Principle, Scope, Nature and Administration of Health Services in Nigeria
(block posting lecture presented to final year medical class of University of Port Harcourt on thursday 31/05/18)
This document discusses behavioral change communication (BCC) and its role in public health programs. It defines BCC as a research-based, client-centered approach aimed at promoting behavior change through benefit-oriented and professionally developed services. BCC principles include community involvement, self-esteem promotion, and voluntary participation. The document outlines BCC's role in HIV/AIDS prevention by increasing knowledge, promoting attitude change, improving skills, and reducing stigma. It also discusses using BCC to achieve reproductive and child health goals by targeting influencers like mothers-in-law. Challenges to effective BCC include integrating it fully into programs and ensuring financial and training resources for sustainability.
Health Insurance in Nepal aims to ensure access to quality healthcare without financial hardship. The program began in 2016 and has since expanded to 49 districts. Members pay an annual premium of NRs. 2500-3500 for a family of 5. Benefits include coverage of up to NRs. 100,000 per family per year. Stakeholders provide both support and criticisms, citing issues around awareness, enrollment rates, benefit packages, and quality of care. Expanding the program, improving facilities, and addressing concerns will help achieve universal health coverage in Nepal.
Healthcare is a major part of every country's development platform. By healthcare we are in fact protecting the most important driver of development. Healthcare systems are primarily safe guarding the development core engine and are the best means of sustainable development.
1. The study evaluated a community-based intervention for dengue control in Cuba that strengthened intersectoral coordination and community empowerment.
2. Surveys found that levels of community participation and positive behavioral changes increased more in pilot areas with the coordination and empowerment interventions compared to the control area.
3. Entomological surveillance data showed that the pilot and extension areas achieved lower Breteau indices, indicating greater effectiveness at controlling the Aedes mosquito, compared to the control area over the six-year period.
Community Participation In Primary Health Carecphe
The document discusses the importance of community participation in primary health care from the perspective of people's health movements in the global South. It describes how community participation was a key part of primary health care policies and programs before and after the Alma Ata Declaration of 1978, but was later distorted by the globalization of health systems. People's health movements aim to globalize health solidarity from below and bring "the community back into primary health care."
The document summarizes several national health policies of India, including the National Health Policy of 1983, 2002, and 2010. It outlines the goals of each policy, such as eradicating polio and other diseases, reducing mortality from tuberculosis, and increasing access to healthcare facilities. It also discusses the National Nutrition Policy and National Education Policy of India.
Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
The document provides an overview of India's health care delivery system, including its evolution, structure, and key components. It describes the three-tier system consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary care. Primary care is delivered through subcenters, primary health centers, and community health centers. The public sector delivers most primary care, while the private sector and indigenous systems also play roles. National health programs address specific diseases. Reforms aim to strengthen primary care and increase access through public-private partnerships.
“Primary health care: back to Alma-Ata in early 21st century"Jean Jacques Bernatas
This document summarizes a presentation on primary health care given in Vientiane, Laos in 2010. It discusses the definition and principles of primary health care established in the Declaration of Alma-Ata in 1978, including its focus on essential, affordable care that is integrated within communities and national health systems. It also reviews achievements and ongoing challenges of primary health care. Finally, it provides examples of primary health care in practice in countries like Thailand and its response to emerging diseases in Southeast Asia.
The document discusses health sector reforms in India. It provides context on the need for reforms due to fiscal constraints and poor social indicators. Key reforms introduced include decentralization, increasing human resources, financial reforms, reorganizing the existing health system, improving health management information systems, increasing community involvement, and ensuring quality. National initiatives like the National Rural Health Mission aim to promote equity, efficiency, quality and accountability in primary healthcare. The overall goal of health sector reforms is to improve access to healthcare and ultimately population health outcomes.
This is IPHS presentation .hope it is helpful to you. contents are - introduction,origin of iphs, iphs for subcenter,phc, in maharashtra ,summary and references
Primary Health Care Strategy:
Key Directions for the Information Environment. Case study report and composite success model.
Steve Creed & Philip Gander
Community diagnosis is vital in health planning, evaluation and needs assessment, several types of indicators are valid to be used for community diagnosis including Socio-economic, demographics, health system, and living arrangements.
This document provides an overview of India's health care system and services. It describes the purpose of health care as improving population health status. The major agencies that provide health care services in India are outlined as the public health sector, private sector, indigenous medicine systems, voluntary agencies, and national health programs. At the village level, services are delivered through village health guides, local dais, anganwadi workers, and ASHAs (Accredited Social Health Activists). The primary units of the public health sector are subcenters staffed by ANMs and multipurpose workers, and primary health centers.
