which, if implemented, would bring visible results.
The seven behaviours
Agreement on priorities that are reflected in a single national health strategy and underpinning sub-sector strategies, through a process of inclusive development and joint assessment, and a reduction in separate exercises.
Resource inputs recorded on budget and in line with national priorities
Financial management systems harmonized and aligned; requisite capacity building done or underway, and country systems strengthened and used.
Procurement/supply systems harmonized and aligned, parallel systems phased out, country systems strengthened and used with a focus on best value for money. National ownership can include benefiting from global procurement.
Joint monitoring of process and results is based on one information and accountability platform including joint annual reviews that define actions that are implemented and reinforce mutual accountability.
Opportunities for systematic learning between countries developed and supported by agencies (south-south/triangular cooperation).
Provision of strategically planned and well-coordinated technical support.