Defining Problem

Our presentation considers the problems associated with assessment of problem-solving group work. In the experience carried out in our own classrooms with students aged 15-17 the assessment of open-ended group work is possible by means of dividing activities into phases and classifying the expected results. This building up of research routes involves a delicate process of didactical planning but it allows us to evaluate reliably through suitable grids. The production of these grids is possible if we analyse the cognitive categories implied in the development of problems set for the students. Cette communication présente les problèmes qui sont associés à l'èvaluation du travail de groupe "problem-solving". Dans les expériences réelement faites dans nos classes avec des élèves de 15-17 ans on a vu que l'evaluation du travail de groupe est possible si l'on partage les activitées en phases et on classifie les résultats que l'on s'attend. Cette construction de parcours de recherche est un moment délicat qui doit etre planifié du point de vue didactique et cela nous conduit à une évaluation plus objective par des grilles convenables. La production de ces grilles est possibles si on analyse les catégories cognitives qui sont impliquées dans le développement des problèmes prèsentes aux élèves.

After the 9/11 terrorist attacks the term "strategic communication" became widely used by political and military leaders as well. Shortly, it became a kind of a 'buzzword'. As a result, today there are many definitions in use to describe it. However, we are still facing lots of challenges if we wish to grasp the real meaning of this term. For a better understanding, and built on the research done so far, the author presents a possible interpretationof strategic communication based on some new methodologies and suggests a new approach and definition and, by his opinion, the main actors are the states and the armed forces.

A central characteristic of the modern world consists of the growing dominance of artificial over natural problems. Human accumulation of power means that we are now capable of creating and destroying many things, including ourselves. Unfortunately, our destructive capacity is out-pacing our creative one; so, the threats to humanity become more awesome than the promises. So, problems multiply faster than we can solve them and the lead-time for making decisions shrinks into nothingness.
With that deteriorating situation in mind, this study initiates a systematic definition of complex problems as the first step in an emerging problemology. This short presentation, can only scratch the surface of that large area and leave for another time an in-depth research into the subject. The present beginning is a prerequisite to any scientific treatment of problems, because it lays down the foundations for further systematic and systemic work by outlining the concept, structure, and process of problems and by doing so answer the questions related to the nature, meaning, type, location, time, and solution of the world’s most critical issues.
Accordingly, the paper consists of three parts of two chapters each, covering successively the systemic, static, and dynamic aspects of problems. The chapters deal with the form and function, content, and context, as well as period and method of this subject. Thus, although the study does not go into any depth; it does cover the field of problem analysis exhaustively and sets the basis for more detailed and specialized research later.

Border Control

Effective governments have strong borders. The national government decides which persons and goods shall enter and which shall not. Failure to control a country’s borders leaves the wealth creating process inside the country open to any disruption from outside trends.

The above scenario is the situation that i should site a discreet example, by that i've chosen the issue of the Spratly island as my discussion.

Task: Policy Analysis

The answers were sought out of the following queries:

What went well?
What went wrong?
What was done to counter the emerging problems?

The paper outlines the factors influencing the resilience of a policy solution in changing political context and moving definition of the public problem it aims at solving. The role of industrial actors in the promotion of a policy solution and their ability to adapt their narratives to changing situations is highlighted based on the definition of carbon capture and storage (CCS) as a policy solution against climate change between 1997 and 2017. The argumentative work at play is central to adapt a policy proposal but it also needs to be supported by the resources of policy entrepreneurs on the one hand, and by scientific justification on the other. I show the strategies the actors followed to promote and maintain their policy solution into the institutional agenda despite successive disappointments. I compared the development of CCS in Europe and in North America to show that a policy solution’s sustainability is determined by the organization and resources of its promoters, its ability to resist to critics and to adapt to problem definition and political context. I focus on the case of France to highlight that political attention does not determined the institutional support, even if a window of opportunity is necessary to initially introduce a new policy solution.

