State affirmative action information

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Affirmative action
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Affirmative action
Affirmative action by state
Affirmative action and anti-discrimination laws
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Consideration of race in college admissions
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Affirmative action refers to the steps taken by employers and universities to increase the proportions of historically disadvantaged minority groups at those institutions. Historically, affirmative action nationwide has taken many different forms, such as strict quotas, extra outreach efforts, and racial and gender preferences. However, strict quotas were banned in a 1978 Supreme Court case, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, and eight states have enacted measures prohibiting preferential treatment in public university admissions, state employment, and state contracting. Meanwhile, 28 states require affirmative action plans in either public employment or apprenticeship programs.

On June 29, 2023, the Supreme Court reversed lower court decisions in Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College and Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. University of North Carolina, effectively ending the use of affirmative action in college admissions.[1] The ruling explicitly allowed national service academies to continue considering race as a factor in admissions for reasons of national security.[2]

Use the map or the list below to click through and learn more about affirmative action in your state.


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  1. ↑ SCOTUSblog, "Supreme Court strikes down affirmative action programs in college admissions," accessed June 29, 2023
  2. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Students for Fair Admission, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard CollegeStudents for Fair Admission, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College," accessed June 29, 2023
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