Early Warning And Reporting System (EWARS) in NepalPublic Health
The Early Warning and Reporting System (EWARS) is a hospital-based sentinel surveillance system in Nepal that monitors six priority infectious diseases. EWARS was established in 1997 with 8 sentinel sites and has since expanded to 118 sites including central, provincial, and district hospitals. The main objectives of EWARS are to strengthen disease information flow and facilitate prompt outbreak response. Sentinel sites report disease data weekly or immediately to the Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, which analyzes trends, provides feedback, and coordinates rapid response teams if an outbreak is detected.
The document discusses the WHO PEN (Package of Essential NCD Interventions) for primary health care. The PEN aims to establish policies and plans for preventing and controlling noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) like cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes and chronic lung diseases. The WHO meeting objectives were to develop a conceptual framework for the PEN in primary health care settings, identify core technologies/medicines/risk prediction tools, and discuss intervention protocols and operational outlines for integrating interventions into primary care. The PEN seeks to address the growing global NCD burden by implementing a core set of evidence-based NCD prevention and control interventions in primary health care.
This document discusses the various determinants of health, including biological, behavioral, socio-cultural, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. It outlines how genetic makeup, lifestyle choices, education levels, occupation, and more can impact individual and population health. The document also examines factors like aging populations, gender issues, and advances in technology that influence global health trends.
The International Health Regulations originated in 1851 to promote international cooperation and limit interference with trade during disease outbreaks. The IHR have been revised multiple times to address new public health challenges, including the 2005 revision to strengthen surveillance and response systems for infectious diseases and public health emergencies. The IHR (2005) require countries to develop core surveillance and response capacities and obligate information sharing during public health events of international concern in order to rapidly detect and respond to global health threats.
The document discusses the concepts of community health nursing. It defines community as a social group determined by geographical boundaries and common interests. Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Community health nursing aims to promote and maintain the health of communities through preventive services, health education, and treatment/rehabilitation efforts coordinated with other health professionals. The document outlines characteristics of communities and factors that influence community health.
This document provides an overview of the health care delivery system in India. It describes the organizational structure at the central, state, district, block, primary health center, and village levels. The key shortcomings are discussed as inverse care, impoverishing care, fragmented care, unsafe care, and misdirected care. Reforms proposed by the WHO are also outlined, including universal coverage, service delivery, public policy, and leadership reforms. The objectives and importance of establishing Indian Public Health Standards are also presented. In conclusion, it acknowledges advances but notes the system remains ineffective and discusses needed reforms and decentralization to improve healthcare quality and delivery.
The health care delivery system in India is comprised of five major sectors - public, private, indigenous systems of medicine, voluntary agencies, and national health programmes. At the central level, the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare oversees the country's health administration along with the Directorate General of Health Services and Central Council of Health. The health system is organized at three levels - central, state, and district - with the goal of improving population health, care experiences, and reducing economic burden.
The document discusses the health care system in Nepal under its new federal democratic republic system. It provides an introduction to federalism and describes how power is divided between the central, provincial, and local governments in Nepal. It then outlines the major components of Nepal's health system including its structure for health service delivery, governance structure at different levels, and key organizations. It also discusses some of the major health initiatives in Nepal and provides organizational charts and the Public Service Act relating to regulating health institutions.
The document provides an overview of India's health care delivery system, describing its organization at national, state, district, block and village levels. It explains the key components at each level, including the national Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, state health departments, and primary care facilities like sub-centers, PHCs and CHCs. The document also outlines the functions and manpower of these primary care facilities, and discusses national health policies, programs and the concept of universal health coverage in India.
The document summarizes India's health care delivery system. It has three main levels - central, state, and local peripheral. At the central level, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for policymaking and coordination. It oversees various departments like the Directorate General of Health Services. States each have their own health care systems within this framework. Primary health services are delivered through sub-centers, primary health centers, and community health centers at the local level. The public sector delivers most primary health care alongside some private services.
The document summarizes India's health care delivery system. It has three main levels - central, state, and local peripheral. At the central level, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for policymaking and coordination. It oversees various departments like the Directorate General of Health Services. States each have their own health care systems within this framework. Primary health services are delivered through sub-centers, primary health centers, and community health centers at the local level. The public sector delivers most primary health care alongside some private services.
The Philippine health care system is composed of public, private, and social health insurance models. The Department of Health is the lead agency and oversees a network of hospitals, offices, and attached agencies. In 1991, health services were devolved from the national to local government level. The health system aims to provide universal access through primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of care. Challenges include high costs, barriers to access, and health workforce shortages.
The document provides an overview of India's health care delivery system. It begins by introducing the system, which includes hospitals, clinics, health centers, and special health programs. It is enhanced through linkages between various subsystems.
It then discusses the various organizations involved in health care at the national, state, district, and block levels. At the national level, the key organizations are the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the Directorate General of Health Services, and the Central Council of Health and Family Welfare. The Ministry has departments for health and family welfare that work to regulate medical education and practice, establish drug standards, and organize national health programs.
