The document outlines the design of a gas and oil separator for an oil field. It discusses the key functional sections of separators including inlet diverters to separate gas and liquid, a liquid collection section, a gravity settling section, and mist extractor section. It also describes different types of separators such as vertical, horizontal, and spherical separators. The functions of oil and gas separators are given as removing oil from gas, removing gas from oil, isolating water from oil, and maintaining optimum pressure. Components inside the separator vessel like inlet diverters and wave breakers are also explained.
The document discusses various aircraft characteristics that influence airport planning and design. It describes characteristics such as engine type, aircraft size, weight, speed, noise levels, vortices, jet blast, and fuel spillage. It explains how each characteristic affects minimum runway length, taxiway design, terminal size, noise mitigation needs, and other airport facilities.
This document provides an overview of the liquefied natural gas (LNG) life cycle, including liquefaction, transportation by ship and pipeline, storage, and regasification. It discusses the global growth of LNG trade in recent decades driven by new liquefaction facilities and expanding regasification capacity. New technologies like floating LNG and storage/regasification units have helped increase access to remote gas reserves and new markets. Overall the document outlines the key stages and evolving infrastructure involved in the production and distribution of LNG as a fuel on a global scale.
This document discusses three case studies of port financing projects:
1) The Odessa Grain Terminal in Ukraine, which received a $60 million senior loan from EBRD to construct a new grain terminal with a capacity of 4.5 million tons.
2) The DCT Gdansk project in Poland, which received a €31 million senior loan and €259 million syndicated loan to construct a second deep-water container terminal increasing capacity to 2.55 million TEU.
3) The Mersin International Port in Turkey, which refinanced $450 million in loans and issued a $450 million Eurobond to restructure its balance sheet and expand with a new deep-water
The document discusses technologies across the LNG value chain, including for gas production, liquefaction, storage, regasification, and transportation. It focuses on floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) as an emerging technology that allows for offshore natural gas extraction and processing. Key points include:
- FLNG involves extracting gas offshore, processing and liquefying it on a floating facility, then offloading the LNG to tankers for transport.
- The major steps in FLNG gas processing and LNG production include gas reception, stabilization, acid gas removal, dehydration, liquefaction, and storage on the floating facility.
- Technologies that enable FLNG include 3D/4D seismic
Oil & Gas Plant Construction, Project Execution PlanDavid H Moloney
Details of how a Gas & Oil Plant is constructed, and how the progress, safety and quality is monitored and controlled. Also the measures to ensure that the site is environmentally friendly.
Docks are enclosed areas for berthing ships to facilitate loading and unloading cargo. They can be classified as wet docks, also called harbor docks, which are used for berthing ships to load and unload passengers and cargo, or dry docks, which are used for ship repairs. Docks need to provide a uniform water level and shelter from tides to efficiently transfer cargo and passengers. Their shape is usually straight to accommodate ships, with common designs including rectangular, diamond, and inclined quay docks. Dry docks include graving docks, floating dry docks, marine railways, ship lifts, and slipways used for repairs and shipbuilding.
Custody transfer or in more general words, Fiscal Metering, plays an important role in Oil and gas industry. Getting familiar with its terms and meaning and affecting factors helps us to act better in this sensitive and expensive field.
Custody transfer system is like your cash register, the better you design it, the lower your extra cost would be.If you want to buy or sell some valuable liquids, you should be able to measure the quality and quantity of that liquid. This what custody transfer is all about, Hope this Power Point helps you on this issue.
The document discusses floating storage and regasification units (FSRUs), which are increasingly being used for importing liquefied natural gas (LNG) into small markets. It provides an overview of FSRU technology, current installations and units under construction. Several companies are involved in owning and operating FSRUs, with capital costs to develop an FSRU project ranging from $150-300 million. Operating and maintenance costs are approximately $10-25 per tonne of LNG processed. FSRUs provide a flexible option for new gas markets that do not have sufficient infrastructure or demand to justify permanent onshore facilities.
