Great photos illustrate LNG fuel bunkering logistics in Sweden. Truck to ship LNG loading of Seagas, transport LNG, ship to ship Seagas LNG bunkering fuel to Viking Grace, and description of LNG bunkering process.
This document discusses alternative fuels for shipping, including LNG. It notes that regulations are driving a need for cleaner fuels with lower sulfur content. LNG produces significantly lower emissions than conventional fuels and is increasingly seen as a viable option. However, infrastructure needs to be developed further for LNG to be widely used. The document provides an overview of various alternative fuels and the challenges to adopting new fuels, such as high costs and lack of infrastructure.
This study was commissioned by MARAD (US government) and conducted by DNV GL.
The study looks at the LNG bunkering of ships in US, so that LNG use as fuel for ships can be developed further.
The report was released to the public by MARAD in September 2014 and hence you can find it here.
This document is a project thesis evaluating technical challenges and need for standardization in LNG bunkering. It provides an overview of the LNG supply chain and safety aspects. LNG bunkering is presented as a solution to reduce emissions and meet new regulations while providing economic advantages over other fuels. The thesis aims to assess critical areas for LNG bunkering through a review of technical processes, equipment, current standards, and barriers to market competition.
Poyry - How can small-scale LNG help grow the European gas market? - Point of...Pöyry
A large new market for natural gas is under rapid development whilst also reducing emissions. LNG is reaching markets previously inaccessible to pipeline gas; as a fuel for transport and for communities remote from the gas grid. A significant development is the use of LNG in marine transport, which currently uses heavy fuel oils.
Presentation for the award-winning paper of the same name, presented in Power-Gen Asia 2013 by Kari Punnonen, Area BDM, Oil & Gas Business, Wärtsilä Power Plants.
Download the paper at: http://www.wartsila.com/file/Wartsila/en/1278537230339a1267106724867-Small_and_Medium_size_LNG_for_Power_Production_KPunnonen.pdf
This document discusses using liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a fuel for container ships. It notes that regulations have progressively lowered the allowed sulfur content in marine fuels. LNG produces lower emissions of sulfur oxides and carbon dioxide compared to traditional ship fuels. For container ships, the payback time for investing in LNG fuel systems is shorter for smaller vessels. Technical challenges include storing the highly pressurized, low temperature LNG and insulating the fuel tanks. Two common storage methods are using ISO type C tanks installed at the stern or ISO LNG containers stored as cargo. The document provides an example calculation for the number of LNG containers needed for a specific container ship voyage. The first ship to use this LNG
The document discusses the emergence of small scale liquified natural gas (LNG) facilities. Traditionally, LNG has been traded through large scale facilities involving long term contracts. However, as LNG production and transportation has increased, smaller scale import terminals are now viable to supply areas without access to gas grids. A typical small scale LNG terminal includes storage tanks, a marine jetty, regasification equipment, and loading facilities to distribute gas via trucks or pipelines. These terminals cost $25-100 million and can supply power plants, industries, shipping, and remote locations with a cleaner alternative to fuel oil or diesel. As energy needs transform and LNG becomes more available, small scale commodity trade of LNG is likely to
This document summarizes LNG-fueled ships currently in operation and on order worldwide as of November 2012. It shows that 34 LNG-fueled ships were in operation, primarily car/passenger ferries and platform supply vessels owned by European shipping companies. It also lists 31 new LNG-fueled ships on order between 2012-2014, including more car/passenger ferries, tugboats, and platform supply vessels for European and North American owners. The ships are classified by various international maritime classification societies.
Asia Days 2013 - Market opportunities for small LNG distributionInnovation Norway
This document summarizes opportunities for small scale LNG distribution and use in Asia. It discusses Innovation Norway's presence in various Asian countries and analyzes LNG opportunities specifically in Singapore, Indonesia, China, India, Bangladesh, and the Philippines. It also provides a case study on potential small scale LNG distribution via milk runs in Vietnam. Key points include Indonesia having 8 small scale LNG terminals planned by 2015 to supply power to Eastern Indonesia, China's growing LNG imports and planned LNG infrastructure expansion, and opportunities for Norwegian LNG companies in China involving regasification, distribution, bunkering, and maritime technologies.