To identify and conceptualize research problems in science, philosophers and often scientists rely on classical accounts of problems that focus on intellectual problems commonly defined in relation to theories. Recently, philosophers have begun to study the structures and functions of research problems not defined in relation to theories. Furthermore, scientists have long pursued research problems often labeled as practical or applied. As yet, no account of problems specifies the description of both so-called intellectual problems and so-called applied problems. This paper proposes a new conceptual framework of problems that accounts both for intellectual aspects of problems and for their practical or applied aspects. I illustrate the account with an example of a recent research project from evolutionary biology, and I indicate further routes by which to develop the account, especially in connection to empirical studies of science.

A complication is an event or occurrence that is associated with a disease or a healthcare intervention, is a departure from the desired course of events, and may cause, or be associated with, suboptimal outcome. A complication does not necessarily represent a breech in the standard of care that constitutes medical negligence or medical malpractice. An operative or procedural complication is any complication, regardless of cause, occurring (1) within 30 days after surgery or intervention in or out of the hospital, or (2) after 30 days during the same hospitalization subsequent to the operation or intervention. Operative and procedural complications include both intraoperative/intraprocedural complications and postoperative/ postprocedural complications in this time interval. The MultiSocietal Database Committee for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease has set forth a comprehensive list of complications associated with the treatment of patients with congenital cardiac disease, related to cardiac, pulmonary, renal, haematological, infectious, neurological, gastrointestinal, and endocrinal systems, as well as those related to the management of anaesthesia and perfusion, and the transplantation of thoracic organs. The objective of this manuscript is to examine the definitions of operative morbidity as they relate specifically to the cardiac system. These specific definitions and terms will be used to track morbidity associated with surgical and transcatheter interventions and other forms of therapy in a common language across many separate databases.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal propor e discutir a produção e o uso de Histórias em Quadrinhos (HQs) como um processo de codificação-problematização-descodificação da realidade existencial da comunidade escolar local, de forma a explorar pedagogicamente processos de superação, tanto de concepções, quanto de práticas culturais restritivas e desumanizadoras. Desta forma espera-se que através da análise crítica das HQs produzidas a partir da realidade local, o professor de Ciências e/ou Biologia possa proporcionar um movimento conscientizador dos alunos frente às suas visões de mundo e aos fenômenos naturais, possibilitando a aprendizagem significativa e a busca pela transformação social da realidade.

In linguistics, onomatopoeic words, which constitute one of the
main areas of sound symbolism, differ from other words in the
language in terms of their phonological, morphological and semantic
features. The selection and sequence of phonemes in onomatopoeic
words often evoke non-linguistic references in terms of the harmony
between sound and meaning. Therefore, each of these phonemes has
semantic features that can give an idea about the characteristic
features of the non-linguistic reference. Making definitions by paying
attention to these features in lexicographic treatment of onomatopoeic
words provides reliability in terms of giving the correct meaning and
usage of such words in dictionaries.
There is a certain number of onomatopoeic words in the
vocabulary of every language. However, research shows that such
words do not have the same phonemes in every language and that
there are some differences between them in terms of structure and
semantics. This situation regarding onomatopoeic words causes some
difficulties especially in finding the correct equivalence in translation
between languages. These difficulties are also present for both
dictionary editors and users in bilingual dictionaries prepared in the
form of giving lexical equivalence from one language to another.
Dictionary makers experience these difficulties during the definition
or matching (finding equivalence) of onomatopoeic words in two
different languages, while dictionary users are exposed to this
situation when searching what an onomatopoeic word in their native
language corresponds to in another language or what a onomatopoeic
word in another language means in their native language.
In this study, by emphasizing the characteristics of onomatopoeic
words, their lexicographic appearances in bilingual dictionaries and
the difficulties encountered during their translation from one language
to another will be discussed based on the data in the Redhouse
Turkish-English/English-Turkish Dictionary.