This document provides definitions and explanations of basic ship structure, compartmentation, and material conditions of readiness. It defines key ship structure terms like hull, frames, decks, bulkheads, and compartments. It explains how compartments are numbered and defined. It also outlines the different material conditions of readiness like X-ray, Yoke, Zebra, and William and what purposes they serve like damage control and chemical/biological protection.
Offshore platforms are large structures located at sea that house crews and machinery used for exploring and producing natural resources like fossil fuels from under the ocean bed. There are various types of offshore platforms including fixed platforms, compliant towers, jack-up platforms, semi-submersible platforms, drillships, tension-leg platforms, SPAR platforms, and unmanned installations. Over 6,500 offshore oil and gas platforms are located around the world, with the largest numbers in the Gulf of Mexico, Asia, and Europe. Platforms can be either fixed to the seabed or floating, and are used to extract resources from shallow to very deep waters.
1. Regasification is the process of converting liquefied natural gas at -111°C back to gas at atmospheric temperatures for delivery. It involves pumping LNG into storage tanks, heating it under pressure, and regulating it for pipeline distribution.
2. Common regasification methods include open rack vaporizers using seawater and submerged combustion vaporizers using underwater burners. India's first LNG terminal at Dahej uses intermediate fluid vaporizers.
3. India imports over 37 MMTPA of LNG and has several operating and planned LNG terminals to meet growing natural gas demand and reduce emissions compared to coal. However, coal remains cheaper and more available than natural gas in India currently.
City gas distribution- Complete OverviewUjjwal Rao
This document provides an overview of city gas distribution systems. It discusses what city gas distribution is, the basic concepts of distribution systems including developing pipeline networks and maintaining different pressure levels. It outlines the key steps in designing distribution systems such as demand estimation, network design, and route surveys. The document also covers system components including city gate stations, pipelines, regulating stations, meters, and CNG stations. It concludes by discussing applicable codes, standards, and regulations for city gas distribution.
Final Report-City Gas Distribution (CGD) _Daxit AkbariDAXIT AKBARI 🇮🇳
This document provides an overview of Gujarat Gas Limited's city gas distribution business in India. It discusses the company's network, which includes over 16,000 km of pipelines distributing natural gas to over 10 lakh customers. It also outlines the key components of a city gas distribution network such as city gas stations, pipeline networks in steel and polyethylene, regulating stations, and CNG stations. The document then goes into details about ongoing pipeline projects and the methodology used for planning, designing, and constructing steel pipeline networks.
The document provides an overview of oil and gas exploration, production, and optimization. It outlines the key stages including geophysical data collection, various drilling rig types, well completion, production and testing, enhanced oil recovery techniques, and abandonment. Diagrams and descriptions are given for different offshore platforms like fixed, compliant tower, tension leg, spar, and subsea systems. Cost comparisons are shown for various floating and jack-up rig types based on water depth.
The document provides an overview and introduction to pipeline projects for pipeline project engineers. It discusses various topics related to pipelines including different modes of petroleum product transportation, advantages of pipeline transportation, cross-country pipelines in India, HPCL's pipeline network, and basic pipeline system components. The course aims to help engineers understand their role and provide foundational knowledge of pipelines. It includes modules on pipeline overview, HPCL pipelines, and a knowledge assessment.
This document provides an overview of offshore platform design, including the types of platforms, their key components, design considerations, and loads. The main types of platforms discussed are fixed structures like jacket platforms and compliant towers, and floating structures like tension leg platforms, semi-submersibles, and spars. Design involves considering environmental loads from waves, wind, earthquakes, and more, as well as structural analysis and ensuring stability.
Innovation of LNG Carrier-Propulsion and BOG handling technology (LNG Warring...BenedictSong1
LNG Warring State Period!
