The document discusses the Indian healthcare system and its key challenges. It notes that the system faces substantial challenges in providing quality healthcare due to factors such as a fast growing population, changing disease profiles, a multilayered healthcare landscape, lack of infrastructure, shortage of manpower, low public expenditure on health, and inaccessibility of services - especially in rural areas. It also examines the disease burden in India and initiatives by the government to improve the system. However, it concludes that India still lags in key healthcare indicators and there is need for improved healthcare planning, resources, and financing to address the country's growing healthcare challenges.
This document provides an overview of healthcare financing in India. It begins with definitions of health care financing and outlines the key functions of accumulating, mobilizing, and allocating money for health needs. It then discusses the main mechanisms of healthcare financing globally and in India, including how money is raised through taxes, insurance contributions, and other means. It also addresses how funds are pooled and how health services are paid for. The document reviews India's current healthcare financing indicators and challenges, such as low public spending and high out-of-pocket costs. It concludes with initiatives by the Government of India and recommendations to improve healthcare financing in India.
Introduction to ethical issues in public health, Public Health Institute (PHI...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
An introduction to ethical issues in public health practice and research I gave to master students in the Public Health Institute in Sudan -- My Home Country. This was on Jan. 5, 2012.
The healthcare sector in India is large and growing, valued at over $34 billion in recent years. Key segments driving growth include hospital services, medical tourism, and medical devices. Historically, healthcare in India was based on traditional Ayurvedic methods and voluntary work, but the government now emphasizes primary care and the private sector has grown to meet demand. Factors fueling healthcare growth include India's expanding population and economy, the rise of chronic and infectious diseases, and growth in the pharmaceutical industry. The government is taking initiatives to invest in healthcare and regulate the sector.
Declaration: The materials incorporated in this document have come from variety of sources and compiler bears no responsibilities for any information contained herein. The compiler acknowledges all the sources although references have not been explicitly cited for all the contents in this document.
This document discusses demand for health care and factors that influence demand. It covers the distinction between need and want, Grossman's model of demand for health, and factors like income, prices of substitutes and complements, insurance, and elasticity. The key points are that demand is derived from demand for health, it is influenced by many individual and environmental factors, and having insurance decreases price sensitivity by consumers.
The document provides an overview of health economics. It defines economics and health economics, explaining that health economics applies economic principles to issues related to health and healthcare. It discusses key concepts in health economics including resources, markets, and the roles of micro- and macroeconomics. The importance of health economics is that it can inform policies around resource allocation and program evaluation. Methods discussed include cost analysis, cost-benefit analysis, and others.
The document summarizes several national health policies of India, including the National Health Policy of 1983, 2002, and 2010. It outlines the goals of each policy, such as eradicating polio and other diseases, reducing mortality from tuberculosis, and increasing access to healthcare facilities. It also discusses the National Nutrition Policy and National Education Policy of India.
The document provides an overview of the healthcare industry in India. It discusses various aspects of the industry including emerging diseases, infrastructure issues, the growth of the health insurance market, medical tourism, Ayurveda, surgical equipment, pharmaceuticals, and the top pharmaceutical companies. It also includes survey results on perceptions of healthcare infrastructure and recommendations to improve the industry.
Supply of health and medical care
Definition and Law of Supply.
The health care production function.
Cost production in health care.
Factors determine price and quantity of health care.
Factors affecting Supply.
Investment on healthcare.
Health insurance and supply in healthcare.
Market Equilibrium.
References
Questions
This document provides an overview of health economics. It begins by defining health economics as the study of how scarce resources are allocated for healthcare and the promotion of health. It discusses concepts in health economics like resources, scarcity, buyers, and sellers. It also covers microeconomics which looks at individual interactions, and macroeconomics which takes a broader view. The document then addresses topics like health financing through public and private support, economic indicators like GNP and GDP, and issues around health costs and access in India.
This document discusses factors that influence the demand for healthcare, including education, age, health insurance, income, price, and time costs. It finds that while studies using individual data show healthcare is a normal good with income elasticities between 0-1, macroeconomic data comparing countries shows that healthcare is a superior good, with demand increasing more than proportionately with increases in income. The demand for different types of healthcare varies in its responsiveness to changes in price, depending on the availability of substitutes.
The document discusses healthcare information technology and its evolution. It defines common terms like EMR, EHR, HIS, HL7, DICOM and PACS. It states that computerized physician order entry (CPOE) can significantly reduce medication errors and preventable adverse drug events. The hospital information system (HIS) is described as an integrated system that manages administrative, financial and clinical data across different departments. Several standards organizations are working to develop standards for interoperability between different health IT tools and electronic medical records.
“Function of a health system concerned with the accumulation, mobilization and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system.” (WHO)
Revenue collection :
Taxation-most equitable system of financing
Health insurance contributions
User pays (out of pocket, no reimbursement)
Donor funding/Grants
Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behaviour in the production and consumption of health and health care.
In broad terms, health economists study the functioning of health care systems and health- affecting behaviour such as smoking.
It is the discipline of economics applied to the health care.
Privatization of health care refers to limiting the role of the public sector and defining health care as a private responsibility. This can include privatizing costs by shifting them to individuals, privatizing delivery by expanding private providers, and privatizing management within health systems. However, privatization poses challenges to equity, transparency, and universal accessibility of health care. While competition and choice may be reasons for privatization, clear health policy goals and regulation are needed to ensure transparency, accountability, and that core health services remain publicly financed and accessible to all.
Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
This document provides an overview of health economics. It defines health economics as the application of economic theories to the health sector. This includes analyzing the allocation of healthcare resources, the quantity and organization of health resources, and the effects of health services on individuals and society. The document also discusses key concepts in health economics like demand and supply of healthcare, economic evaluation of treatments and the healthcare system, and the role of economic information in health planning and budgeting.
PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN HEALTH SECTORfarhad240669
This document discusses public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the health sector in Bangladesh. It defines PPPs as contractual agreements between public agencies and private sectors to deliver public services by sharing risks and rewards. The document outlines the goals, objectives, concepts, and principles of PPPs. It discusses global PPP contexts and scenarios in Bangladesh. It examines PPP approaches, targeted outcomes and benefits, challenges, risks, and opportunities of PPPs in the health sector. The key points are accelerating investments, improved quality, timely delivery, reduced costs, and innovative solutions through PPPs in health infrastructure and services.
The document discusses the challenges of India's healthcare delivery system. It outlines issues like the burden of infectious and chronic diseases, high maternal and child mortality, lack of healthcare access and resources. Some solutions proposed include strengthening public health programs, improving access to healthcare in rural areas, using technology like telemedicine, and increasing investments in the healthcare sector.
Pharmacists play several important roles in managed health care organizations including distributing and dispensing drugs, ensuring patient safety, developing clinical programs, communicating with patients and providers, designing drug benefits, managing business operations, and controlling costs. They work to provide appropriate, effective, and affordable drug therapies to patients through various functions like utilization review, prior authorizations, quality assurance programs, and collaborating with physicians on prescribing practices.
Moving toward universal health coverage of Indonesia: where is the position?Ahmad Fuady
My final thesis about the Indonesian movement towards universal health coverage and its achievement in providing the right to health for Indonesian people.
India faces significant challenges in primary healthcare including inadequate resources, lack of access in rural areas, and poor health outcomes. The presentation analyzes problems such as understaffing, lack of funding, and uneven quality of care. It identifies strategic opportunities to strengthen primary care through public-private partnerships, expanding insurance coverage, increasing healthcare spending, improving workforce and infrastructure development, and decentralizing healthcare administration. The goal is to transform India's primary healthcare system by 2025 to achieve universal access to affordable and high-quality primary care services.
India faces significant challenges in providing primary health care, especially in rural areas. There is a lack of doctors, nurses, and health infrastructure outside of urban areas. As a result, many rural Indians have poor access to basic health services. Additionally, communicable diseases place a large burden on the population due to issues like lack of sanitation and access to clean water. To address these problems, the document proposes strategies like increasing training for rural health workers, using mobile technologies to improve access to care, and focusing on providing preventative services and management of chronic diseases at the primary care level.
The health system of Bangladesh has undergone a number of reforms and has established an extensive health service infrastructure in both the public and private sectors during the past four decades. Bangladesh has achieved impressive gains in population health, achieving the Millennium Development Goal 4 target of reducing under-five child mortality by two thirds between 1990 and 2015, and improving other key indicators such as maternal mortality, immunization coverage, and survival rates from malaria, tuberculosis, and diarrhoea diseases.
Indonesia has a mixed health system with both public and private provision of care. Key achievements include increased life expectancy and reductions in communicable disease rates. However, challenges remain such as the dual burden of disease, natural disasters, weak health information systems, and high out-of-pocket expenditures. Future prospects include expanding the use of telemedicine, incentivizing an even workforce distribution, and passing more legislation to clarify the health system framework.
This document discusses a model to universalize access to quality primary healthcare in India. It outlines recommendations in several areas: human resources for health, community participation, access to medicines/vaccines, health financing, management reforms, and social determinants of health. The key recommendations are to increase public spending on health, strengthen primary care infrastructure and workforce, ensure access to essential medicines, implement health financing reforms to achieve universal coverage, and address social factors like education, sanitation, and nutrition that impact health outcomes. The model aims to make primary healthcare services accessible to all Indians through a strengthened public system and community involvement.
1) The document discusses challenges and prospects for innovation in traditional medicine systems in India. It analyzes the traditional medicine innovation system through the framework of national innovation systems.
2) Key issues addressed include the limited accessibility of modern medicine, insufficient resources, and the potential for innovation in traditional medicine to improve healthcare. 70% of Indians use traditional systems like Ayurveda.
3) The objectives are to analyze actors in traditional medicine development, understand its socio-economic impacts, study intellectual property policies, and assess regulations. It examines universities, research centers, and companies involved in traditional medicine.
1) The document discusses challenges and prospects for innovation in traditional medicine systems in India. It analyzes the traditional medicine innovation system through the framework of national innovation systems.
2) Key issues addressed include the limited accessibility and high cost of modern medicine for many Indians, leading 70% to rely on traditional systems like Ayurveda. However, traditional medicine suffers from a lack of integration with science and technology.
3) The study aims to understand the role of various actors in developing traditional medicine, its socio-economic impacts, policies around intellectual property rights and regulation, and factors affecting its viability, to improve public health through innovation.
Universal health coverage was established in the WHO constitution of 1948 declaring health a fundamental human right.The goal of universal health coverage is to ensure that all people obtain the health services they need without suffering financial hardship when paying for them.
Keynote address: Financing for Universal Coverage - Bart CrielIPHIndia
This document discusses universal health coverage (UHC) and challenges in achieving it. It notes that UHC aims for all people to access health services without financial hardship. Achieving UHC requires more resources, raising funds fairly, and efficient spending. Most countries spend too little. Out-of-pocket payments deter use and impoverish people. Pooled funds through prepayment are better. Research is needed to understand inequities and improve programs. Community involvement may help transform health insurance for the poor. More comprehensive systems combining financial, supply, and management reforms are needed to organize accessible, quality care for all.
This document discusses universalizing access to primary healthcare in India. It begins by outlining India's healthcare delivery structure and what constitutes primary healthcare. It then discusses reasons for poor healthcare access, including insufficient funding, lack of physical access in rural areas, unavailability of services, and financial barriers. The document proposes a roadmap to improve the primary healthcare system by focusing on infrastructure development through public-private partnerships, human resource management like incentives for rural postings, improving planning and integration of services like referrals and medicines, increasing regulations and community participation. It also discusses innovative ideas relying more on human capital than infrastructure.
