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1977 in paleontology

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

List of years in paleontology (table)
In science
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
+...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1977.

Plants

[edit]

Ferns

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Synonymized taxa Notes Images

Anemia gunni[2]

Sp nov

Valid

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

An anemiaceous fern

Anemia gunni

Lygodium larsoni[2]

Sp nov

jr synonym

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A Lygodium species fern.
Synonymized with Lygodium kaulfussi.[3]

Cyathea inequilateralis[2]

Comb nov

valid

(Hollick) Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A Cyathea species tree fern.
Moved from Pteris inequilateralis (1936)[5]

Cyathea inequilateralis

Dryopteris alaskana[2]

Comb nov

valid

(Hollick) Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A Dryopteris species fern.
Moved in part from Asplenium alaskanum (1936)[5]
Possibly actually belonging to Thelypteridaceae.[3]

Dryopteris alaskana

Conifers

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Synonymized taxa Notes Images

Pinus peregrinus[6]

Sp nov

Valid

Hickey

Clarkforkian

Golden Valley Formation
Bear Den Member

 USA
 North Dakota

Angiosperms

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Synonymized taxa Notes Images

Alangium bergensis[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A dogwood relative.

Alangium oregonensis[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Eocene

Bridge Creek Flora

 USA
 Oregon

A dogwood relative.

Allophylus duktothensis[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A soap berry relative.

Alnus martini[2]

Sp nov

Valid

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

An alder species.

Alnus martini

Anamirta milleri[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A moon seed relative.

Anamirta milleri

Calkinsia dilleri[2]

Comb nov

(Knowlton) Wolfe

Eocene

 USA
 Oregon

A moon seed relative.
Moved from Calkinsia dilleri (1968)[7]

Calkinsia plafkeri[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A moon seed relative.

Calkinsia plafkeri

Camelia oregona[2]

Comb nov

(Chaney & Sanborn) Wolfe

Eocene
Middle Eocene

Fisher Formation
"Goshen flora"

 USA
 Oregon

A theaceous relative.
Moved from Ilex oregona (1933)

Cinnamomophyllum bendirei[2]

Comb nov

(Knowlton) Wolfe

Eocene

Bridge Creek Flora

 USA
 Oregon

A lauraceous relative.
Moved from Sassafras bendirei (1940)[7]

Cinnamomophyllum eocernua[2]

Comb nov

(Chaney & Sanborn) Wolfe

Eocene
Middle Eocene

Fisher Formation
"Goshen flora"

 USA
 Oregon

A lauraceous relative.
Moved from Octoea eocernua (1933)

Cinnamomophyllum kushtakensis[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A lauraceous relative.

Cinnamomophyllum latum[2]

Comb nov

(MacGinitie) Wolfe

Late Eocene

Ione Formation

 USA
 California

A lauraceous relative.
Moved from Litsea lata (1952)[4]
First named Neolitsea lata (1941)

Cinnamomophyllum latum

Dicotylophyllum carbonensis[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A "dicot" of unknown affinity.

Dicotylophyllum kummerensis[2]

Comb nov

jr synonym

(Wolfe) Wolfe

Late Eocene
"Upper Ravenian"

Puget Group
"below Cashman bed" Loc 9731

 USA
 Washington

A dicot of uncertain affinity.
Moved from Artocarpoides kummerensis 1968.[7]
Moved to Republica kummerensis (1987)[8]

Doona? chaneyi[7]

Comb nov

valid

(Potbury) Wolfe

Latest Eocene-Earliest Oligocene

La Porte Tuff

 USA
 California

A Shorea (syn "Doona") species.
Moved from Rhamnidium chaneyi (1935)[9]

Dracontomelon sanbornae[2]

Sp nov

valid

Wolfe

Middle Eocene

Fisher Formation
"Comstock flora"

 USA
 Oregon

An anacardiaceous species.

Euodia alaskana[2]

Sp nov

Valid

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A Euodia species.