Le chapitre vise l'analyse critique de la définition de la transition énergétique par les acteurs engagés autour de quatre exemples de projets de développement d'hydrocarbures non conventionnels en France et au Québec. L'étude démontre la montée en puissance d'une définition de la transition par la relocalisation des sites de production d'hydrocarbures qui s'appuie sur la faible capacité de mobilisation de certains territoires et sur des caractéristiques matérielles des ressources visées et des technologies employées pour justifier leur place dans le mix énergétique. L'analyse des choix énergétiques nationaux a exposé leur caractère très politique qu'il soit technocratique (Topçu, 2013), centralisé (Evrard, 2013) ou autoritaire (Mitchell, 2013). En revanche le terrain des hydrocarbures français et québécois a été peu investi (à l'exception de Chateauraynaud et Debaz, 2013 pour la France, et de Chailleux, 2017 pour le Québec) en matière de scénarios énergétiques alors que c'est un secteur économique et d'action publique qui connait des turbulences depuis la fin des années 2000 avec le développement des hydrocarbures non conventionnels. De plus, c'est un objet particulièrement pertinent à étudier au regard de la transition énergétique puisque la consommation d'énergie fossile est responsable du réchauffement climatique que la transition énergétique doit permettre d'atténuer. Ce chapitre étudie les stratégies des acteurs pour imposer leur discours comme traduction politique légitime des enjeux de transition énergétique. Cette focale sur les discours fait écho aux études sur les processus de cadrage de la transition énergétique qui soulignent la puissance d'un récit dominant pour orienter l'action publique (voir notamment Edberg, Tarasova, 2016 sur la place du nucléaire dans la transition énergétique finnoise, Curran, 2012 sur les récits concurrents à propos des énergies renouvelables en

Problem desciption can be a thorny task, especially if we want others to work on our problems based on our description, for example when we are crowdsourcing solutions. This short essay provides somes basic guidelines for successful problem-descriptions.

A new method to discern which definitions of technical terms are correct, by contextualizing academic fields such as e-learning and English as a Foreign Language into their actual cultural/institutional, disciplinary, and temporal/historical dimensions.

Ostensibly, the more details provided in the definition – the less ambiguous it becomes. But this is not true. Actually, the more details provided the more prone is the definition to be ambiguous. A definition must strive to be both minimal and aesthetic. In this sense it is much like a scientific theory. It talks about the match or the correlation between language and reality. Reality is parsimonious and to reflect it, definitions must be as parsimonious as it is.

Design problems are often presented as structured briefs with detailed constraints and requirements, suggesting a fixed definition. However, past studies have identified the importance of exploring design problems for creative design outcomes. Previous protocol studies of designers has shown that problems can “co-evolve” with the development of solutions during the design process. But to date, little evidence has been provided about how designers systematically explore presented problems to create better solutions. In this study, we conducted a qualitative analysis of 252 design problems collected from publically available sources, including award-winning product designs and open-source design competitions. This database offers an independent sample of presented problems, designers’ alternative problem descriptions, and innovative solutions. We report the results of this large-scale qualitative analysis aimed at characterizing changes to problems during the design process. Inductive...

Sažetak: U 20. veku se došlo do saznanja da edukativno-prosvećujuća funkcija humanističkih nauka ostaje bez rezultata i preti da u krajnjoj liniji izgubi svoj smisao, ukoliko se te nauke prethodno ne edukuju i prosvete u odnosu na same sebe. To podrazumeva, da kao što je filozofija jezika pri svom traganju za istinom promenom klasične jezičke paradigme prestala da devalvira sebe i time otvorila vrata novom vrednovanju duhovno samoubilačkog relativizma i subjektivizma, tako je i drugim humanističkim naukama za preporučiti da se temeljno preispitaju i konsoliduju u tom smislu. U ovom teoretskom ogledu se naglasak stavlja na  diskusiju o tome u kojoj meri bi jezičko-filozofska teorija definicionizma i sa njene strane postulirana konstanta čovekovog duhovnog bića, semiotička trijada „jezik-svest-stvarnost”, mogle da budu korisne za druge socijalne i duhovne nauke i za njihovo traganje za istinom.
Ključne reči: teorija definicionizma, semiotička trijada čovekovog duhovnog bića „jezik-svest-stvarnost”, apsolutna istina, jezička filozofija

We all always faces small and big problems in our lifetime. All people face the problem and also solve it. Sometimes someone encounters a small problem, someone gets caught in a big problem. But the problem is a problem. And it should be resolved. Whenever someone encounters a problem, he either solves it himself or takes help from someone else. No matter how big a problem it is, it has a solution. There is no such problem in the world, which cannot be solved. We just have to calm our minds, control ourselves, and find solutions to it.