The document provides an overview of public health nursing in the Philippines. It discusses the country's health imperatives, including goals to eradicate poverty and diseases. Public health evolved alongside the development of the Department of Health, the government agency responsible for citizens' health. The Health Sector Reform Agenda aims to improve health outcomes through reforms to financing, regulation, service delivery, and governance. Public health nursing combines nursing skills with public health to promote community health. The Philippine health system includes both public and private sectors working towards the goal of equitable and quality health care for all.
This is the first part of the lecture in Community Health Nursing. This course provides an overview of the Philippine Health Care Delivery System and the different programs implemented by the Philippine Department of Health to promote and protect the health of the people.
A presentation on health care delivery system in indiarohini154
The document summarizes the health care delivery system in India at various levels from national to community. It describes the administrative and organizational structure at each level, including the roles of different government bodies and private organizations. The national level is led by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. States have their own health departments and are divided further into regional, district, subdivision, and community levels. Primary health centers, sub-centers, and community health centers deliver services at the community level. Both public and private sectors provide health care across this multi-level system in India.
The document provides an overview of different frameworks for conceptualizing health systems. It describes the World Health Organization's definition of a health system as including all organizations, people, and actions aimed at promoting, restoring, or maintaining health. It also outlines WHO's six building blocks of a health system: service delivery, health workforce, information, medical products/vaccines/technology, financing, and governance. Additionally, it summarizes key components of health systems from the perspectives of the World Bank, including financing, payment, organization of service delivery, regulation, persuasion, politics, ethics, and values.
The document discusses health and healthcare systems in Pakistan. It defines health according to the WHO as complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. It then discusses the components of Pakistan's healthcare system including public health, general dentistry, preventative care, and treatment-focused general medicine. It provides statistics on Pakistan's population, health outcomes, and healthcare infrastructure including the three-tiered public, private, and traditional system and the role of different levels of care.
SUSTAINABLE HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY-AlDamar-SShamiSaeed Shami
The document discusses health issues and proposed interventions in Al Damar Locality, Sudan. Poverty and lack of basic services have resulted in high rates of malnutrition, communicable diseases, and mortality. The proposed project aims to increase access to quality health care, strengthen local services and capacity, and reduce maternal and child health risks. It will rehabilitate and construct health centers, train workers, establish management systems, and improve health information. Implementing through a local approach with UNOPS support, the project aims to sustainably improve health and livelihoods in the region.
The document introduces a Manual of Standards for Primary Care Facilities that is being issued by the Department of Health to guide primary care facilities and healthcare provider networks. The manual was developed in support of the Universal Healthcare Law and the department's strategic framework to achieve universal healthcare through a primary care-focused health system. It contains standards, guidelines and best practices for primary care facilities related to service capabilities, staffing, infrastructure, equipment, health information systems, and operational activities to help improve primary care delivery and ensure equitable access to quality healthcare for all Filipinos.
This document discusses a model to universalize access to quality primary healthcare in India. It outlines recommendations in several areas: human resources for health, community participation, access to medicines/vaccines, health financing, management reforms, and social determinants of health. The key recommendations are to increase public spending on health, strengthen primary care infrastructure and workforce, ensure access to essential medicines, implement health financing reforms to achieve universal coverage, and address social factors like education, sanitation, and nutrition that impact health outcomes. The model aims to make primary healthcare services accessible to all Indians through a strengthened public system and community involvement.
This document outlines the key steps in neonatal resuscitation for newborns requiring assistance to begin breathing or transition to life outside the womb. It discusses factors that may increase the need for resuscitation, important equipment, assessing the newborn using the APGAR score, and the steps of providing warmth, clearing the airway, breathing support, and circulation support like chest compressions or medications if needed. Effective resuscitation in the critical first minute after birth can prevent many newborn deaths from asphyxia globally each year.
Presentation at a meeting of Health Policy, System and Management Research Group,
Department of Community Medicine, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria on 28/06/28
This document discusses hypertensive diseases and their complications. It begins by outlining various hypertensive diseases that can affect the cerebrovascular system, eyes, heart and kidneys. It then defines hypertension and hypertensive emergencies/urgencies. The remainder of the document provides more details on specific hypertensive diseases and complications, including hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebrovascular accidents, retinopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, benign and malignant nephrosclerosis. It also discusses diagnostic criteria and management of various hypertensive conditions.
This document discusses strategies for maintaining good health. It begins by emphasizing the importance of health for business and wealth creation. Some key points made include:
- Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol, and getting enough sleep are important for preventing many diseases.
- Common health issues in Nigeria like hypertension, diabetes, cancers, malaria, and HIV can be managed through strategies like regular screening, diet, exercise, and medication adherence.
- Maintaining a clean environment and good hygiene helps prevent illnesses transmitted through water and food. Prayer is also recommended for health and well-being.