Health economics is concerned with efficiency, effectiveness, value and behavior in health and healthcare. It studies the use and allocation of resources in health services, and the costs and benefits of health policies and programs. Factors influencing health economics in India include population size, disease burden, government policies, and the pharmaceutical industry. Health insurance plays a key role by pooling financial risk, improving access to care, and influencing utilization of services.
While progress has been made in India over the past decade from both public and private sector initiatives, significant challenges persist in providing quality healthcare on an equitable, accessible and affordable basis across all regions and communities, according to a new IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics study. A 40-45 percent reduction in out-of-pocket expenditures for both outpatient and inpatient treatments can be attained through a holistic approach addressing four critical, interrelated dimensions of healthcare access. Those components are: physical accessibility and the location of healthcare facilities; availability and capacity of needed resources; quality and functionality of service required for patient treatment; and affordability of treatment relative to a patient’s income.
The study – Understanding Healthcare Access in India: What is the Current State? – is the most comprehensive assessment of healthcare access undertaken since 2004 and is based on an extensive survey of nearly 15,000 households covering all socio-economic groups in rural and urban areas across 12 states. Information was gathered on more than 30,000 healthcare system interactions, supplemented by interviews with over 1,000 doctors and experts.
The full report is available at http://www.theimsinstitute.org for downloading.
The document discusses universalizing access to primary healthcare in India. It outlines the current healthcare structure and reasons for poor access, including insufficient funding, lack of availability and affordability. It proposes a roadmap to improve the system through measures like increasing infrastructure and availability of resources, improving human resource management, strengthening regulations, and public-private partnerships. The goal is to ensure equitable, affordable and quality healthcare access for all Indians.
India faces several issues in its health sector including a shortage of doctors, inequities between urban and rural access to healthcare, and poor facilities even in large government hospitals. While private providers and hospitals have become major sources of healthcare, rising costs and commercialization have created new problems. However, India also has strengths like lower healthcare costs compared to other nations, world-class facilities, and a variety of medical traditions that it can leverage to grow its healthcare industry and better serve its population.
The document provides an overview of different frameworks for conceptualizing health systems. It describes the World Health Organization's definition of a health system as including all organizations, people, and actions aimed at promoting, restoring, or maintaining health. It also outlines WHO's six building blocks of a health system: service delivery, health workforce, information, medical products/vaccines/technology, financing, and governance. Additionally, it summarizes key components of health systems from the perspectives of the World Bank, including financing, payment, organization of service delivery, regulation, persuasion, politics, ethics, and values.
1. India spends a considerable share of GDP on health but per capita spending is very low, and public spending is only 1.2% of the total. This leads to inequality in access and poverty from medical costs.
2. Measures are proposed to increase public health spending to 2.5% of GDP, incentivize doctors to work in public hospitals, regulate drug prices, and integrate insurance schemes under a universal healthcare program focused on primary care.
3. Additional reforms include enforcing treatment guidelines, increasing domestic production of essential drugs, building drug warehouses, and establishing an all-India health services for better administration of the health sector.
Similar to Challenges in Indian Healthcare Sector (20)
The document lists various chemical and physical properties of elements including:
- Electronegativity ranges from lowest in cesium to highest in fluorine.
- Ionization potential ranges from lowest in cesium to highest in helium.
- Electron affinity ranges from lowest in noble gases to highest in chlorine.
- Melting/boiling points of metals range from lowest in mercury to highest in tungsten.
- Melting/boiling points of non-metals range from lowest in helium to highest in diamond.
This document provides information on the physical properties of various gases. It describes 15 common gases including hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, ozone, ammonia, chlorine and others. For each gas, it lists properties such as color, odor, solubility, density relative to air, and whether they are flammable, toxic or can be liquefied. It also briefly mentions some warfare gases and fuel gases including water gas and producer gas.
This document discusses communicable diseases and provides examples. It defines communicable diseases as infectious diseases that can pass from one person to another through pathogens. The document lists several major types of pathogens that cause communicable diseases including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Examples of common diseases caused by each type of pathogen are given such as cholera, HIV/AIDS, and malaria. Finally, the document outlines some key ways to prevent the spread of communicable diseases, including washing hands, vaccinations, isolating those infected, and maintaining proper sanitation.
The document lists the names of various industrial processes used to manufacture different chemicals and materials. Some of the processes listed include the Haber process for manufacturing ammonia, the Contact process for manufacturing sulfuric acid, Bayer's process for manufacturing aluminum, and the Solvay process for manufacturing sodium hydroxide. The document appears to be a partial listing of common chemical manufacturing processes.
This document lists common alloy compositions, providing the primary chemical components of alloys such as aluminium bronze (Cu + Al), brass (Cu + Zn), bronze/bell metal (Cu + Sn), coin alloys (Cu + Zn + Sn or Cu + Ag + Zn + Ni), duralumin (Al + Cu + Mg + Mn), and others including electron, german silver, gun metal, muntz metal, magnallium, pewter, solder, type metal, wood metal, and Y-alloy.
The document summarizes key aspects of India's National Education Policy 2020. It outlines plans to increase public investment in education to 6% of GDP. The policy aims to transform India's education system by making school and higher education more holistic, flexible, multidisciplinary, and suited to 21st century needs. It proposes reorganizing higher education institutions into research, teaching, and autonomous degree-granting types and establishing new multidisciplinary institutions.
The National Education Policy 2020 aims to transform India's education system with a new structure and reforms. Key aspects include:
1) A revised school structure of 5+3+3+4 years with multidisciplinary study and vocational education integrated at all levels.
2) Increased public investment in education to reach 6% of GDP, universalization of education from pre-school to secondary level by 2030.