Euptelea orientalis[2]

Comb nov

valid

(Sanborn) Wolfe

Middle Eocene

Fisher Formation
"Comstock flora"

 USA
 Oregon

A eupteleaceous species.
Moved from Diospyros orientalis (1935)

Fagopsis groenlandica[2]

Comb nov

Jr synonym

(Heer) Wolfe

Eocene

 Greenland

A fagaceous relative.
Moved from Quercophyllum groenlandicus (1963)

Fagus oregona[2]

Comb nov

Jr synonym

(Chaney & Sanborn) Wolfe

Eocene

 USA
 Oregon

A fagaceous relative.
Moved from Tetracera oregona (1933)

Fortunearia weedi[2]

Comb nov

valid

(Sanborn) Wolfe

Middle Eocene

Yellowstone Formation

 USA
 Wyoming

A hamamelidaceous species.
Moved from Quercus weedii (1899)

Goweria alaskana[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

An icacinaceous species.

Heteromeles cuprovallis[2]

Comb nov

(Axelrod) Wolfe

Late Eocene

Copper Basin Flora

 USA

An toyon species.
Moved from Salix cuprovallis (1966)

Ilex carbonensis[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A holly species.

Kandelia wangi[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A mangrove species.

Limacia stenophylla[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A moon seed relative.

Limacia stenophylla

Litseaphyllum[2]

Gen et Sp et comb nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A lauraceous morphogenus.
The genus includes L. carbonensis, L. katallaensis L. schorni
New combinations moved from Cryptocarya presamarensis (1935),
Laurus similis (1900),
Magnolia californica (1935),
Nectandra presanguinea (1933),
Persea praelingue (1935)

Luvunga spatioea[2]

Comb nov

valid

(Hollick) Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A citrus relative.
Moved from Persea spatiosa (1936)[5]

Mastixia irregularis[2]

Comb nov

(Hollick) Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A tuplo relative.
Moved from Cornus irregularis (1936)

Melanorrhoea alaskana[2]

Comb nov

Jr synonym

(Hollick) Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

An anacardioid relative.
Moved from Semecarpus alaskana (1936)
Recombined as Gluta alaskana.

Meliosma duktothensis[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A sabiaceous species.

Miquelia californica[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Ione Formation

 USA
 California

An icacinaceous species.

Nelumbo aureavallis[6]

Sp nov

Valid

Hickey

Ypresian

Golden Valley Formation
Camels Butte Member

 USA
 North Dakota

A water lilly

Palaeophytocrene elytraeformis[2]

Comb nov

(Hollick) Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

An icacinaceous species.
Moved from Carpolithes elytraeformis (1936)

Parashorea cashmanensis[2]

Comb nov

(Wolfe) Wolfe

Late Eocene
"Upper Ravenian"

Puget Group
"below Cashman bed" Loc 9731

 USA
 Washington

A Parashorea dipterocarpaceous species.
Moved from Rhamnites cashmanensis (1968).[7]

Paratinomiscium[2]

Gen et comb nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A moon seed relative.
The type species is Hampea conditionalis (1936)[5]

Paratinomiscium conditionalis

Peltandra primaeva[6]

Sp nov

Valid

Hickey

Ypresian

Golden Valley Formation
Camels Butte Member loc. 14048

 USA
 North Dakota

An arrow arum species.

Phytocrene acutissima[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

An icacinaceous species.

Plafkeria[2]

Nom et comb nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Renton Formation

 USA
 Washington

A tiliaceous genus.
A replacement genus name for "Willisia" Wolfe (1968)
The type species is "W." rentonensis.
Also includes P. obliquifolia (1925)

Platanus comstocki[2]

Comb nov

valid

(Sanborn) Wolfe

Middle Eocene

Fisher Formation
"Comstock flora"

 USA
 Oregon

A plane tree species.
Moved from Mallotus comstocki (1935)

Platanus macginitiei[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Middle Eocene

Fisher Formation
"Goshen flora"

 USA
 Oregon

A plane tree species.
New species for "Platanus aceroides" (Chaney & Sanborn 1933)

Platycarya pseudobrauni[2]

Comb nov

valid

(Hollick) Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

Fraxinus lateralis (1936)
Planera aquaticiformis (1936)

A Platycarya species.
Moved from Ulmus pseudobraunii (1936)

Platycarya pseudobrauni

Porosia[6]

Gen et comb nov

Hickey

Ypresian

Golden Valley Formation
Bear Den Member loc. 14056a

 USA
 North Dakota

A bur-reed.
A new genus for Carpites verrucosa (1878)

Prunus axelrodi[2]

Comb et nom nov

(Axelrod) Wolfe

Late Eocene

Copper Basin Flora

 USA

A cherry/plum species.
Moved from Euonymus nevadensis (1966)
new specific name given as Prunus nevadensis preoccupied.