The document summarizes Nigeria's 2016 Lassa fever epidemic. It describes the epidemiology and transmission of Lassa virus, symptoms and treatment of Lassa fever, and the response efforts. Key points include: (1) Lassa fever is endemic in West Africa and causes annual outbreaks in Nigeria, with the multimammate mouse being the primary host; (2) person-to-person transmission can occur in hospitals lacking infection control; (3) the case fatality rate was 1% historically but rose to 34.31% in the 2016 Nigeria outbreak; (4) supportive care and ribavirin treatment improve survival rates.
This document provides information on managing stress without stress. It begins by defining stress and outlining the objectives of learning to identify the signs of stress, understand its impacts, and how to manage it. It describes the different types of stress including normal, pathological, acute, and chronic stress. It identifies common stressors like work, family issues, health problems and discusses risk factors. It outlines the cognitive, emotional, physical and behavioral symptoms of stress. It also discusses the complications of stress, different coping mechanisms, social support, relaxation techniques, exercise, time management, anger management, spirituality, psychotherapy and various lifestyle approaches to managing stress without additional stress.
The document provides information about Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its history, current outbreak, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and efforts to contain it. It discusses how EVD was first identified in 1976 and is caused by the Ebola virus. The current outbreak in West Africa is the largest to date. The virus is transmitted through contact with body fluids and symptoms include bleeding from openings and organs. There is no proven vaccine or treatment, so care is supportive.
This document provides an overview of antenatal care (ANC) services. It discusses the objectives, frequency, and components of ANC, including screening for high-risk pregnancies, health promotion, preventive services, and natal care. It describes focused ANC, which emphasizes evidence-based, goal-directed care through 4 visits. The goals of focused ANC are early detection/treatment of problems, prevention of complications, birth preparedness, and health promotion. Key topics for health education are also outlined. The document concludes with further reading suggestions.
More from University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (10)
World Health Organization Guidelines on Nutrition .pptxMopideviSravani
WHO is the directing and coordinating authority for health. It is responsible for providing
leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and
standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries
and monitoring and assessing health trends.
WHO guidelines on Nutrition:
1. Guideline: iron and folic acid supplementation in menstruating women
2. Guideline: iron supplementation in preschool and school-age children
3. Guideline: Neonatal vitamin A supplementation
4. Guideline: Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for reducing the risk of mother-tochild transmission of HIV
5. Guideline: Vitamin A supplementation for infants 1-5 months of age
6. Guideline: Vitamin A supplementation in postpartum women
The "Kaylee Hales i-Human Case Study" is a pivotal component in medical education, designed to test and enhance students' clinical reasoning, diagnostic skills, and patient management abilities. This case study presents a complex scenario where Kaylee Hales, a fictional patient, presents with multifaceted health issues that require a meticulous and systematic approach for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. At GPAShark.com, we provide specialized assistance to help students navigate these challenging assignments with confidence and achieve academic excellence.
Understanding the Kaylee Hales i-Human Case Study
The Kaylee Hales case study is an immersive learning tool that simulates real-life clinical scenarios. It requires students to perform comprehensive patient evaluations, including history taking, physical examination, diagnostic testing, and developing a management plan. The primary goal is to equip students with the skills needed to handle complex clinical cases in their future medical careers.
Benefits of Mastering the Kaylee Hales Case Study
Mastering the Kaylee Hales i-Human Case Study not only helps you excel academically but also prepares you for real-world clinical practice. The skills you develop through this case study are directly applicable to your future career as a healthcare professional. These include:
Improved Diagnostic Accuracy: By systematically evaluating symptoms and performing thorough examinations, you increase your ability to make accurate diagnoses.
Enhanced Clinical Reasoning: Developing a logical approach to diagnostic reasoning ensures you can think critically and make informed decisions.
Effective Patient Management: Creating evidence-based management plans prepares you to provide high-quality patient care.
Strong Communication Skills: Effectively communicating with patients and healthcare teams is crucial for successful clinical practice.
Cost-Effective Hospital Marketing Strategies Maximize your reach without Brea...HMS Advisors Pvt Ltd
In today's competitive healthcare landscape, effective marketing is essential for attracting and retaining patients, but budget constraints can make extensive campaigns challenging. This article explores affordable marketing solutions to help healthcare providers maximize their reach without breaking the bank.
How Digital Marketing for Healthcare Can Increase Your Patient Count (1).pdfHMS Advisors Pvt Ltd
The article by HMS Consultants underscores the importance of digital marketing in healthcare for attracting and retaining patients. Key strategies include SEO and SEM for better online visibility, and social media marketing to connect with patients. Effective digital marketing involves understanding the target audience, creating platform-specific content, optimizing websites, and conducting regular audits and analytics. Engaging with patients to understand their needs and hiring a knowledgeable marketing consultant are also crucial. The article concludes by emphasizing the necessity of implementing these strategies to boost patient numbers and improve online presence.