3) Emphasis on learning in the student's home language in early years, introduction of a three-language formula, and opportunities to learn foreign languages.
4) Holistic, flexible assessments that test core competencies and allow multiple attempts at board exams. A new national assessment body will
The greenhouse effect is a process that occurs when gases in Earth's atmosphere trap the Sun's heat to make the earth surface warmer leading to global warming.
Global warming is caused by human activities that release greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. Burning fossil fuels for transportation, electricity, manufacturing, and other industrial processes are major contributors. Deforestation, livestock farming, and other agricultural practices also release greenhouse gases. If changes are not made to reduce emissions over the next decade, the planet will face irreversible environmental catastrophe and societal impacts.
Smog is a form of air pollution that occurs when emissions from burning fossil fuels like coal and oil react with sunlight and moisture. There are two main types of smog: industrial smog, caused by burning coal leading to dark brown air and sulfuric acid; and photochemical smog, caused by sunlight reacting with vehicle emissions in cities to form eye-irritating pollutants. Smog reduces visibility and causes breathing problems for people.
Acid rain or Acid deposition penetrates deeply into the sensitive fabric of ecosystem, thereby changing the chemistry of air, water, and soil and has huge impact
The document provides an overview of the Indian healthcare system, including key trends, growth drivers, and challenges. It notes that the size of the Indian healthcare industry is $35 billion and growing at 17% annually, faster than any other country. The industry employs over 4% of the population and includes 229 medical colleges, 600,000 doctors, and over 800,000 hospital beds. However, healthcare infrastructure and access remains inadequate, with 80% of healthcare spending being out-of-pocket. The government is taking steps to improve access through initiatives like the National Rural Health Mission and increasing healthcare spending.
Prof. Prashant Mehta's document discusses healthcare waste management in India. It begins by classifying different types of waste, including municipal solid waste, industrial waste, and bio-medical waste. It then provides details on India's regulatory framework for healthcare waste management. The Bio-Medical Waste Management and Handling Rules establish standards for segregating, transporting, treating, and disposing of different categories of bio-medical waste to prevent health and environmental risks. However, problems still exist in India with incomplete treatment and illegal dumping of untreated healthcare waste. Proper management of healthcare waste is important for public health.
Healthcare Waste and Judicial Intervention by Indian CourtsPrashant Mehta
This document provides an overview of the Indian healthcare system and environmental law in India based on constitutional provisions and landmark court judgments. Some key points:
- The Indian constitution recognizes the right to health under Article 21 and various directive principles. Judicial decisions have expanded this right.
- Laws incorporate principles like "polluter pays" and "precautionary principle" to assign liability and ensure precaution in activities that may harm the environment.
- Landmark judgments have established principles of absolute liability for hazardous activities, expanded notions of environment as a public trust, and emphasized sustainable development balancing economic and environmental concerns.
The document discusses India's internal security challenges and how advances in forensic science can help address them. It outlines issues such as tensions with Pakistan, communal and secessionist movements, and the rise of left-wing extremism. It then describes how various forensic science techniques, including digital forensics, explosives analysis, drug identification, firearms analysis, DNA testing, fingerprint analysis and biometrics can provide evidence to investigate these security threats and link criminal cases. The use of forensic science is presented as a valuable tool to help law enforcement address India's complex internal security environment.
The document discusses air pollution and its causes. It notes that while oxygen and nitrogen make up most of the atmosphere, trace gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone also play important roles. It describes various natural and human-caused sources of air pollution including industry, transportation, and the burning of fossil fuels. The document outlines primary and secondary pollutants as well as different types of particulate matter. It also discusses the chemistry of pollutants in the atmosphere and their interactions with sunlight and water.
The document discusses Earth's atmosphere and its composition compared to Venus and Mars. It then describes the four main layers of Earth's atmosphere - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - and their varying temperature and chemical properties. Finally, it summarizes key aspects of the atmospheric energy balance, including incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation, and how this maintains Earth's surface temperature.
Photochemical smog develops when primary pollutants like NOx and VOCs from fossil fuel combustion interact with sunlight. This produces secondary pollutants like ozone and PAN. For photochemical smog to form, sunlight, NOx, VOCs, and temperatures over 18°C are needed. Reactions between these pollutants produce the toxic components of smog. Acid rain forms from SO2 and NOx emissions reacting with water and oxygen in the atmosphere to produce sulfuric and nitric acid. This acid rain damages ecosystems and infrastructure. Topography and temperature inversions can trap smog near the ground.
BED MAKINGIt is the techniques of preparing different types of bed in making assuser3155141
DEFINITION
It is the techniques of preparing different types of bed in making a patients\clients comfortable or his\her position suitable for a particular condition.
Benefits:
The joined thumbs accentuate
all the manifestations of the fire
element within your body and mind,
and accelerate their effects, improving
eyesight and digestion, among other
things.
At the same time, the pressure applied to the backs of the fingers serves to decrease the effects of the air and space elements.