The redefinition of what philosophy is generalizes the Nietzschean experiment. Indeed, if loving is more than mere endurance of a worthy cause or state and wisdom a perceiving unto understanding-not a consolation from a fear of the deprived-and possession as not knowing but living, seeking the expanse, the settled mind, desperate concession, must forgo both the unfulfilled and the innocent sight debauching not that alive beside what proclamations conjure. Thus, no presupposition can or ought to substitute the immediate and momentous living, for to supplant the life-as-is with whatever is that the imagination or longing satiate state would assert beyond the experienceable as de facto rescinds freedom and legitimizes such depictions, metaphysical assessments, only as faux while bearing but an author's testament.

Аннотация. В данной статье автор рассматривает наличие рас-
ширительного определения термина «религия» в трудах предста-
вителей русского православного богословия XX в.: П. А. Флоренского, С. Н. Булгакова и В. Ф. Рассматривая разработанные богословами варианты дефиниций, автор приходит к выводу, что определения соответствуют современной религиозной картине. Они включают в себя такие аспекты, как терапевтическую и компенсаторную функции религии, индивидуализм, отсутствие какой-то конкретной границы религиозного и, используя терминологию П. Тиллиха, могут иметь конечный предельный интерес.

In this article the author review availability of a broad definition of the term “religion” in the works of Russian scholars of the 20th century: by Pavel Alexandrovich Florensky, Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov and  Valentin Felixovich Voyno-Yasenetsky. Reviewing these definitions, the author reveals definitions’s  aspects, which conform to Modern Religiosity: therapeutic and compensatory functions of religion, individualism, lack of borders in the religiosity and finite ultimate concern by Paul Tillich.

You can design and create, and build the most wonderful place in the world. But it takes people to make the dream a reality.
— Walt Disney
Many people within the design community are motivated by the conviction that “(In general) design’s primary purpose is to help make the world a better place” (Kusz, 2010, p.29). We, the authors, intend to shift the focus of designers from the materialistic to humanistic perspective through co-designing (Sanders et al, 2008), so as to enable them to engage in socially responsible designing.
However, various definitions exist for socially responsible designing. Therefore, we begin by firstly comparing different contexts in which the term ‘design’ is being used. Jones states ‘designing is the initiation of change in man-made things’ (Jones, 1970: 3). Jones’ concern is the appreciation and manipulation of consequences brought about through design outputs and how design methods can best support the designer in manipulating and manifesting a desired change. Mayall defines design as ‘a process of change, an activity undertaken not only to meet changing circumstances, but also to bring about changes to those circumstances by the nature of the product it creates’ (Mayal, 1979:121). From the understanding of Jones and Mayall’s work, Spencer defines design as, “the purposeful activity initiated by the recognition of a perceived problem or opportunity, which through the application of energy, skill and resources leads to re-arranging our reality, set against a particular contextual backdrop of broader change so that the changes facilitate value and benefit to an identifiable quantity of people who come into contact with the changes” (Spencer, 2008).
On the other hand, Victor Papanek defines design as “…the conscious and intuitive effort to impose meaningful order” and that design process is “the placing and patterning of any act towards a desired, foreseeable end”. Papanek states that “design is basic to all human activities” and “all men are designers” (Papanek , 2000: 3). He addresses the conscience of the designer and argues that designers should seek to make a positive contribution to society and the environment. Victor Papanek reviewed Whiteley’s work ‘Design for Society’ and stated that it “would refocus the discussion from style to need and human issues” (Papanek, 1995).
Both schools of thought appreciate design as a process of creating something new and bringing some kind of change. The former; ‘design as professional approach’ does not necessarily mean that change brought by design may improve society. On the other hand, the latter; ‘design as life style’ approach defines design based on its quality of improving society. Young, Cooper and Blair classify designers in three separate groups based on different levels of design activities (Young et.al., 2001). ‘Design within a context’ includes a set of activities, skills and tangible conscious outcomes with certain meaning (aesthetic, creative, innovative etc.). This work has been characterised as the first level of design and functions at the tactical level of product or artefacts. ‘Designing context’ includes sets of processes (methods, tools and procedures) for outcomes that have definitions and a technically logical rationale. This has been characterised by Young as the second level of design which operates at the strategic systems and service level. ‘Design of context’ is the more general activity of creating change, irrespective of means, ways and resources. This level of design shapes policies and creates meaning and purpose for design activities.
Under this umbrella of thought, exploring socially responsible design becomes much more structured into two approaches.
1. Design used to create artefacts and products that benefit people and society at large through their use, interaction and ecological fit.
2. Design used at systems and policy levels to shape the circumstances that affect design activities and redefine its context.
Any activity, (not just design) can be sorted into these two approaches to social responsibility based on the content, the context, the process used and the output.
The first approach includes ‘working well’, ‘knowing ‘how’ to execute a project, practising work ethics, understanding different aspects of how the work is done, innovating within the boundaries and even outside the boundaries of work to generate a successful outcome. Awareness and consciousness through this approach are based on the aspects of the project, its outcomes and consequences that may be generated from long-term interactions with the outcomes. It includes obeying the law, following a vision set by the organisation and ultimately benefitting the cause for which the work was established in the first place. In the context of business, Levitt warns that “corporate welfare makes good sense if it makes good economic sense but if something does not make economic sense, sentiment or idealism should not be considered”.  Friedman supports this definition and claims that “social responsibility of business is to increase its profit” (Friedman, 2007).
The second approach includes ‘doing a bit extra’. This includes knowing ‘why’; the purpose behind a project, understanding the repercussions of the content, context, process and contributing beyond the norms and legal requirements. This does not necessarily mean surpassing objectives but making a distinction between decisions and choosing the ones which take care of long term consequences. In the business context, Friedman condemns this school of thought as socialist and warns such thoughts could be harmful for businesses economics (Friedman, 2007). Nevertheless they are highly likely to benefit the social and environmental wellbeing of the communities that they refer to. This form of designing is known as co-designing and is making an increasingly important contribution to various contexts of social need, (Sanders & Sappers, 2008).