Enhancing Patient Safety in Digital Therapeutics: AI- Driven ApproachesClinosolIndia
Enhancing patient safety in digital therapeutics through AI-driven approaches involves leveraging artificial intelligence to ensure the effectiveness, accuracy, and security of digital health solutions. Here are some key strategies and benefits
In the healthcare field, precise and comprehensive documentation is essential for delivering high-quality patient care. One of the most critical components of clinical documentation is the SOAP note. At GPAShark.com, we specialize in providing expert SOAP note writing services, tailored to meet the needs of nursing students, healthcare professionals, and medical practitioners. Our goal is to help you master the art of SOAP note writing, ensuring your documentation is thorough, accurate, and effective.
Understanding SOAP Notes
SOAP stands for Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan. This structured method of documentation is used widely in healthcare settings to ensure consistent and clear communication among healthcare providers. Each component of a SOAP note serves a specific purpose:
Subjective (S):
This section captures the patient's narrative, including their chief complaint, history of present illness (HPI), past medical history (PMH), family history (FH), social history (SH), and review of systems (ROS). It reflects the patient's perspective and is crucial for understanding their condition and concerns.
Objective (O):
The objective section includes measurable and observable data collected during the physical examination and diagnostic tests. This might involve vital signs, laboratory results, imaging studies, and physical exam findings. Objectivity is key to providing a factual basis for the assessment.
Assessment (A):
In the assessment section, the healthcare provider synthesizes the subjective and objective data to formulate a diagnosis or differential diagnoses. This analysis helps in understanding the patient's condition and guiding the treatment plan.
Plan (P):
The plan outlines the course of action, including treatment strategies, medications, diagnostic tests, patient education, and follow-up appointments. It provides a roadmap for managing the patient's condition and achieving desired health outcomes.
Why Choose GPAShark.com for SOAP Note Writing?
At GPAShark.com, we recognize the challenges that healthcare students and professionals face in creating detailed and accurate SOAP notes. Our services are designed to support you in various ways:
Expert Writers:
Our team consists of professional writers with advanced nursing degrees (MSN, DNP) and extensive clinical experience. They have a deep understanding of medical terminology, clinical practices, and documentation standards.
Customized Assistance:
We provide personalized support tailored to your specific needs and academic requirements. Whether you need help with a single SOAP note or an entire series, we ensure that each document is crafted with precision and care.
Quality Assurance:
Quality is our top priority. Each SOAP note is thoroughly reviewed and edited to ensure accuracy, clarity, and compliance with healthcare documentation standards. We guarantee high-quality, plagiarism-free work that meets your expectations.
Maximize efficiency and accuracy in medical billing with our comprehensive solutions tailored to your practice's needs. Our expert team ensures timely reimbursements and minimized denials, so you can focus on providing quality patient care. visit: www.velanhcs..com
Left Atrial Appendage Closure Devices Market by Product Type, Distribution Ch...IMARC Group
The global left atrial appendage closure devices market size reached US$ 1.5 Billion in 2023. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach US$ 6.3 Billion by 2032, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 16.85% during 2024-2032.
More Info:- https://www.imarcgroup.com/left-atrial-appendage-closure-devices-market
BED MAKINGIt is the techniques of preparing different types of bed in making assuser3155141
DEFINITION
It is the techniques of preparing different types of bed in making a patients\clients comfortable or his\her position suitable for a particular condition.
BURNS, CALCULATION OF BURNS, CALCULATION OF FLUID REQUIREMENT AND MANAGEMENT.pdfDolisha Warbi
Nursing assessment of burns, Rule of nine,calculation of fluid by Parkland formula, Brooke formula and Evan's formula, Definition of Burns, causes of burns, classification of burns, pathophysiology of burns, clinical manifestation, Diagnostic evaluation, medical management, surgical management, nursing diagnosis, nursing management, phase of burn care, first aid, complication of burns.
Betty Burns iHuman Case Study Assignment Help
The Betty Burns iHuman case study is a crucial assignment that tests the clinical skills and critical thinking of medical students. Tackling this case study requires a comprehensive understanding of patient history, symptom analysis, diagnostic reasoning, and treatment planning. At GPAShark.com, we specialize in providing expert assistance for iHuman case studies, ensuring that you master the essential skills needed to excel in your medical education.
Understanding the Betty Burns Case Study
The Betty Burns iHuman case study presents a complex scenario that requires careful analysis and a methodical approach. Betty Burns is a fictional patient whose case involves multiple layers of medical history and symptoms. The primary focus is on developing an accurate diagnosis and creating an effective treatment plan based on the gathered information.
Key Components of the Betty Burns Case Study
Patient History
Collecting a detailed patient history is the first step in the case study. This includes understanding the chief complaint, history of present illness, past medical history, family history, and social history. Each of these components provides vital clues that contribute to the overall clinical picture.
Symptom Analysis
Analyzing the symptoms presented by Betty Burns is critical. This involves noting the onset, duration, intensity, and nature of the symptoms. Understanding the patient's perspective and documenting any changes in symptoms over time is essential for accurate diagnosis.