LNG has potential as a ship fuel due to its clean burning properties and lower cost compared to diesel. However, it requires specialized cryogenic storage tanks, fuel systems, and safety precautions. Medium speed dual fuel engines are the most common propulsion option and allow ships to run on either LNG or diesel. Key challenges include the lack of LNG bunkering infrastructure and higher capital costs. Ferries and other short-sea vessels are generally best suited for LNG due to storage and bunkering requirements. The document discusses ship design considerations and options for LNG usage.
DNV GL has launched new vetting compliance support services to help tanker owners improve their performance in charterer inspections like SIRE and MESQAC. The services include verifying that newbuild designs comply with detailed charterer requirements, and assisting operating vessels to maintain compliance through inspections, audits and corrective action support. The goal is to help owners avoid issues in inspections that can lead to technical holds or costly modifications, and support continuous improvement in compliant operations. DNV GL's experience in verification services positions it well to partner with owners on ensuring regulatory and charterer compliance beyond traditional classification roles.
This program is a valuable, detailed insight into FSRU
technology and markets. It will benefit:
• National Utility Operators and Power Generation
Providers
• Oil & Gas Engineers
• Naval Architects, Design Engineers, Shipbuilders &
Shipyard Managers
• EPCs
• LNG Terminal & Vessel Operators
• LNG Technology and Equipment Providers
LNG Marine Fuel Adoption, How Soon, Which Routes, and Vessel TypesJohn Hatley PE
Provides insights into the rate of LNG marine fuel adoption, How Soon, Which routes, & Vessel Types. Key attributes of volume limited and weight limited ships on oceans or coastal voyages are considered along with key elements to demonstrate the early, fast, slow, and last adopters for LNG fuel.
Wison Offshore & Marine - FLNG solution Mar 2015Hisham Yusof
Wison provides liquefied natural gas (LNG) solutions including both offshore floating LNG (FLNG) and onshore LNG module fabrication. For the Exmar Caribbean FLNG project, Wison is constructing a floating LNG barge off Colombia's coast that will liquefy and store 0.5 million tonnes per annum of LNG, utilizing Black & Veatch liquefaction technology and LNG storage tanks from TGE. The FLNG barge is being built at Wison's yard in Nantong, China and will be transported to Colombia for installation after commissioning.
Introduction to Floating Storage & Regasification Unit (FSRU)petroEDGE
Over the next 2 or 3 decades it is predicted that gas usage will grow at a much faster rate than oil and become the dominant energy source. Up to some 40% of gas comes from Offshore Fields. The transport of gas in the form of LNG is growing very fast – particularly for longer distance export routes. New offshore opportunities for gas production are being developed with the new technologies of Floating LNG (FLNG).
Inshore or Offshore FSRU’s provide safe, strategic and good location for the receiving terminals for LNG and provide the conversion of the methane from the liquid phase back to the gaseous phase to direct consumer usage.
This 2 day training course covers Gas and LNG activities – their Supply Chain from Onshore and Offshore Gas Fields to Market, with FSRU’s providing the last step by converting the LNG back to usable methane gas for local supply and use. Case Studies and videos will be used to illustrate lessons learned from past successful projects. A DVD of the powerpoint presentation and numerous Industry videos will be distributed with the lecture materials.
Determining the Viability of a Small Scale LNG ProjectSampo Suvisaari
This document discusses the viability of small scale LNG projects in the Caribbean region. It notes several challenges for the region, including small consumption centers, non-traditional LNG buyers, variable demand, and currently low oil prices. It then provides examples of small scale LNG infrastructure solutions that have been implemented elsewhere, including an LNG terminal in Finland and examples of power plants that have been converted to run on LNG. The document argues that solutions involving barges or trucks delivering LNG to smaller facilities can be viable options for the Caribbean. It also stresses the importance of having a flexible LNG supply that can adapt to variable demand.
The document discusses natural gas processing and distribution. It describes how natural gas is formed underground from decomposing organic matter over millions of years. It then discusses how raw natural gas is processed by removing impurities before being distributed through pipelines to end users. The distribution process involves transporting gas through local pipelines at lower pressures to individual consumers. Safety measures are emphasized throughout the distribution process. Biogas is also discussed as a renewable energy that can be produced from organic waste and used similarly to natural gas.