Rubus eolaciniata[10]

Comb nov

(MacGinitie) Tanai & Wolfe

Early - early Middle Miocene

Weaverville Formation

 USA
 California

A blackberry leaf morphospecies.
First named as Ulmus eolaciniate (1937)

Pterocarya orientalis[2]

Comb nov

(MacGinitie) Wolfe

Late Oligocene

 USA
 Oregon

A wing nut species.
Moved from Juglans orientalis (1937)

Sageretia laurinea[2]

Comb nov

(Lesquereux) Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

An icacinaceous species.
Moved from Phyllites laurinea (1941)

Salix carbonensis[2]

Sp nov

Valid

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A willow species.

Salix coatsi[2]

Comb nov

(Axelrod) Wolfe

Late Eocene

Copper Basin Flora

 USA

A willow species.
Moved from Lithocarpus coatsi (1966)

Sorbus carbonensis[2]

Sp nov

Valid

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A mountain ash species.

Sparganium parvum[6]

Sp nov

Hickey

Ypresian

Golden Valley Formation
Bear Den Member loc. 14056a

 USA
 North Dakota

A bur-reed

Stemonurus alaskanus[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A stemonuraceous species.

Tetracentron piperoides[2]

Comb nov

Valid?

(Lesquereux) Wolfe

Late Eocene

Ione Formation

 USA
 California

A Tetracentron species.
Moved from Cercidiphyllum piperoides (1952)[4]

Tetracentron piperoides

Tilia carbonensis[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A tiliaceous species.

Ulmus chaneyi[10]

Sp nov

valid

Tanai & Wolfe

Eocene
Rupelian

John Day Formation
Bridge Creek Flora

 USA
 Oregon

An Elm leaf morphospecies.

Ulmus knowltoni[10]

Sp nov

valid

Tanai & Wolfe

Miocene

"Collawash Flora"

 USA
 Oregon

An Elm leaf morphospecies.

Zelkova browni[10]

Sp nov

valid

Tanai & Wolfe

Miocene

"Collawash Flora"

 USA
 Oregon

synonymy

An Elm leaf morphospecies.

Zizyphus alaskanus[2]

Sp nov

Wolfe

Late Eocene

Kulthieth Formation

 USA
 Alaska

A buckthorn relative.

Invertebrates

[edit]

Mollusks

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images

Fordilla sibirica[11]

sp nov

jr synonym

Krasilova

Early Cambrian

Tyuser Formation

 Russia

An early bivalve species.
Synonym of Fordilla troyensis.

Conodonts

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images

Vjalovognathus[12]

Nom et comb nov

valid

Kozur

Fish

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images

Amyzon aggregatum[13]

Sp nov

Valid

Wilson

Eocene
Ypresian

Okanagan Highlands
Horsefly Shales

 Canada
 British Columbia

An Amyzon species catostomid

Eosalmo[13]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Wilson

Eocene
Ypresian

Okanagan Highlands
Driftwood Shales

 Canada
 British Columbia

A basal salmonid relative.
The type species is E. driftwoodensis

Eosalmo driftwoodensis

Libotonius[13]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Wilson

Eocene
Ypresian

Okanagan Highlands
Allenby Formation

 Canada
 British Columbia

A libotoniid sand roller relative.
The type species is L. blakeburnensis

Priscacara aquilonia[13]

Sp nov

Valid

Wilson

Eocene
Ypresian

Okanagan Highlands
Horsefly Shales

 Canada
 British Columbia

A Priscacara species temperate bass.

Archosauriformes

[edit]

Non-avian dinosaurs

[edit]

Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.[14]

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images

Fulengia[15]

Gen et sp nov

Nomen dubium

Carroll & Galton

Early Jurassic

Lufeng Formation

 China

Possible synonym of Lufengosaurus.