Physical Examination
Conducting a thorough physical examination is necessary to identify any physical signs that correlate with the symptoms. This step involves examining various body systems and documenting any abnormal findings.
Diagnostic Reasoning
Based on the collected data, students must engage in diagnostic reasoning to identify potential conditions that could explain Betty Burns' symptoms. This step involves forming differential diagnoses and ruling out possibilities through critical thinking and additional tests.
Treatment Planning
Developing a treatment plan tailored to Betty Burns' specific needs is the final step. This includes prescribing medications, recommending lifestyle changes, and scheduling follow-up appointments. Ensuring that the treatment plan is evidence-based and patient-centered is crucial for successful outcomes.
Challenges in the Betty Burns Case Study
The Betty Burns case study can be challenging due to its complexity and the need for meticulous attention to detail. Some common challenges students face include:
Comprehensive History Taking
Ensuring all relevant aspects of the patient's history are covered can be daunting. Missing critical details can lead to incomplete or inaccurate diagnoses.
Symptom Interpretation
Understanding and interpreting symptoms correctly requires a deep understanding of medical conditions and their presentations.
Diagnostic Reasoning
Formulating different
Universal Balance Gesture
Benefits:
Your right thumb represents the fire element and the manipura chakra while your little finger is associated with water and the swadhisthana chakra, and your ring finger with the earth element and the muladhara chakra.
Extending these fingers balances your three lower chakras.
The link between skin conditions and mental health issues can be common; problems like dermatitis, acne, and psoriasis often connect with psychological factors. Mind care is crucial for addressing these skin disorders effectively and improving overall well-being.
Positive Parenting: Raising Happy, Confident Children | UCSinfo513572
This presentation explores Positive Parenting: strategies, benefits, and how United Community Solution (UCS) classes empower parents with expert guidance, interactive learning, and support to raise happy, confident children. Read more: https://unitedcommunitysolution.com/service/parenting-classes/
2. Outline
Introduction
Components of National health System and Levels of Health Care Delivery
Administration of Health Care Delivery at the Federal, State and Local
Government Level
National Health Act
NHIS
3. Introduction
Nigeria became an independent sovereign state
within the Commonwealth of Nations in
October 1960, and an automatic member of the
World Health Organization.
The country started with one central and three
regional governments in 1960, and has grown to
one central and 36 state governments, plus the
Federal Capital Territory of Abuja.
4. Introduction 2
Health is a fundamental human right
Most sensitive developmental issue on the socio-
economic compact scale
A good health system delivers quality services to all
people, when and where they need them
The exact configuration of services varies from country
to country, but in all cases requires the following:
5. Introduction 3
A well-trained and adequately paid workforce;
A robust financing mechanism
Reliable information on which to base decisions and
policy;
A well maintained facilities and logistics to deliver
quality medicines and technologies.
6. Introduction 4
Health is on concurrent list of the 1999 Constitution, each of
the tier of government has concomitant responsibility for
providing health services
“The Federal Ministry of Health, every State Ministry of
Health and every local government shall establish such
health services as are required under this Act.” Draft
National Health Bill for the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2006.
7. Introduction 5
Nigerian health system is
pluralistic.
•It includes orthodox, alternative
and traditional health care
delivery systems operating
alongside each other.
8. Principle and scope
The principle and a system-wide strategy underpinning our health care
system is primary health care philosophy
Primary health is the essential health care based on practical,
scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology
made universally accessible to individuals and families in the
community through their full participation and at a cost that the
community can afford to maintain at every stage of their development
in the spirit of self reliance and self determination.
9. Principles and scope
The basic principles include:
• Equity
• Inter-sectoral collaboration,
• Community participation,
• Appropriate technology.
• 2 way referral system
The scope include preventive, curative and
rehabilitation care
10. Components of the National Health System
(a) The Federal Ministry of Health;
(b) The Ministry of Health in every state and the Federal Capital Territory
Department responsible for Health;
(c) Parastatals under the federal and state ministries of health;
(d) All local government health authorities;
(e) The ward health committees;
(f) The village health committees;
(g) The private health care providers;
(h) Traditional health care providers; and
(i) Alternative healthcare providers.
11. Organization of Health Services
Administrative
levels
• Federal
government
• State
government
• Local
government
• Private sector
Service structure
• Tertiary Health
services
• Secondary
Health Services
• Primary Health
Services
• Private health
services
Person in charge
• Minister of
Health
• Commissioner
of Health
• Medical Officer
of Health
• Private
providers
12. Structure/ Levels of Health Care Delivery in Nigeria
The Nigerian healthcare system is organized into primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare levels.
The Local Government Areas (LGAs) are responsible for primary healthcare,
The State Governments are responsible for providing secondary care while
The Federal Government is responsible for policy development, regulation, overall stewardship and
providing tertiary care.