https://www.biomedscidirect.com/journalfiles/IJBMRF2024345/prevalence-and-drug-susceptibility-of-e-coli-campylobacter-and-citrobacter-from-the-eggshell-surface-of-table-and-hatchable-eggs-in-lahore-pakistan.pdf
Authors: Muhammad Danish Mehmood, Shan E Fatima, Huma Anwar Ul-Haq, Rabia Habib, Muhammad Usman Ghani
Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(3): 7825-7832
Abstract
Eggs, a staple food consumed globally, are at risk of contamination, posing a severe threat to their safety and quality. The bacterial load on the eggshell surface is crucial in predicting bacterial penetration and egg interior contamination. Exposure to nesting material and faecal matter can introduce egg-borne pathogens, some of which can lead to food-borne illnesses. The global scale of epidemics caused by egg-borne pathogens underscores the criticality of egg safety. A comprehensive study was conducted in Punjab, Pakistan, to assess the potential risk of contamination. A total of 360 eggs from various breeds of hens were tested and categorized as unclean, soiled and clean. The bacteria Salmonella, Proteus and Staphylococcus were isolated from the eggs. The highest percentage of isolates were found in unclean eggs: Salmonella (26.7%), Proteus (24.5%) and Staphylococcus (33%). In soiled eggs, the highest percentage of isolates were Salmonella (22.6%), Proteus (17.6%) and Staphylococcus (10.9%). In cleaned eggs, Proteus showed the highest prevalence (15.5%), followed by Salmonella (10.3%) and Staphylococcus (9.4%). The antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) results showed that all bacterial isolates were sensitive to the drugs Ofloxacin (5 µg/ml) and Cefotaxime (30 µg/ml). However, Staphylococcus and Proteus also showed sensitivity to Trimethoprim + Sulphamethoxazole (2.25/23.75 µg/ml). The study aimed not only to raise awareness about the importance of egg safety and identify the most common pathogens found on eggshells but also to develop effective strategies to reduce the risk of contamination of eggs and egg products. Once implemented, these strategies will ensure the safety and quality of this essential food source, offering a promising solution to the current challenges.
Module 7- Care Planning, Restorative Care, Documentation, Working in the Comm...Reliable Assignments Help
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The Future of Hair Loss Treatment: Harnessing Stem Cells with Dr. David GreeneDr. David Greene Arizona
Hair loss is no longer a condition that must be endured in silence. Thanks to the groundbreaking work of experts like Dr. David Greene, stem cell therapy is emerging as a powerful tool in the fight against hair loss. With continued research and development, this innovative approach holds the promise of transforming the lives of those affected by hair loss, offering a future where a full head of hair can be restored naturally and effectively.
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TEST BANK For Carolyn Jarvis, Physical Examination and Health Assessment 4th Canadian Edition 2024 Verified Chapters 1 - 31.pdf
TEST BANK For Carolyn Jarvis, Physical Examination and Health Assessment 4th Canadian Edition 2024 Verified Chapters 1 - 31.pdf
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CYLIC MEDITATION - STRESS MANAGEMENT CORPORATE YOGA
Step-I: Starting Prayer
• Lie on your back. Relax and collapse the whole body on the ground legs apart, hands apart, palms facing the roof, smiling face, let go all parts of the body. As you repeat the prayer feel the resonance throughout the body.
Prayer
Laye sombhodayeth chittam
vikshiptham shamayeth punaha
sakaashaayam vijaneeyat
Samapraptam na chalayet
Om shaanti shaanti shaantihi
Meaning: In the state of oblivion awaken the mind, when agitated pacify it, in between the mind is full of desires. If the mind has reached the state of perfect equilibrium, then do not disturb it again.
Step-II(A): Immediate Relaxation
• Bring your legs together, join the heels, toes together, palms by the side of the thighs. Keep your face smiling till the end. Gently bring your awareness to the tip of the toes. Stretch the toes, tighten the ankle joints, tighten the calf muscles. Pull up the kneecaps. Tighten the thigh muscles. Compress and squeeze the buttocks. Exhale and suck in the abdomen. Make the fists of the palms and tighten the arms. Inhale and expand the chest.
Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a therapeutic approach that helps individuals find the motivation to make positive behavioral changes. By fostering a collaborative, empathetic, and non-judgmental dialogue, MI empowers clients to explore their ambivalence about change and strengthen their commitment to personal goals. This method is effective in various settings, including addiction treatment, health behavior change, and mental health.
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Enhancing Patient Safety in Digital Therapeutics: AI- Driven ApproachesClinosolIndia
Enhancing patient safety in digital therapeutics through AI-driven approaches involves leveraging artificial intelligence to ensure the effectiveness, accuracy, and security of digital health solutions. Here are some key strategies and benefits
This ppt with few visuals will explains meaning of compartment syndrome , main causes , types, nursing management, Intra abdominal pressure monitoring, procedure ,main role of nurses...intra abdominal hypertension & Intra abdominal pressure vitality in maintaining homeostasis.....
Positive Parenting: Raising Happy, Confident Children | UCSinfo513572
This presentation explores Positive Parenting: strategies, benefits, and how United Community Solution (UCS) classes empower parents with expert guidance, interactive learning, and support to raise happy, confident children. Read more: https://unitedcommunitysolution.com/service/parenting-classes/
Asana and Bio-Mechanism Course
course, you will receive a certificate of completion of the Asana and Bio-mechanism Teacher Training Course, which you can count towards your continuing education. Our yoga teacher training courses are accredited by Yoga Alliance USA.
Asana and Bio-mechanism Teacher Training Course
The Yoga Biomechanics course aims to deepen students’ understanding of yoga by studying the biomechanics of yoga poses, learning how to apply anatomical guidelines to position correct positions, studying effective teaching techniques in a variety of situations, and exploring the history and philosophy of yoga.
What is Biomechanism?
Biomechanics is the use of mechanical methods to study the mechanical structure, function and movement of biological systems at any level from the entire organism to organs, cells and organelles.
Concerned About HIV or STDs? Get Tested in Dubaigettestedqwik
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Understanding Behavioral changes in Mental Distress.pdfAdetayo Kaife
Sometime ago, I had the privilege of hosting a LinkedIn webinar focused on understanding behavioral changes in individuals experiencing mental distress. I broke down this complex topic into easily understandable segments, and the positive feedback was overwhelming. Many attendees found the information incredibly valuable and requested access to the presentation slides.
I’m pleased to announce that I’ve now made these slides available for free on SlideShare. Whether you're in the medical field or not, these resources can help you better understand and support someone going through a mental health crisis.
You don’t need to be a healthcare professional to make a difference.