With the advantage of direct injection two-stroke MAN MEGI diesel engines and otto cycle duel fuel XDF engines, existing steam turbine-propelled LNG carriers are significantly less competitive and are in danger of survival. Shipowners will continue to make efforts to create new value by converting these steam turbine LNG carriers to FSRU, FLNG and FPU.
The document discusses contracting strategies for geothermal energy projects. It outlines two main alternatives: the EPC (engineering, procurement, construction) model where one contractor is responsible for the entire fixed-price turnkey project; and the EPCM (engineering, procurement, construction, management) model where the owner manages separate contracts under the guidance of an engineering consultant. The EPCM approach is preferred as it allows for more accurate bidding on separate project components, greater owner control and flexibility, promotes local participation, and better quality control, while still transferring construction risks to contractors.
LNG is regasified at receiving terminals by pumping it through pipes heated by various methods to warm it from a liquid to a gas. There are several types of regasification systems that utilize different heat sources like seawater or combustion. Intermediate fluid vaporizers use a secondary fluid like propane or water/glycol to indirectly heat the LNG through heat exchangers. Ambient air vaporizers use air as the heat source through surface heat exchangers. Open rack vaporizers use seawater in direct contact heat exchangers. Shell and tube vaporizers also use seawater but with the LNG in tubes surrounded by seawater in the shell. Submerged combustion vaporizers use underwater burn
How Albanian legislation facilitates the exploration and development of hydro...Albania Energy Association
Presentation: How Albanian legislation facilitates the exploration and development of hydrocarbons
Dael Dervishi, Executive Director, National Agency of Natural Resources (AKBN)
There are many reasons why firms need to model the exterior contour of existing aircraft OMLs (Outer Mold Lines). Most aircraft flying today were not designed in a modern 3D CAD program. Even with a current 3D digital design, the actual as-built contour deviates from the intended shape, at least at some level.
Direct Dimensions has used a wide variety of 3D measurement equipment and software for nearly 15 years to accurately capture and model these shapes for many different applications and purposes. This presentation will focus on the evolution of 3D scanning equipment and software through many examples with emphasis on practical application, costs, schedules, deliverables, etc.
Having real world customers that demand higher quality and lower price over time for this application, Direct Dimensions has continually searched for the best tools and methods for performing these projects. This experience and perspective will be freely shared with the audience in order to develop an appreciation for the selection of such tools for these projects.
Presentation: The role of Southern Gas Corridor for energy security of Europe
Ilkin Aslanov, Executive Assistant to SOCAR President Advisor, SOCAR, Azerbaijan
Presentation: Environmental services for the oil and gas industry
Giannis Karakolis, North Greece Director, POLYECO S.A.
Simon Geragthy, Drilling Waste Management Expert, POLYECO S.A
Presentation: Concessions and the legal framework in Energy
Etleva Kondi, Director of Concessions, Procurement and Privatisation, Ministry of Energy and Industry
Presentation: Strengthening integration on Energy Community and investment opportunities
Lorenc Gordani, Professor of EU Law and Project Director, ACERC
Presentation: The refining sector of Albania
Christophe Darbord, Chief Executive Officer, Armo Refinery
Presentation: What is the energy investment outlook in Albania for 2020?
Entela Çipa, Advisor to the Minister of Energy and Industry
Presentation: Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative - EITI in Albania
Dorina Çinari, Director, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) Albania
Presentation: The National Economic Council; Fostering Business-Government dialogue
Elona Varfi, COO, National Economic Council (NEC)
Keynote Presentation from the Ministry of Energy and Industry - Electricity Directorate
Agim Bregasi, Director of Policies and Development of Electricity, Ministry of Energy and Industry
Presentation: An overview of Albania’s greatest energy source - Hydropower
Aas Agnar, Director of Governmental Affairs, Devoll Hydropower, Albania
Presentation: An overview of the mining sector in Albania
Mehmet Hasalami, Policy and Development Directorate of Mines, Ministry of Energy and Industry
Albpetrol is a state-owned company in Albania that produces and trades oil and gas and holds licenses for transportation and distribution of natural gas. The chairman presented on Albpetrol's assets, capital, employees, income and profit. Production of oil in Albania from 1929-2014 was shown. Albpetrol has partnerships with international oil companies for 16 oil fields under production sharing agreements. The privatization process for Albpetrol was started in 2015 and will not include management of exploration blocks or the transportation license.
