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Notes and Manuals > Gender Notes

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Cover Gender Notes
Promoting Gender Equality and Tackling Demographic Challenges
Jaijai Gu
,
Lisa L Kolovich
,
Jorge Mondragon
,
Monique Newiak
, and
Michael Herrmann
Two broad contrasting demographic trends present challenges for economies globally: countries with aging populations, often advanced economies and increasingly emerging markets, anticipate a significant shrinking of the labor force, with implications for growth, economic stability, and public finances. Economies with rapidly growing populations, as is the case in many low-income and developing countries, will face a burgeoning young population entering the labor market in the next decades—a large potential to reap the demographic dividend if the right skills and economic and social conditions are in place. This note highlights how gender equality, in both cases, can serve as a stabilizing factor to rebalance demographic trends. As decisions regarding fertility, human capital investment, and labor force participation are interlinked, policies should aim at relaxing households’ time and resource constraints that condition these choices. This means that, in general, in advanced economies and emerging markets, policies should facilitate women’s work–life choices and boost female participation in the labor market, whereas policies in low-income and developing countries should focus on reforms that narrow gender gaps in opportunities and support human capital accumulation.
Keywords:
Demographics; fertility; female labor force participation; gender equality; education; human capital; macroeconomic policy; IMF gender note; labor force participation; IMF Library; IMF gender Note 2024/002; tackling demographic challenge; Gender diversity; Women; Labor force participation; Gender inequality; Global; Middle East; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Hemisphere; North Africa
Cover Gender Notes
Gender and Business Cycles
Diego B. P. Gomes
This note reviews the literature on the complex relationship between gender and business cycles. It focuses on nuanced patterns that challenge the notion of gender neutrality in economic fluctuations. The note also analyzes dimensions, such as unemployment, income risk, hours worked, and responses to monetary and fiscal policy shocks, and documents distinctive disparities.
Keywords:
gender; business cycles; women's employment; men's employment; unemployment; labor force participation; fiscal policy shock; income risk; IMF library; impulse responses from monetary policy shock; cyclical sensitivity; Women; Gender inequality; Economic recession; Global
Cover Gender Notes
Integrating Gender into the IMF’s Work
Rishi Goyal
and
Ms. Ratna Sahay
This note argues that the IMF is filling a critical gap by integrating gender issues into it work. It makes the case that (i) closing gender gaps is critical for economies because they lead to underdevelopment, underutilization, and misallocation of productive human resources; and (ii) applying a gender lens to macroeconomic, financial, and structural policy design can narrow gender gaps and result in improved economic outcomes. This Note complements this argument by providing an overview of gender gaps in opportunities, outcomes, and representation; taking stock of how these gaps impact macroeconomic and financial outcomes; and identifying which polices can narrow gender gaps. It explains how narrowing gender gaps can benefit societies and outline steps countries can take to unleash the economic gains from gender equality.
Keywords:
Gender; labor markets; inquality; financial inclusion