Cogliolo Andrea - Innovation & Research - RINAWEC Italia
Slides presentate a Roma il 25 febbraio 2014 in occasione del Workshop "Il GNL è per tutti. Le prospettive di utilizzo del metano liquido per i service vessels, i traghetti a corto raggio e le marinerie minori" promosso da @ConferenzaGNL, un progetto a cura di Symposia e WEC Italia - TWITTER #GNL
1. PETROBRAS developed an LNG import terminal project to provide flexible natural gas supply to meet Brazil's growing and variable demand.
2. Two LNG import terminals were constructed - one in Pecém and one in Guanabara Bay. Both terminals were built and commissioned between 2008-2009.
3. The terminals allow for LNG to be imported via carriers and regasified using Floating Storage and Regasification Units to supplement domestic gas supply and provide flexibility for the power market.
This 3 day course will guide participants through relevant LNG fundamentals including the LNG value chain, commercial aspects of trading LNG, bunkering procedures and technical guidelines, delivery logistics as well as risk and safety considerations. In addition, participants will get to learn how to plan and develop LNG bunkering facilities to accommodate the use LNG as a marine fuel. Also there will be a table top Case study and practical exercise included for participants to achieve first-hand experience to assess the economic viability, design, build and operate a LNG bunkering facility with profitable success!
Revithousa island is storage for LNG- Liquefied natural gas.
During the visit our NGS supplies, had a meeting with the operational manager of the site and agreed about cooperation for the Israeli market in case that it will be decided to build LNG terminal in Israel.
This facility has been accomplished with the cooperation of many companies which NGS is representing:
The design and the engineering was made by a team of international companies under the management of Asprofos engineering.
A large amount of pipes were supplied by Corinth Pipeworks.
Many of the ball valves and other equipment ware supplied and built by Enimex.
In addition, Totgas supplied a lot of the necessary equipment during the constructions.
The construction of the LNG unit was built by a group of the international companies including Greek contractors such as J&P Avax, Elter and others.
The Alaska LNG project is an integrated LNG project including plants and a pipeline. As of July 2015, $243 million had been spent on pre-front end engineering and design work, which was about 75% complete. The project team was working to finalize the design basis, evaluate a larger pipeline size, and develop the 2016 work program and budget. Safety performance on the project was good with few incidents reported. The project leadership team had over 800 years of combined experience working to deliver the Alaska LNG project.
SMi Group's Oil and Gas Telecommunications conference 2016Dale Butler
This document provides an agenda and details for the 9th Annual Conference on Oil and Gas Telecommunications taking place on March 14-15, 2016 in London. The conference will focus on how telecommunications can help oil and gas companies streamline operations and maximize growth during a market slump. Over the two-day event, speakers will address topics such as using digital technologies to improve accessibility and operations, enhancing security, and evaluating satellite and network investment strategies. Attendees will learn about new technologies and practices that can help operators reduce costs and collaborate more efficiently.
Natural gas and bio methane as fuel for transport h. aouadEuropean Commission
This document discusses the development of natural gas and biomethane as transport fuels in Europe. It provides details on Fluxys' investments and activities related to small-scale LNG developments, including: [1] Operating an LNG terminal in Zeebrugge, Belgium for over 27 years; [2] Investing in downstream LNG infrastructure like LNG trailer loading, bunker barges, and the first LNG refueling station in Belgium; [3] Conducting the first ship-to-ship LNG bunkering operations in Belgian ports. The document also discusses the supporting EU regulatory framework and need to expand LNG/CNG refueling infrastructure and adopt more natural gas vehicles to unlock the
- LNG fuelled vessels are seen as more environmentally friendly than bunker oil or diesel fuelled ships, but transition is hampered by low oil prices and infrastructure issues.
- EU subsidies like the BalticSO2Lution project help stimulate investment in clean fuelled vessels by co-funding projects that pilot dual-fuel engine technologies on new and retrofitted ships.
- The Port of Rotterdam is expanding LNG infrastructure like dedicated berths to support distribution of LNG to shipping and other sectors, and offers incentives like port fee discounts for LNG-fuelled ships.
- Shipping companies are increasingly choosing dual-fuel propulsion enabling flexible use of LNG or low-sulphur fuels
1) Sweden, through the Swedish Shipowners' Association, has committed to achieving zero emissions from shipping by 2050 and has implemented several initiatives to work towards this goal.