The article is dedicated to the semiotic aspects of the procedure of definition, and among all there
are pointed out the issues, concerned with the defining complex notions. The importance of definition
to the organization of interdisciplinary type of knowledge is demonstrated, along with the semiotic
aspects of definition as the communicating activity. By introducing the concept of “semiotic commitment”
the way of eliminating metaphysics is proposed as well as the possibility of ostensive definitions
of complex notions (e.g. definition of religion). The argument is put forward according to which
the meaningfulness of complex notions result from their semiotic organization, while definition is not
only the selection of definiens to the definiendum, but also vice versa. “Religion” treated in a semiotic
way may be understood as principle of organizing multifold notions conceptualized by varied lexis
(e.g. ritual, namaz etc.) into the certain classes.

i nostri strumenti operativi e istituzionali sono inadeguati alla scala dei problemi che le nostre comunità devono affrontare: occorre partire dalla scala dei problemi per costruire strumenti nuovi di governo e di operatività: la scala è quella della bioregione del Nord Per una nuova architettura istituzionale Le territoire n'est pas une chose, mais un ensemble de rélations (A. Magnaghi) 1. Dimensione globale dei fenomeni e strumenti locali per affrontarli Quando pensiamo al territorio, noi tendiamo a ragionare partendo da definizione amministrative o politiche che, per lo più, hanno origine dalla storia: normalmente ci riferiamo al territorio del comune, di una provincia, di una regione o di uno stato nazionale. Stiamo ancora utilizzando concetti e strumenti che si riferiscono alle suddivisioni amministrative e politiche introdotte nei primi decenni del Regno d'Italia: come i Comuni e le Province; o create nel 1947 con la Costituzione repubblicana: come le Regioni. Chi concepì l'architettura istituzionale che noi abbiamo ereditato e diamo per scontata, intendeva rispondere all' esigenza di costruire le nuove strutture di un nuovo stato nazionale (per i padri costituenti: una nuova repubblica) a partire da un progetto politico che vedeva nello stato-nazione l'ambito in cui si sarebbero affrontati tutti i problemi. In altri termini, ci muoviamo ancora all'interno di un'architettura istituzionale concepita quasi due secoli fa, da uomini che avevano una visione del mondo profondamente diversa dalla nostra e credevano che gli stati-nazione fossero i soggetti della storia. Una visione del mondo basata su un' ideologia nazionalista che ha causato un paio di guerre mondiali e ha dato origine alle peggiori dittature della storia dell'umanità, che rispondeva a un sapere scientifico meccanicista, molto lontano dalla cultura scientifica di oggi. Uno degli aspetti di quella cultura era la scala dei problemi politico-istituzionali che si proponeva di risolvere, limitata all'orizzonte nazionale-inteso come stato-nazione; problemi e fenomeni più vasti erano considerati come semplice e ineluttabile dato naturale. L'enorme espansione del sapere e della tecnologia del XX secolo, che ci consentono oggi, per la prima volta, di agire su scala globale, producendo effetti anche radicali su scala planetaria, è avvenuta tutta all'interno di un