The LGA level is the least funded and organized level of government and therefore has not been able to
properly finance and organize primary healthcare, creating a very weak base for the healthcare system.
13. Departments/Units of federal ministry of Health
The federal
ministry of health
has
• Health Planning, Research & Statistics, Public Health,
Family Health, Hospital Services, Food and Drug
Services, Information and communication technology,
and Procurement
7 departments:
• PPP/Diaspora unit, and Legal Services2 units:
14. Agencies of FMoH
National Health Insurance Scheme
National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and
Control
National Primary Health Care Development Agency
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research
Several teaching hospitals and federal medical centers
across the country
Professional Regulatory bodies
15. National Primary Health Care Development Agency
(NPHCDA)
NPHCDA is a parastatal of Nigeria’s Federal
Ministry of Health. Its mandate is to develop
national primary health care (PHC) policy and
support states and LGAs to implement them.
The NPHCDA’s vision and purpose is to make
Nigerians healthy. In pursuance of this aim, the
Agency has seven corporate goals.
16. Corporate goals of NPHCDA
Goal 1: Control preventable diseases
Goal 2: Improve access to basic health services
Goal 3: Improve quality of care
Goal 4: Strengthen institutions
Goal 5: Develop a high-performing and empowered health workforce
Goal 6: Strengthen partnerships
Goal 7: Engage communities
17. Departments of NPHCDA
Office Of The Executive Director/Chief Executive
Department Of Administration And Human Resources
Department Of Planning, Research And Statistics
Department Of Primary Health Care Systems Development
Department Of Disease Control And Immunization
Department Of Community Health Services
Department Of Finance And Accounts
Department Of Advocacy & Communication
Department Of Logistics
Department Of Special Duties
18. Zonal Offices
South – South :Benin city, Edo State
South –East: Independence Layout, Enugu
South – West: Ibadan, Oyo State
North – East :Gudum, Bauchi State
North – West :Nasarawa GRA Kano State
North – Central :Minna, Niger State
19. Bringing primary health care under one roof
Primary Health Care Under One Roof (PHCUOR) is a policy to reduce
fragmentation in the delivery of Primary Health Care (PHC) services
which involves the integration of all PHC services under one authority.
Fragmentation has been identified as the most significant problem
facing PHC services, and significantly affects utilization rates and
health indices.
The policy was approved by the National Council of Health in 2011
and has since been implemented in at least 23 states in Nigeria.
20. Key elements of the Primary Health Care Under One
Roof policy
Integration of all PHC services delivered under one authority
A single management body with adequate capacity to control services and resources, especially human
and financial resources
Decentralized authority, responsibility and accountability
The three ones principle: one management, one plan and one monitoring and evaluation system
An integrated and supportive supervisory system
An effective referral system between and across the different levels of care
Enabling legislation and regulations
21. Hospitals Management Board
This is the a parastatal of the State Ministry of Health.
The primary mandate is to provide health care services
through the management of Secondary Health facilities.
The board is headed by a chairman and four other
members representing NMA, PSN, NANNM, MHWU.
22. Departments of HMB
Department of Medical Services
Department of Diagnostic Services
Department of Planning Research and Statistics
Department of Pharmaceutical Services
Department of Nursing Services
Department of Finance and Administration
23. State Primary Health Care Board
The composition of the governing board
may vary from State to state but
essentially constitutes
• The Chairman
• Representatives of health professional groups
• Representative ministries of health, local
government, finance and economic planning
• Representative of traditional medicine board
24. Functions of State Primary Health Care Board
Advocacy to LGA policy makers and opinion leaders
Sensitization of community members
Community diagnosis and generation of baseline data
Institution of planning and evidenced base PHC implementation plans
Personnel auditing
Inventory of PHC infrastructure
Needs assessment
Effective disease surveillance and promotion of two way referral system
25. Local Government Health Authority(LGHA)
LGHA consist of: a part time chairman, 2 LGA residents, 1
representative of LGA private providers, 1 representative of
Traditional medicine board, and the Medical officer of Health.
They are responsible to the PHC board and their functions include:
• Setting out targets in line with policies and overall objectives
• Implementing development plan
• Supervising and monitoring management committees
• Staff discipline
• Approving ward operational plans
• Ensuring co-ordination and integration of health services
26. Ward Health /Development Committee(WHC/WDC)
The WHC/WDC is composed of a part time chairman, 3
community representatives, and the officer in charge of
the Health facility management team.
WHC/WDC report to the LGHA and the functions include:
• Assisting the MOH in the day to day management of the health facility
• Suggesting proposals(overall planning, expansion, development and
maintenance of health institutions in the ward, revenues and
expenditures of the facility, purchase of stores, furniture and equipment.