The document discusses renovations and upgrades to the automation and control systems of gas pipeline infrastructure in Asia and Europe. It involves upgrading 5 compressor stations, 20 turbo sets, and associated equipment. The project is managed by Konstantin Grigoryev and involves site surveys, engineering design, factory acceptance testing, site testing, commissioning, and providing long-term support. The upgraded control systems will integrate monitoring and control of all subsystem for improved coordination and efficiency.
Clean Energy Compression’s Bulk Gas Transportation systems have enabled customers worldwide to take advantage of the tremendous cost reduction and environmental benefits of converting to natural gas without waiting for expensive pipeline or LNG infrastructure.
The document provides an overview of the Jamnagar-Loni LPG Pipeline (JLPL) operated by GAIL India Limited. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The JLPL is India's longest exclusive LPG pipeline, running from Jamnagar and Kandla in Gujarat to Loni in Uttar Pradesh. It has 4 intermediate pumping stations including one at Mansarampura to boost pressure and facilitate flow. The pipeline utilizes various safety and monitoring systems along its route including sectionalizing valves, pressure and temperature instrumentation, fire detection, cathodic protection against corrosion, and intelligent pigging for inspections.
The document discusses pipeline operations through a SCADA system. The objectives of the SCADA system are to provide effective monitoring and control of the pipeline network through remote control of equipment and emergency shutdown capabilities. It describes the typical configuration and components of a SCADA system including master control stations, communication networks and field devices. It also summarizes the major functions and capabilities of a SCADA system for pipeline operations such as data acquisition, control processing, alarm handling, reporting and maintenance benefits.
Revithousa island is storage for LNG- Liquefied natural gas.
During the visit our NGS supplies, had a meeting with the operational manager of the site and agreed about cooperation for the Israeli market in case that it will be decided to build LNG terminal in Israel.
This facility has been accomplished with the cooperation of many companies which NGS is representing:
The design and the engineering was made by a team of international companies under the management of Asprofos engineering.
A large amount of pipes were supplied by Corinth Pipeworks.
Many of the ball valves and other equipment ware supplied and built by Enimex.
In addition, Totgas supplied a lot of the necessary equipment during the constructions.
The construction of the LNG unit was built by a group of the international companies including Greek contractors such as J&P Avax, Elter and others.
Making the CNG Virtual Pipeline a Reality for Transportation Natural Gas (TNG)Jolynn Kennedy, CIMS-GB
No natural gas pipeline? No problem. You can facilitate off-pipeline vehicle fueling for CNG transportation fleet. Learn how by checking out this informative presentation by Broadwind | SAFE, XNG and Hexagon Composites.
The document provides information about GAIL (India) Limited and their Jamnagar-Loni LPG Pipeline system (JLPL). It discusses that JLPL is the world's longest exclusive LPG pipeline at 1,355 km long. It transports LPG from Jamnagar to Loni and has a capacity of 2.5 MMTPA. The pipeline consists of intermediate pumping stations, receiving terminals, sectionalizing valves, and pigging stations to facilitate the transportation of LPG. Cathodic protection and pigging systems are used to maintain pipeline integrity and cleanliness.
This document provides an overview of natural gas liquefaction processes for a university semester project on simulating the C3MR natural gas liquefaction process. It begins with an introduction to liquefied natural gas and its advantages over vapor natural gas. It then discusses the history of LNG and summarizes several common industrial liquefaction processes, including cascade processes, mixed refrigerant processes, and specific processes like the C3MR, SMR, DMR, Linde and AP-X processes. The document also reviews gas purification processes and provides an outline for the modeling section of the semester project.