Opisthocoelicaudia[16]

Gen et sp Nov

Valid

Borsuk-Bialynicka

Late Cretaceous
Maastrichtian

Nemegt Formation

 Mongolia

A saltasaurid Titanosaur.

Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii

Othnielia[17]

Gen et comb nov

jr synonym

Galton

Late Jurassic
(Kimmeridgian - Tithonian)

Morrison Formation

 USA
( Colorado)

JR synonym of Nanosaurus agilis.

Nanosaurus agilis

Piveteausaurus[18]

Gen et comb nov

Valid

Taquet & Welles

Middle Jurassic (Callovian)

Marnes de Dives Formation

 France

A Megalosaur.
Moved from Eustreptospondylus divesensis (1964)

Piveteausaurus divesensis

Saichania[19]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Maryańska

Late Cretaceous
(Maastrichtian)

Barun Goyot Formation

 Mongolia

An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid

Saichania chulsanensis

"Shanshanosaurus"[20]

Gen et sp nov

Jr synonym

Zhiming

Late Cretaceous
(Campanian - Maastrichtian

Subashi Formation

 China

A theropod.
The type species is S. huoyanshanensis.
Junior synonym of Tarbosaurus bataar.

Tarbosaurus bataar

Tarchia[19]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Maryańska

Late Cretaceous
(Maastrichtian)

Barun Goyot Formation

 Mongolia

An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid

Tarchia kielanae

Tuojiangosaurus[21]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Dong et al

Late jurassic
Oxfordian - Kimmeridgian

Shangshaximiao Formation

 China

A Chinese Stegosaur.

Tuojiangosaurus multispinus

Valdosaurus[22]

Gen et comb nov

Valid

Galton

Early Cretaceous
(Berriasian - Barremian)

Wessex Formation

 UK
 Isle of Wight

A Dryosaur.
moved from Dryosaurus canaliculatus (1975)

Valdosaurus canaliculatus

Wannanosaurus[23]

Valid taxon

Hou

 China

A Primitive Pachycephalosaur

Wannanosaurus

"Yezosaurus"

not formally described

Nomen nudum.

  • Obata & Muramoto

A Non-dinosaurian marine reptile.
Type species "Y." mikasaensis

Taniwhasaurus

Birds

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Argillipes [24]

Gen et sp nov.

Valid

Harrison & Walker

Early Eocene

 UK

Described as a phasianid.
The type species is A. aurorum & includes A. paralectoris
Considered Aves Incertae Sedis by Mlíkovský (2002)[25]

Buthierax [26]

Gen et sp nov.

Valid

Kretzoi

Middle Pleistocene

 Greece

An Incertae Sedis Accipitridae
The type species is B. pouliani

Cepphus storeri [27]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Harrison

Late Pliocene

 UK

An Alcidae guillemot.

Ciconia sarmatica [28]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Grigorescu & Kessler

Early Miocene
Sarmatian

 Romania

A Ciconiidae.

Cinclodes major [29]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Tonni

Middle Pleistocene

 Argentina

A Furnariidae.

Coturnipes [24]

Gen et sp nov.

Valid

Harrison & Walker

Early Eocene

 UK

Described as a phasianid
The type species is C. cooperi
Considered "Aves Incertae Sedis" by Olson, 1999

Gallus beremendensis [30]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Jánossy

Late Pliocene

 Hungary

A Phasianidae.

Limnofregata [31]

Subfam, gen et sp nov.

Valid

Olson

Early Eocene

Green River Formation
Fossil Butte Member

 USA
( Wyoming)

A Limnofregatinae frigatebird. The type species L. azygosternon

Limnofregata azygosternon

Malacorhynchus scarletti [32]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Olson

Holocene

 New Zealand

An Anatidae.

Marinavis [24]

Fam, gen et sp nov.

Valid

Harrison & Walker

Early Eocene

 UK

Described as a marinavid procelariiforme
The type species is M. longirostris

Microena [24]

Gen et sp nov.

Valid

Harrison & Walker

Early Eocene

 UK

Described in the Columbidae
The type species is M. goodwini.
Considered as "Aves Inceretae Sedis" by Mlíkovský 2002,[25]
Possibly a "Coraciiformes" or "Caprimulgiformes"/Apodiformes, per Mayr, 2009.