2) Sweden has been a pioneer in testing and adopting various green technologies for ships, such as LNG, methanol, and electric ships, and has established necessary fueling infrastructure.
3) Sweden has policies like fairway dues based on emissions and onshore power supply that encourage the uptake of green technologies and reduced environmental impact from ships.
Marine Service Noord epitomises piping – and lots of it. Since the establishment of the company in Westerbroek in 1988, Marine Service Noord successfully designed and built more than 700 mechanical installations, installing more than 2,350 kilometres of piping.
1. Petredec opened a new 15,000 metric ton LP Gas terminal in Mauritius in March 2014, representing an investment of $42 million.
2. Three 5,000 tonne LP Gas vessels were transported over 8,200 km by ship from Italy to Mauritius, then offloaded and installed at the terminal site in just eight days through careful planning and coordination.
3. The new terminal aims to transform Mauritius into a regional LP Gas hub and allows Petredec to more efficiently supply Mauritius and other East African markets in the future.
This document provides an update to the 2009 Master Plan for the Vasilikos Area in Cyprus. It was prepared by Poten & Partners and ALA Planning for Noble Energy and the Cypriot government. The original plan envisioned an onshore LNG import terminal and oil storage, but has been updated due to Cyprus' natural gas discoveries. Noble Energy has signed a deal to develop an LNG liquefaction plant at Vasilikos to export gas. The update takes into account space needs for multiple LNG plants and moving hydrocarbon storage to Vasilikos. Poten & Partners leads the study with expertise in LNG and natural gas projects, while ALA Planning provides local planning knowledge.
1) Royal HaskoningDHV has been appointed lead consultant for a $2.47 billion expansion project at Tanjung Priok port in Indonesia that will increase the port's container handling capacity by over threefold to 13 million TEU.
2) ECT Rotterdam has opted to fit VDL's hybrid AGVs with a smaller 150 kW engine instead of the original 257 kW engine, which is expected to further reduce fuel consumption and emissions.
3) Konecranes has received orders for ship-to-shore cranes and rubber-tired gantry cranes from ports in Savannah and Valencia.
24 European countries agreed to pursue ambitious hydrogen goals and build a hydrogen sector through joint investment projects. They will promote important hydrogen projects along the entire value chain, including production, equipment, storage, distribution, and industrial applications. The goal is to launch an Important Project of Common European Interest on Hydrogen Technologies and Systems to guarantee European leadership in emerging hydrogen markets and significantly reduce emissions. They outlined a schedule to notify the European Commission of draft projects by May 2021 and potentially approve projects by the end of 2021.
Rødby Harbour connects Rødby, Denmark to Puttgarten, Germany via a ferry service operated by Scandlines. Considered an important transport link, ferries run every 30 minutes, 24 hours a day. Plans were made to replace the ferry service with a bridge or tunnel, though the project has faced delays and environmental concerns. In the meantime, Scandlines refurbished the ferry linkspan area at Rødby Harbour using an anti-skid coating to repair 1200 square meters. The company also upgraded its ferries with hybrid propulsion systems and scrubbers to reduce emissions.
* This Topic paper is the working paper based on the joint Baltic SCOPE exercise and cannot be treated as the official opinion of the European Commission and Member States involved.
Read more on: www.balticscope.eu
Timeline of the Trans-Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) - InfographicBRS Resources Ltd.
The Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) is a natural gas pipeline project. The pipeline will start in Greece, cross Albania and the Adriatic Sea and come ashore in southern Italy, allowing gas to flow directly from the Caspian region to European markets.
This timeline visually represents the development of the pipeline over the past 11 years of development.
Northern Lights: A European CO2 transport and storage project Global CCS Institute
The Global CCS Institute hosted the final webinar of its "Telling the Norwegian CCS Story" series which presented Northern Lights. This project is part of the Norwegian full-scale CCS project which will include the capture of CO2 at two industrial facilities (cement and waste-to-energy plants), transport and permanent storage of CO2 in a geological reservoir on the Norwegian Continental Shelf.
Northern Lights aims to establish an open access CO2 transport and storage service for Europe. It is the first integrated commercial project of its kind able to receive CO2 from a variety of industrial sources. The project is led by Equinor with two partners Shell and Total. Northern Lights aims to drive the development of CCS in Europe and globally.