1. Prof. (Dr.) Prashant Mehta
M.Sc, Ph.D. (Chemistry), MBA, Ph.D. (Management)
National Law University, Jodhpur
DECODING THE INDIAN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
Challenging Problems
3. Key Growth Inhibitors
Delivery of qualitative healthcare services is considered a basic need irrespective of age, gender, and culture. Indian
healthcare system faces substantial challenges in providing qualitative healthcare.
The key growth inhibitors are:
1. Fastest growing population
2. Changing disease profile and Re-emerging diseases
3. Multilayered Healthcare System / Landscape
4. Lack of or Absence of Infrastructure
5. Paucity of Manpower (Doctors, Nurses, Paramedics)
6. Extremely Low Public Expenditure on Health and its Inefficiencies
7. Inaccessibility of Healthcare Services
Source: KPMG
5. Changing Disease Profile: India
Shift towards biotech speciality therapies, increased R&D expenditure and acute disease segment will sustain strong growth
Source: IDFC Institutional Securities, Indian Pharma, 2010 Source: NSSO Morbidity & Healthcare Survey, McKinsey’s Analysis, 2004
Per 1000 cases
6. http://usf.vc/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/NCD-burden-India_PwC-copy.jpg
• India which makes up 16.5 percent of world’s population and faces a significant burden of diseases.
• It accounts for “a third of diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, respiratory, parasitic infestations, prenatal conditions;
• A quarter of maternal ailments;
• A fifth of nutritional deficiencies;
• Second largest number of HIV/AIDS cases in the world;
FEDERATION OF INDIAN CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY (FICCI), INDIA NEEDS TO SPENDS AROUND US $203 BILLION, IF
MISSION OF ACHIEVING “HEALTH FOR ALL” IS TO BE ATTAINED.
10. Human Resources Shortages: India
Indian healthcare expenditure has grown slower than the economy
Source: WHO, E&Y Analysis
http://cdn-www.ceicdata.com
12. Inaccessibility of Healthcare Services: India
• Physical Reach / Accessibility of a healthcare facility which
is having an outpatient department (OPD) for common
ailments, and an inpatient department (IPD) for
hospitalization. These facilities may either be public or
private in nature within 5km from the place of residence
or work.
• Availability/Capacity means availability of the requisite
healthcare resources to provide patient treatment, i.e.
doctors, nurses, in-patient beds, diagnostics, consumables,
etc. it is governed by minimum specifications defined by
the Government of India for public healthcare facilities,
and WHO.
• Quality/Functionality means quality of the healthcare
resources available at the point of patient treatment.
• Affordability means the ability of a patient to afford
complete treatment for the illness or disease.
Source: IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics, Understanding Healthcare Access in India, June 2013
13. India and Its Neighbors
(SAARC Countries)
Source: http://thecalibre.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Number-fetish.jpg
14. Healthcare Challenges: India
Low Government
Spending
India has a low level of
government spending
on healthcare, at 1% of
the GDP.
Business Monitor
International forecasts
that healthcare
expenditure in India
will increase from
US$49.7 billion to
US$86.9 billion
between 2009 .and
2014, a rise of 75%
Poor / Depleting
Infrastructure
Healthcare
infrastructure is poor,
compared to urban
areas.
The doctor patient ratio
in rural areas is
1:20,000, versus the
urban ratio of 1:2000.
The quality and
availability of medicines
in rural areas is
dubious, where
counterfeiting and
spurious drugs us is
rampant.
Limited
Affordability
Healthcare is a low
priority when it comes
to income allocation,
with average consumer
expenditure on
healthcare at just 7%.
80% of the rural
population is on a daily
wage, income levels are
as low as <US$1.78 per
day.
Low Awareness of
Disease and
Possible
Treatment
People here have lower
literacy levels and lack
awareness about
various diseases and
their treatment option.
They rely mainly on
alternative forms of
treatment such as
Ayurvedic medicine,
Unani, and
Acupuncture.
Poor Basic
Hygiene and
Living Conditions
33% of the diseases in
rural areas are related
to unsafe drinking
water and poor
sanitation.
This is because 80% of
rural inhabitants lack
adequate sanitation,
and 70% don’t have
safe drinking water.
15. Government Appointed Review & Its Findings
All reviews have pointed towards:
• Occurrence of major legislative gaps and poor
implementation
• Ineffective implementation of Laws and Policies
• Lack of rules and poor enforcement
• Fragmented and uncontrolled nature of private
healthcare delivery system
• Lack of uniform standards
• Non coverage of laboratories or diagnostic centres
• Also information about the number, role, nature,
structure, functioning, and quality of healthcare in
private hospitals remain inadequate or poor.
• Absence of national regulations regarding provider
standards and healthcare treatment protocols, over
diagnosis, over treatment, and maltreatment is
rampant practice.
16. Initiatives By Government
Rural-Urban
Difference
Developing more
equitable healthcare
infrastructure
between urban and
rural areas.
Convert Primary
Healthcare Centres
into Community
Healthcare Centres
Health Resource
and Infrastructure
Meeting global per
capita infrastructure
standards
Addressing variations
at the state level
Public Healthcare
Facilities and
Treatment Quality
Improving Critical
Care Facilities
Addressing Services
level in public
channels by effective
utilization of public
infrastructure.
Affordability
High proportion of
out of pocket
expenses and
relatively expensive
in-patient care.
Limited reach of
benefits to the
intended
beneficiaries.
17. Major Challenges
• Indian healthcare establishments have pitiable operational strategies, absence of documented
waste management and disposal policy, very poor budgetary support in the government run
hospitals, private hospitals ignore the rules for monetary consideration, untrained ward attendants,
and other supporting staff.
• There are no waste management committees at present in Indian hospitals which should essentially
be consist of the head of the establishment, all the departmental heads, hospital superintendents,
nursing superintendents, hospital engineers with a waste management officer along with an
environmental control advisor and an infection control advisor.