Neptuniavis [24]

Gen et sp. nov.

Valid

Harrison & Walker

Early Eocene

 UK

A possible Procellariidae
The type species is N. miranda and includes N. minor
Possibly a synonym of Dasornis.

Oxyura zapatanima [33]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Alvarez

Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene

Jocotopec sand and gravel Quarry

 Mexico

An Anatidae.

Parvicuculus [24]

Gen et sp nov.

Valid

Harrison & Walker

Early Eocene

 UK

A Parvicuculidae
THe type species is P. minor

Parvigyps [24]

Gen et sp nov.

Valid

Harrison & Walker

Early Eocene

 UK

Described as a Accipitridae
The type species is P. praecox
Considered "Aves Incertae Sedis" by Mlíkovský (2002)[25]

Percolinus [24]

Gen et sp nov.

jr synonym

Harrison & Walker

Early Eocene

 UK

Described as a Phasianidae
The type species is P. venablesi
a jr synonym of Gypsornis (2002),[25]

Phalacrocorax chapalensis [33]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Alvarez

Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene

Jocotopec sand and gravel quarry

 Mexico

A Phalacrocoracidae.

Pinguinus alfrednewtoni [34]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Olson

Early Pliocene

Chesapeake Group

 USA
( Maryland)

An Alcidae.

Pinguinus alfrednewtoni

Precursor [24]

Sp. nov.

Valid

Harrison & Walker

Early Eocene

 UK

A glareolid
The type species is P. parvus
Other species are P. litorum and P. magnus.

Primodroma [24]

Gen et sp nov.

Valid

Harrison & Walker

Early Eocene

 UK

A Hydrobatidae
The type species is P. bournei.

Primoscens [24]

Fam, gen et sp nov.

Valid

Harrison & Walker

Early Eocene

 UK

A "Primoscenidae" passeriform,
The type species is P. minutus
Moved to Zygodactylidae (2008),[35]

Procuculus [24]

Gen et sp nov.

Valid

Harrison & Walker

Early Eocene

 UK

A Parvicuculidae[36]
The type species is P. minutus
Olson (1985) & Mayr, (2009) suggest possible synonymy with Primapus lacki.

Quipollornis [37]

Gen et sp nov.

Valid

Vickers Rich & McEvey

Early to Middle Miocene

Chalk Mountain Diatomite

 Australia

An Aegothelidae
The type species is Q. koniberi.

Rallus richmondi [38]

Nom. nov.

Valid

Olson

Late Miocene

 Italy

A rail
a new name for Rallus dubius Portis (1887), junior homonym of Rallus dubius Piller & Mitterpacher (1783).

Sarmatosula [28]

Gen et sp nov.

Valid

Grigorescu & Kessler

Middle Miocene
Sarmatian

 Romania

A Sulidae
The type species is S. dobrogensis

Shandongornis [39]

Gen et sp nov.

Valid

Yeh

Middle Miocene

Shanwang Series

 China

A Phasianidae
The type species is S. shanwanensis.

Shandongornis

Xenicibis [40]

Gen et sp nov.

Valid

Olson & Steadman

Quaternary

Cave deposits

 Jamaica

A Threskiornithidae
The type species is X. xympithecus.

Pterodactyls

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images

Araripedactylus

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Wellnhofer

late Aptian/early Albian

Santana Formation

 Brazil

A pterodactyloid of uncertain affinities.
The type species is A. dehmi

Expeditions, field work, and fossil discoveries

[edit]
[edit]

Literature

[edit]
  • The Year of the Dinosaur Edwin H. Colbert and illustrated by his wife, Margaret was published. This story describes a year in the life of a "brontosaur" and was an attempt to educate the reader about prehistory through a fictional portrayal of it.[42]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Wolfe, J.A. (1977). Paleogene floras from the Gulf of Alaska region (Report). Professional Paper. Vol. 997. United States Geological Survey. pp. 1–108. doi:10.3133/pp997.
  3. ^ a b c Collinson, M. E. (2001). "Cainozoic ferns and their distribution". Brittonia. 53 (2): 173–235. doi:10.1007/BF02812700. JSTOR 2666600. S2CID 19984401.
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