Technical Report Nº3 Forecasting LNG marine fuel bunkering demand in the Port...Aur TROTEL
The document provides an interim technical report on forecasting demand for liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a marine fuel in Portuguese ports. It first presents background on the research center and introduces the topic of forecasting LNG demand to reduce ship emissions. It then describes the methodology used, which involves analyzing ship traffic data from 2013 at the Port of Leixões and estimating LNG demand based on ship types, sizes, ages, trip durations and engine powers. The results section presents statistics on ship traffic at Leixões broken down by gross tonnage. It also shows calculations of potential LNG demand under various scenarios, such as if all or some ships were to use LNG. The report concludes by noting that
The document provides an overview of the dredging and marine works conducted by Jan De Nul Group. It describes their various activities including capital dredging, maintenance dredging, land reclamation, rock revetment, offshore services and port infrastructure works. It highlights several major projects Jan De Nul Group has completed in these areas, such as reclaiming over 500 million cubic meters of land for Palm Island and other projects in Dubai, maintaining the navigability of the 800 km long Rio Parana river in Argentina, and constructing a causeway and 27 reclaimed islands for the Manifa oil field in Saudi Arabia.
Natural gas and bio methane as fuel for transport m. seitzEuropean Commission
The document summarizes the LNG Masterplan project which aims to establish an LNG supply chain along the Rhine-Main-Danube transport axis in Europe. The multi-year, €74 million project involves 33 organizations and over 60 partners. It has delivered studies on supply/demand, safety, technologies and pilot deployments including 4 LNG-fueled vessels. Key challenges identified include high equipment costs, permitting delays, and the need for continued public funding to develop the business case for transitioning to LNG. The conclusion is that LNG can help meet environmental goals for inland shipping but a comprehensive strategy and supportive policy framework are still needed for wide adoption.
German KG ship financer Lloyd Fonds invested in a company developing an automatic cargo lashing device in hopes of entering the port industry. While the investment is partly for profit potential, Lloyd Fonds CEO Torsten Teichert views it as an "opener" to the port industry, which has not utilized equity from KG houses for investments. However, gaining a foothold in ports will be difficult due to ports' reliance on government funding and approval processes. The article provides context on Lloyd Fonds' investment and the challenges of KG houses entering the port industry.
Presentation: The role of Southern Gas Corridor for energy security of Europe
Ilkin Aslanov, Executive Assistant to SOCAR President Advisor, SOCAR, Azerbaijan
Presentation: Environmental services for the oil and gas industry
Giannis Karakolis, North Greece Director, POLYECO S.A.
Simon Geragthy, Drilling Waste Management Expert, POLYECO S.A
Presentation: Concessions and the legal framework in Energy
Etleva Kondi, Director of Concessions, Procurement and Privatisation, Ministry of Energy and Industry
Presentation: Strengthening integration on Energy Community and investment opportunities
Lorenc Gordani, Professor of EU Law and Project Director, ACERC
Presentation: The refining sector of Albania
Christophe Darbord, Chief Executive Officer, Armo Refinery
Presentation: What is the energy investment outlook in Albania for 2020?
Entela Çipa, Advisor to the Minister of Energy and Industry
Presentation: Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative - EITI in Albania
Dorina Çinari, Director, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) Albania
Presentation: The National Economic Council; Fostering Business-Government dialogue
Elona Varfi, COO, National Economic Council (NEC)
Keynote Presentation from the Ministry of Energy and Industry - Electricity Directorate
Agim Bregasi, Director of Policies and Development of Electricity, Ministry of Energy and Industry
Presentation: An overview of Albania’s greatest energy source - Hydropower
Aas Agnar, Director of Governmental Affairs, Devoll Hydropower, Albania
Presentation: An overview of the mining sector in Albania
Mehmet Hasalami, Policy and Development Directorate of Mines, Ministry of Energy and Industry
Innovation and new technologies innovation pipelines from research to market ...European Commission
The port of Dunkirk is initiating a clean fuel initiative in the English Channel to promote the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Key points of the initiative include creating a consortium of LNG stakeholders on the Dover Strait to harmonize regulations for fueling operations and assess retrofitting a large ferry with LNG. The initiative also aims to construct an LNG fueling chain from Dunkirk's LNG terminal to ports to allow truck-to-ship and ship-to-ship fueling. Strengthening the business case for small-scale LNG distribution is needed to fuel trucks and use it in industry, as core ports are also road and inland waterway hubs.