• Insufficient support and guidance from regulatory agencies further complicates the problem of
waste management. Regulations in the form of waste reduction and recycling targets, carbon credit
earnings, development of minimum energy efficiency standards for equipments are necessary for
prevention of pollution and reduction of environmental load on sustained basis.
• Adequate and requisite number of sanitary landfills is lacking in India.
• Resistance to change is often a barrier to implementation of new programmes.
18. Major Challenges
• It is the ethical, social responsibility, and duty of state, legislators, hospitals, healthcare professionals,
and the general public to make sure that environmentally acceptable waste disposal techniques is
introduced and implemented effectively.
• At present we have good enactments of laws, but political will is lacking to enforce these laws.
• There is no forum for ordinary citizen to approach for compensation.
• The present system provides only one remedy, that is, to go to ordinary civil courts, which are
overburdened with heavy pendency, and it may take decades to get relief to compensate the loss
caused by the medical wastes under the head of public nuisance.
• There is no effective tribunal like consumer forum to provide a speedy remedy for the persons
infected with disease by medical waste. The Environmental Tribunals have to be constituted.
• Training Development of safe and effective system of bio-medical waste management along with
handling protocols, detailed institutional plans, strict policies, appropriate training and feedback
programs for all the healthcare workers is very important.
19. Conclusion: General
• India lags behind in in key healthcare indicators
• There is Growing Burden of Disease and Disease Mix
• Inadequate and Poor Healthcare Planning (Top Down)
• Inequitable distribution of resources between different States as well as Urban Rural settings
• Shortfall of Physical Infrastructure
• Shortfall of Trained Manpower (Doctors, Nurses, Para-medics)
• Miniscule Healthcare Budget by Governments
• High Cost of Advanced Treatments
• Low Insurance Penetration
• Unregulated Private Sector (Only 244 hospitals in India are accredited by NABH)
20. References
CORPORATE RESEARCH REPORTS:
• HEALTHCARE IN INDIA: A REPORT BY BOSTON ANALYTICS, JANUARY 2009
• GLOBAL INFRASTRUCTURE: TREND MONITOR INDIAN HEALTHCARE EDITION: OUTLOOK 2009 –2013 BY
KPMG
• STRATEGIES FOR PROVIDING EQUITABLE HEALTHCARE, BY ECS LIMITED, MARCH 2008
• PHARMACEUTICAL OFFSHORING LANDSCAPE, ZINNOV MANAGEMENT CONSULTING, SEPTEMBER 2008
• INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY ON COURSE OF GLOBALIZATION, DEUTSCHE BANK RESEARCH,
APRIL 2008
• HEALTHCARE IN INDIA: EMERGING MARKET REPORT 2007 BY: PRICEWATERHOUSE AND COOPERS (PWC)
• HEALTHCARE OUTLOOK, TEN INDUSTRY TRENDS 2007, A QUARTERLY REPORT BY TECHNOPAK, FEBRUARY
07 / VOLUME 1
• HEALTHCARE OUTLOOK, NEW PARADIGMS IN HEALTHCARE DELIVERY 2007, A QUARTERLY REPORT BY
TECHNOPAK, FEBRUARY 07 / VOLUME 2
• HEALTHCARE OUTLOOK, TRENDS IN HEALTHCARE DESIGN 2007, A QUARTERLY REPORT BY TECHNOPAK,
FEBRUARY 07 / VOLUME 3
• HEALTHCARE, MARKET OVERVIEW, INDIA BRAND EQUITY FOUNDATION (IBEF) OCTOBER 2007
• OVERVIEW OF THE HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY IN INDIA, THE INDO ITALIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND
INDUSTRY, APRIL 2007
• HEALTHCARE REPORT: BY ERNST & YOUNG, INDIAN BRAND EQUITY FOUNDATION (IBEF), 2006
• BOOMING CLINICAL TRIAL MARKET IN INDIA: RNCOS REPORT, NOVEMBER 2007
• DRAFT NATIONAL PHARMACEUTICALS POLICY, 2006, PART - A (CONTAINS ISSUES OTHER THAN
STATUTORY PRICE CONTROL), DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICALS AND PETROCHEMICALS, GOVERNMENT OF
INDIA, DECEMBER 28, 2005
• HEALTH ATTAINMENTS AND DEMOGRAPHIC CONCERNS: NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT,
2001: CHAPTER 5
• THE STATE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT, 2001: CHAPTER 1
• HEALTHCARE IN INDIA, CARING FOR MORE THAN A BILLION: BY SRIVATHSAN APARAJITHAN Y, MATHUR
SHANTHI, MOUNIB EDGAR L., NAKHOODA FARHANA, PAI ADITYA AND BASKARAN LIBI, IBM INSTITUTE
OF BUSINESS VALUE, IBM GLOBAL BUSINESS SERVICES
• CASE STUDY ON MANIPLE CURE & CARE: INDEGENEOUS CONCEPT THAT COMBINES HEALTHCARE AND
RETAIL IN A SINGLE FORMAT: BY PRICE WATER HOUSE AND COOPERS(PWC) AND DYNAMIC VERTICAL
SOLUTIONS
• INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES: RESEARCH AND MARKETS REPORT (
http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/35229)
SUMMARIES:
• INADEQUATE REGULATIONS UNDERMINE INDIA'S HEALTHCARE: BY: MUDUR GANPATI: BMJ 2004;
328;124- DOI:10.1136/BMJ.328.7432.124-A
• HEALTH CARE IN INDIA: LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE: BY THE WORLD BANK GROUP
• HEALTHCARE INDICATORS: BY MS. MUKHERJI SRIMOTI, COMMERCIAL SPECIALIST, THE U.S.