contesto istituzionale ancora fortemente marcato dagli stati-nazione. Nel corso del Novecento, si è sempre più approfondita la frattura tra la scala nazionale su cui potevano operare una cultura e un' architettura istituzionali concepiti nell'Ottocento e soggetti economici che, utilizzando la potenza tecnologica consentita dal sapere scientifico e dalle sue applicazioni, sono in grado di agire su una scala globale e produrre effetti su scala planetaria, che i dispositivi giuridici e istituzionali propri degli stati-nazione, così come i loro funzionari, i politici e gli amministratori non riescono neppure a vedere.. La gran parte di loro ha continuato a occuparsi di ciò che aveva imparato a fare, senza neppure rendersi conto che l'ordine di grandezza e la natura dei problemi con cui si confrontano le loro comunità sono cambiati, finendo per non vederli neppure più e continuando a girare nella ruota del criceto di procedure, scelte e decisioni sempre meno efficaci. Era inevitabile che questi istituti e persone perdessero progressivamente la presa su un numero crescente di fenomeni di scala più vasta. E' vero che, dopo il massacro della prima guerra mondiale, e ancor di più durante e dopo la seconda guerra mondiale, la miglior cultura politica ha nel frattempo dato vita a nuove istituzioni, in grado di affrontare problemi di scala più ampia di quelli nazionali, e persino di scala globale: ONU, OMS, FAO, ILO, UNESCO, WTO, Unione Africana, Commonweath, NATO, UE ecc. ci hanno dato innumerevoli prove dell'utilità ed efficacia di un approccio coordinato ai problemi globali. La pandemia in corso ha dimostrato che organismi come l'OMS, dedicato a elaborare strategie di coordinamento e linee guida dedicate alla prevenzione delle malattie e alla promozione della salute su scala planetaria, non sono solo preziosi, ma assolutamente indispensabili; così come gli innumerevoli conflitti locali in cui l'ONU è intervenuta, con le sue forze di interposizione e le capacità di mediazione diplomatica, hanno dimostrato la necessità di quell'organismo per mantenere la pace (anche se negli ultimi vent'anni 20 agosto 2020 Pagina di 1 7

The most dangerous of these vague words is shamanism.’
As the famous Arnold van Gennep wrote these words 1903, the term shamanism was already known for nearly 200 years in the western science – although the phenomenon wasn’t as old as many researchers would have guessed at the time. Having been translated from an exiled Russian priest and being used as Terminus Technicus for religious specialists all over Siberia shortly thereafter, the word very quickly became a stereotype rather than a description of reality. For this reason, van Gennep warned scientists that using the term could be problematic. Now, more than one hundred years after his words, shamanism is still a term often used to identify deviant burials in archaeology, commonly used synonymous to other terms like ‘priest’, ‘wise man/woman’, ‘healer’, ‘medicine man’ and most often handled as phenomenon with a very wide definition. In the planned paper, which is a summary of a PhD about the same theme published in 2015 in Germany, the problems of this tradition will be shown, referring to two exemplary cases, the well-known German ‘Shaman from Bad Dürrenberg’ and ‘Kyss’, the jakutian grave of a young woman.