Gassco - Future Gas Export from the Norwegian Continental Shelf - Thor Otto L...Innovation Norway
This document discusses future gas export from Norway's continental shelf and provides context on the Norwegian gas transportation system. It notes that while production from existing fields is expected to decline after 2020, new discoveries have been made that could extend gas resources. However, developing these new resources located further north will require new gas transportation infrastructure due to the long distances from existing infrastructure. Norway has started evaluating potential transportation solutions through the Barents Sea Gas Infrastructure Forum to enable monetization of gas resources in the Barents Sea.
Similar to Global LNG bunkering infrastructure as of January 2014 (20)
L35g Volvo Wheel Loader Operator Manual
No more guesswork! Our VOLVO L30G L35G COMPACT WHEEL LOADER SERVICE MANUAL provides crystal-clear guidance, accompanied by detailed images, making every repair and service procedure a breeze.
Download and Keep Forever:
Once downloaded, it is yours to keep forever! Print it out, or view it on your PC, Mac, tablet, or smartphone-whichever suits your preference!
Preventing and Addressing Oil Leaks in Your Mercedes A Comprehensive Service ...Momentum Motorworks
"Preventing and Addressing Oil Leaks in Your Mercedes: A Comprehensive Service Guide" offers expert advice on maintaining your Mercedes-Benz. Learn to identify, prevent, and repair oil leaks with step-by-step instructions, practical tips, and essential maintenance practices. Ensure your vehicle's longevity and performance with this indispensable guide for every Mercedes owner.
"What Causes Audi Car Battery Failures: Solutions and Maintenance Tips" explores common reasons behind battery issues in Audi vehicles. This guide provides practical solutions and essential maintenance tips to prolong battery life. Learn to diagnose problems, prevent failures, and keep your Audi running smoothly with expert advice and step-by-step instructions.
Power Metering Market Global Trends and Forecast Analysis (2023-2032)PriyanshiSingh187645
The Power Metering Market is projected to grow from USD 21,125 million in 2024 to USD 32,322.05 million by 2032, reflecting a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.46%.
Volvo EC180C L Hydraulic Tank Repair Manual
Service Repair Manual Cover:
General
Safety
1 Standard Parts, Service
2 Engine with Mounting and Equipment
3 Elec. System, Warning System, Information System, Instruments
4 Power Transmission
5 Frame and Crawler Unit
6 Machinery House, Cab, Exterior Trim Parts Anywhere
7 Hydraulic System, Digging, Handling, Grading Equipment
By 2016, all inland barges sailing in European waters must comply with new CCR4 emission standards issued by the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine
ACSF reasons that the economics of any particular marine LNG project would be improved significantly, if the project could take advantage of existing LNG import or production capacity within a reasonable distance of the vessel home port. Looking at all four U.S. coasts, the foundation notes that there are several LNG liquefaction/storage facilities near the Great Lakes that could be used to support LNG conversions. As a potential market, ACSF counts the U.S. Coast Guard vessels for 55 Great Lakes bulk carriers, of the type being converted by Interlake. There are also 243 tugs and 83 ferries operating in and around the Great Lakes, although not all of these vessels would be good candidates for LNG conversion.There also are several LNG liquefaction/storage facilities close to the Central Atlantic Coast, says ACSF. Those could support converting 590 tugs and 246 ferries operating in the New York/New Jersey region. On the Northwest Pacific Coast, there is an LNG liquefaction/storage facility that could support converting ferries, particularly the Washington State Ferry system and international ferries operating between the United States and British Columbia–a total of 97 vessels–as well as 11 cruise vessels operating between Seattle and Alaska.Finally, the report says there are several LNG import terminals on the Gulf Coast that could be used to support converting 949 tugs and 63 ferries operating in the lower Mississippi River, and in Louisiana and Texas ports serving Gulf Coast marine traffic.
Hong KongHong Kong is reportedly “very determined” to implement an emissions control area (ECA) around the port and Pearl River delta area. The government is already discussing specific rules with the Guangdong government in order to ensure a level playing field with other ports.