27. Health Facility Management Team(HFMT)
The HFMT comprises the officer in charge, all health of units, all heads of
inter-related units(accounts, engineering, agricultural, education etc)
LGA Human Resource for PHC include:
• Medical Officer of Health
• LGA departmental staff
• PHC facilities staff
• LGHA
• WDC/WHC
• Community based providers
• Private Primary Care Providers
28. National Council on Health
The Council is the highest-decision-
making-body in the country’s health
sector.
It comprises health ministers, state
commissioners for health, heads of
Federal Ministry of Health’s agencies,
permanent secretary in the Federal
Ministry of Health and other leading
figures in the country’s health sector.
The Chairman of the Council is the
Minister of Health, Prof. Isaac
Adewole,
29. Functions of National Council on Health
Provision of appropriately
trained staff at all levels to
meet the population health
care needs
Identify shortages of skills,
expertise and competence
within the national health
system and prescribe
strategies to resolve the
shortages
Provide education and
training of healthcare
providers & health workers in
the Federation to improve
their skills, expertise and
competence
Prescribe strategies for
recruitment and retention of
healthcare personnel within
the Health Care system
Prescribe circumstances
under which healthcare
personnel may be recruited
from other countries to
provide health services in the
Federation
30. Functions of National Council on Health
Ensures adequate manpower
development
Mediates and resolves industrial
disputes in the public sector of Health.
31. National Health Act
This Act provides a framework for the regulation,
development and management of a national health system
and set standards for rendering health services in the
federation, and other matters connected therewith, 2014.
The NHA 2014 is a 29-page document with 7 parts and 65
sections.
32. Arrangement of the ACT
PART I - Responsibility for health and eligibility for health services and establishment of national health
system
PART II - Health establishments and technologies
PART III - Rights and obligations of users and healthcare personnel
PART IV - National health research and information system
PART V - Human resources for health
PART VI - Control of use of blood, blood products, tissue and gametes in humans
PART VII - Regulations and miscellaneous provisions
33. PART I - Responsibility for health and eligibility for health services and
establishment of National Health System
There is hereby established for the Federation the National Health System
(a) encompass public and private providers of health services;
(b) promote a spirit of cooperation and shared responsibility among all providers of health
services in the Federation and any part thereof
(c) provide best possible care to all
(d) states rights and obligations of health care providers
(e) protects rights of all Nigerians to have access to health care
34. Establishment of the Basic Health Care Provision Fund
To be financed from:
• At least 1% of the Consolidated Revenue Fund from the FG
• Grants by international donor partners
• Funds from other sources
This fund shall be administered and disbursed by
the NPHCDA
35. Disbursement of the Basic Health Care Provision Fund
50% - Minimum package of health services thro’ the NHIS
20% - Essential drugs, vaccines, consumables for eligible PHCs
15% - Maintenance of facilities, equipment & transport for eligible PHCs
10% - Development of Human Resources for PHC
5% - Emergency Medical Treatment
36. Health financing
Health care in Nigeria is financed by a combination of:
• Tax revenue from the sale of oil and gas
• Out of pocket payments
• Donor funding
• Health insurance (private, public, social and community).
The TGHE as % of GDP in 2011 was 5.3
Per capita GGHE (2012) was US$ 29.2
Per capita THE (PPP int. $) was 139.3
NHIS in Nigeria covers only the formal sector employees (mandatory). 90% coverage has
been achieved.
37. Social Health Insurance
NHIS contribution represent 15% of basic salary
The employer pays 10% and the employee pays 5%
The package covers the contributor, a spouse, and four (4) biological children below age 18.
Services under the NHIS are:
• Out-patient care including necessary consumables.
• Prescribed drugs.
• Maternity care up to four (4) live births.
• preventive care.
• Hospital care up to 15 days per year.
• Consultations with specialists
• Eye examinations
• A range of prostheses (limited to artificial limbs produced in Nigeria)
38. National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS)
The National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) is a body
corporate established under Act 35 of 1999 by the Federal
Government of Nigeria aimed at providing easy access to
healthcare for all Nigerians at an affordable cost through
various prepayment systems.
NHIS is totally committed to securing universal coverage and
access to adequate and affordable healthcare in order to
improve the health status of Nigerians, especially for those
participating in the various programmes/products of the
Scheme
39. National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) 2
NHIS is to provide social health insurance in Nigeria where health care services of contributors are paid
from the common pool of funds contributed by the participants of the Scheme.
It is a pre-payment plan where participants pay a fixed regular amount. The amount/funds are pooled,
allowing the Health Maintenance Organisations(HMOs) to pay for those needing medical attention. It is
primarily a risk sharing arrangement which can improve resource mobilisation and equity. It is indeed
regarded as the most widely used form of health care financing worldwide.
NHIS also regulate private health Insurance operated by HMOs. HMOs should have a hyperlink to the
HMOs list on the site
Health Insurance is social security system that guarantees the provision of needed health services to
persons on the payment of token contributions at regular intervals.