Introduction to Gas Transportation and Storage technology including pipeline, CNG, LNG, GTL, GTW, methane hydrate, and the importance of gas sales agreement in a gas value chain.
The document analyzes the front covers of 10 different magazines. It discusses the masthead, barcode, main image, graphics, and skyline of each cover and how they follow magazine conventions or relate to the genre of music featured. Key elements like the masthead, barcode, and graphics are used across magazines to identify them as professionally made media and draw viewers in.
Reading involves comprehending the underlying thoughts and organization of ideas in a text through linguistic devices that create cohesion. While coherence refers to how well the ideas are structured, cohesion concerns the linguistic elements like word choice and grammar that help express the coherent thoughts in a way that can be understood. Together, coherence and cohesion allow readers to understand the intended meaning and value of a text.
El documento describe las diferentes funciones y actividades que se realizan en la biblioteca de un instituto en Vilalonga, como prestar libros, ver películas, leer prensa, exposiciones de cómics, zonas de lectura, concursos literarios e información sobre guías de lectura. También menciona que los estudiantes usan la biblioteca para trabajar y consultar recursos, y que ofrece actividades como cine, música, poesía y clubes de lectura.
Presentation: Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) – The European leg of the Southern Gas Corridor
Shkelqim Bozgo, Country Manager for Albania, Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP)
Karachaganak overview WKIF Aktau 25.09.12 Eng Rev-4Mihai Dragne
The document provides an overview and review of activities at the Karachaganak gas condensate field in Kazakhstan, including:
1) Karachaganak is one of the world's largest gas condensate fields, discovered in 1979 with over 2.4 billion barrels of condensate and 16 trillion cubic feet of gas reserves.
2) A new agreement in December 2011 gave Kazakhstan a 10% interest in the field managed by KazMunaiGas, along with additional pipeline capacity.
3) Future development plans through 2018 include well drilling programs, upgrading gas injection and processing facilities, and increasing pipeline throughput to maximize production and value from the remaining reserves.
4) Local employment and contracting have
This document provides an update to the 2009 Master Plan for the Vasilikos Area in Cyprus. It was prepared by Poten & Partners and ALA Planning for Noble Energy and the Cypriot government. The original plan envisioned an onshore LNG import terminal and oil storage, but has been updated due to Cyprus' natural gas discoveries. Noble Energy has signed a deal to develop an LNG liquefaction plant at Vasilikos to export gas. The update takes into account space needs for multiple LNG plants and moving hydrocarbon storage to Vasilikos. Poten & Partners leads the study with expertise in LNG and natural gas projects, while ALA Planning provides local planning knowledge.
Northern Lights: A European CO2 transport and storage project Global CCS Institute
The Global CCS Institute hosted the final webinar of its "Telling the Norwegian CCS Story" series which presented Northern Lights. This project is part of the Norwegian full-scale CCS project which will include the capture of CO2 at two industrial facilities (cement and waste-to-energy plants), transport and permanent storage of CO2 in a geological reservoir on the Norwegian Continental Shelf.
Northern Lights aims to establish an open access CO2 transport and storage service for Europe. It is the first integrated commercial project of its kind able to receive CO2 from a variety of industrial sources. The project is led by Equinor with two partners Shell and Total. Northern Lights aims to drive the development of CCS in Europe and globally.
The document discusses the benefits of using internal coatings for offshore gas pipelines. It provides examples of several major pipeline projects, including the Balgzand-Bacton line between the Netherlands and UK, the Dolphin gas pipeline in the Persian Gulf, and the Langeled gas pipeline in the North Sea, that used internal coatings successfully. The coatings provide corrosion protection during storage and commissioning, allow for easier inspection and commissioning of the pipelines, and enable longer pigging distances.