COMMERCIAL SERVICE IN INDIA, THE AMERICAN CENTER, NEW DELHI
• INDIA’S NATIONAL HEALTH SYSTEM PROFILE: WHO
• OPPORTUNITIES IN HEALTHCARE: “DESTINATION INDIA”: FICCI AND ERNST & YOUNG.
• RURAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEM: THE STRUCTURE AND CURRENT SCENARIO
• INTRODUCTION TO NURSING AND HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM IN INDIA
• A POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR REFORMS IN HEALTH CARE, PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH CARE IN INDIA: BY
PRIME MINISTER’S COUNCIL ON TRADE AND INDUSTRY
• FAILURE OF PUBLIC HEALTHCARE SYSTEM: CJ: BY SINGH CHANDRA SHEKAR, FEBURARY, 2008
• FINANCING THE HEALTH CARE SECTOR IN INDIA: BLOG BY DR SINGH HARMEET, MBA (BIRMINGHAM)
• IN CHINA, INDIA, HEALTH CARE BURDEN SHIFTS TO POOR, GROUND-LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION 'IS SIMPLY
NOT THERE': BY POWELL ALVIN, HARVARD NEWS OFFICE
• STRENGTHEN THE INDIAN HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY (RECOMMENDATIONS): MODE 1 GATS REPORT INDIA
PAGE 83, 84
• ROLE OF PRIVATE SECTOR IN HEALTH CARE IN INDIA CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES & STARTEGIES: BY
LATH G K, CEO, APOLLO HOSPITAL BILASPUR, MP
• UNHEALTHY PRESCRIPTIONS: THE NEED FOR HEALTH SECTOR REFORM IN INDIA: BY SUNIL NANDRAJ,
INFORMING REFORMING, THE NEWSLETTER OF THE INTERNATIONAL CLEARING HOUSE OF HEALTH
SYSTEM REFORM INITIATIVES ICHSRI, APRIL-JUNE 1997, PP. 7-11.
• MEDICAL TOURISM IN INDIA: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES: BY CHACKO PHEBA, THE ICFAI UNIVERSITY
PRESS.
• HEALTH INSURANCE IN INDIA: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES AND CONCERNS: BY MAVALANKAR DILEEP
AND BHAT RAMESH, IIM AHMEDABAD
• INDIA BRAND EQUITY FOUNDATION (IBEF), MARCH 2013, AUGUST 2013 REPORT (WWW.IBEF.ORG)
• HEALTHCARE INDIA SECTOR NOTES, MAY 2014, (WWW.IIMJOBS.COM)
• INDIAN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM – OVERVIEW AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENTS, DIRECT RESPONSE, 2013:04,
SWEDISH AGENCY FOR GROWTH POLICY ANALYSIS , WWW.GROWTHANALYSIS.SE
• INDIAN PHARMA, INC.: CAPITALIZING ON INDIA’S GROWTH POTENTIAL, www.pwc.com/India
• INDIAN PHARMA INC. CARING FUP OR NEXT LELVEL OF GROWTH, www.pwc.com/India
21. References
Websites:
• www.technopak.com
• www.kpmg.com/infrastructure
• www.ibef.org
• www.dbresearch.com
• www.dynamicverticals.com
• www.bostonanalytics.com
• www.ibm.com/healthcare/hc2015
• www.pwc.com/globalhealthcare
• www.wikepedia.com/healthcare
• www.ficci.com
• www.timeswellness.com
• www.fortishealthworld.com
• www.whoindia.org
• www.who.int
• www.mohfw.nic.in
• www.crisil.com
• www.pharmabiz.com
• www.pharma.org
Journals
• JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION
• INDIAN JOURNAL FOR THE PRACTICING DOCTOR
• JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
• INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS
• THE PHARMA REVIEW AND PHARMA TIMES
• JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL PHARMACY
Other Publications:
• MINISTRY OF HEALTH, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
• INDIAN MEDICAL COUNCIL & INDIAN DENTAL COUNCIL
• EXPRESS HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT
• INDIAN HEALTHCARE FEDERATION
• MEDICA: PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY PUBLICATIONS
• MEDICA: HEALTHCARE SERVICES PUBLICATIONS
Chapters:
• COMPETITION CONCERNS: THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY BY CUTS INTERNATIONAL
• CHAPTER 10: DRUG PRICE DIFFERENTIALS ACROSS DIFFERENT RETAIL MARKET SETTINGS: AN ANALYSIS
OF RETAIL PRICES OF 12 COMMONLY USED DRUGS: BY GODWIN S K AND VARATHARAJAN D., HEALTH
ADMINISTRATOR VOL: XIX NUMBER 1: 41-47
• HEALTHCARE POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION IN INDIA: BY SAPRU R K, STERLING PUBLICATION, II
EDITION, CHAPTER 15, PAGES 228-249.
My Books:
• Indian Health Sector and Healthcare System: A critical Insight, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing,
Germany, 2012, ISBN-10: 3659268895, ISBN-13: 978-3659268892, Prashant Mehta
• Indian Retail Analytics: An In-depth Study of Indian Retail Market, its Dimensions, Opportunities,
Problems, and Prospects, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 2012, ISBN-10: 3659147303,
ISBN-13: 978-3659147302 Prashant Mehta
My Publications:
• Legal Provisions and Management Perspectives of Biomedical and Hospital Waste in India. Journal
Club for Management Studies (JCMS),1(II), 11-36 (2014).Dr. Prashant Mehta. ISSN No : 2394 - 3033, V –
1, I – 2, 2014
• Biomedical Waste Disposal: Indian Perspective: Scholasticus, Journal of National Law University,
Jodhpur Vol. 5 No. 1, September 2007, Prashant Mehta, ISBN: 0975-1157, Indexed
Editor's Notes
My presentation is structured on three themes namely - Emerging Prospects – Challenging Problems - Waste Trail in Indian Healthcare