Even though a lot of public money and well-intended effort is invested to help multi-problem families (MPFs), success seems to be limited. The help that is offered to these families by a diverse set of organisations and professionals is fragmented. This is one of the obstacles for effectiveness (JoosseBil et al., 2019). Collaborative networks of the involved professionals and organisations are promoted as solutions for overcoming the obstacle of fragmentation (Levi-Faur, 2012). However, research has shown that collaboration between actors around wicked problems, such as the MPF-issue, does not happen naturally. This is due to the existence of different perspectives on what the problem actually is and how it should be solved (Klijn & Koppenjan, 2016). This study analyses the development of problem solution definitions (PSDs) for MPFs within a Dutch collaborative integrated approach called Zorg- & Veiligheidshuis (ZVH). ZVH are initiatives where professionals from care and security organisations collaborate to address complex issues, such as MPFs. This study answers the following research question: How do problem definitions and possible solutions for MPFs evolve in the working processes of the ZVH (aimed to increase collaboration and integrated approaches)? A qualitative research method is adopted to conduct a multiple case study of several ZVH. We assume that PSDs evolve through interpretations by professionals. The interpretive process in which meaning is attributed to ‘the problem’ and ‘the solution’ of MPFs is studied by conducting semi-structured interviews with sixteen process managers of several ZVH-locations. The focus is on process managers because of their connecting role between the professional actors of the ZVH–network. One additional MPF-case study is conducted by interviewing three family members, one district agent and the involved process manager in order to test the results of the aforementioned multiple case study. From the interviews with the process-managers it can be concluded that the professionals of the ZVH-network develop their PSDs from individual points of reference. As a result, multiple diverging and sometimes conflicting PSDs evolve around one family in which each PSD emphasises a different element of the issue. This study argues (in line with Joosse-Bil et al., 2019) that such a separate approach does not suit the emergent and wicked nature of an MPF. Furthermore, the diverging and conflicting relationship between PSDs challenges the formulation of an integrated approach to MPFs. This study also gives insight in how, according to the process-manager, the individual professionals’ PSDs unfold into more integrated approaches. The family case analysis gives insight into which conditions do or do not contribute to the formulation of a collaborative integrated approach that suits the complex nature of an MPF. This single case study supported earlier insights that effectiveness is clearly related to the variable ‘do family member feel that they are taken seriously’. The study reveals that the following factors contribute to a better fit between the PSDs of the professionals involved, the family members on which the involvement is targeted, and the complex nature of the issues at stake: 1. Tap into the self-organising capacity of the family members, 2. Acknowledge the emergence of the system elements, 3. Stimulate symbiotic co-evolution, 4. Use boundary spanning activities. This study argues that when these four principles, in line with the complex system theory, are taken into account, the MPF-issue will be defined and addressed in a less fragmented way. This opens up the opportunity to more effectively deal with MPF-issues. In this way, this study aims to contribute to the realisation of long-term solutions for MPFs. Further research has to focus on the question whether or not a really applied integrated approach is the answer to more effectiveness. This is a hypothesis still open for testing.

Intuition is commonly understood as knowledge acquired directly, immediately, self-referentially, non-conceptually, without the intercession of the intellect, unmediated by academic or scientific methodologies, or formal, disciplined, logical discourse. In this paper we examine how intuition works within creative process, particularly artistic, by way of Henri Bergson's initial theorisation of intuition in Creative Evolution (L'Évolution créatrice, 1907, trans. 1944) and A Study in Metaphysics: The Creative Mind (La Pensée et le mouvant, 1934, trans. 1970) and its subsequent elaboration by Gilles Deleuze in Bergsonism (Le Bergsonisme, 1966, trans. 1991). We explicate how intuition as a method results from a progressive reduction of the separation between the virtual and the actual as the convergent movement of thought which brings together the ideal and the material as pure process within artistic practices. We posit intuition in terms of appropriate problematising, differentiating and temporalising within the creative procession into novelty and the advancement of invention. We consider the immediacy of intuitive knowledge as the adequation of the positing of the problem and its fitting solution as well as the pedagogical aspects of intuition which emerge immanently actualised through the reproduction and transmittal of knowledge.