Natural gas and bio methane as fuel for transport h. aouadEuropean Commission
This document discusses the development of natural gas and biomethane as transport fuels in Europe. It provides details on Fluxys' investments and activities related to small-scale LNG developments, including: [1] Operating an LNG terminal in Zeebrugge, Belgium for over 27 years; [2] Investing in downstream LNG infrastructure like LNG trailer loading, bunker barges, and the first LNG refueling station in Belgium; [3] Conducting the first ship-to-ship LNG bunkering operations in Belgian ports. The document also discusses the supporting EU regulatory framework and need to expand LNG/CNG refueling infrastructure and adopt more natural gas vehicles to unlock the
Gian Franco Menini has over 35 years of experience in engineering, procurement, and construction project management. He has managed a variety of oil and gas pipeline, civil works, and industrial plant projects across Europe, Africa, and Central Asia with project values up to $200 million. His experience includes roles as project director, area manager, country manager, and general manager for companies such as IMPREGILO, SICIM, and SALP. He is immediately available to take on new project management opportunities.
This document provides an overview of a workshop on hydrogen trains. The workshop agenda includes presentations on fuel cell and hydrogen joint undertakings in Europe, current hydrogen pilot projects and the state of the art of hydrogen train technology, and hydrogen infrastructure projects in Belgium and the Netherlands. The presentations will discuss opportunities for using hydrogen to power trains, the potential market for hydrogen trains, and the need for further research and innovation projects to advance hydrogen train technology and deployment.
The document summarizes a meeting about the Rotterdam Opslag en Opvang Demonstratieproject (ROAD) carbon capture and storage project. It discusses the need for CCS to meet climate and energy goals, provides an update on the status of the ROAD project, and explains how ROAD could be a stepping stone for wider CCS deployment in Rotterdam and Europe. The ROAD project would capture CO2 from a power plant, transport it via pipeline, and store it in a depleted offshore gas field. However, the project faces a funding gap that must be closed before it can begin construction.
ERRAC and how proposals for Horizon 2020 have been developed - Andy DohertyKTN
This document provides an overview of recent developments in European railway research and innovation funding. It discusses the establishment of Shift2Rail (S2R), a new Joint Technology Initiative that aims to direct over €1 billion towards transnational railway research projects. S2R is being established to help achieve the goals of doubling rail market share and tripling rail freight and passenger volumes by 2050 as outlined in the EU's Transport White Paper. The document also summarizes upcoming funding opportunities through Horizon 2020 open calls in late 2013 and outlines how S2R and the European Railway Technology Platform ERRAC will work together to guide European railway research priorities in the coming years.
The document discusses upstream developments and gas infrastructure implications in the Black Sea region. It provides an overview of exploration and production activities by major companies in Bulgarian and Romanian waters, including discoveries by Total, Shell, OMV, Repsol, Petroceltic, Carlyle, Lukoil, Exxon and OMV Petrom. It also mentions Turkey's plans to perform offshore drilling and seismic exploration in the Black Sea in coming years.
This document provides an overview of Albania's upstream oil sector and current developments. It summarizes the historical exploration and production licenses from 1903 to 1990, including the first two licensing rounds in 1992 and 1995. It then outlines the current production sharing agreements and free exploration blocks. Key points include Albania's 2014 total crude oil production of 1.4 million tons, expectations for future licensing rounds, and the legal and fiscal framework governing oil activities. The strategy aims to increase production, explore new areas, and expand refining capacity.
The document discusses several major rail projects in Finland. It describes projects to increase rail capacity between Helsinki and surrounding areas, including the Ring Rail Line connecting Helsinki to the airport, extensions to the metro westward, and the proposed City Rail Loop underground railway circling central Helsinki. The projects aim to improve public transportation, reduce traffic congestion, and support development around new stations. Key details are provided on route lengths, number of new stations, estimated costs, and projected ridership increases for the proposed City Rail Loop stations.
CO2 transport systems development status of three large-scale European CCS de...Global CCS Institute
The European CCS Demonstration Project Network was pleased to present the webinar “CO2 transport systems development status of three large-scale European CCS demonstration projects with EEPR funding” on Thursday, 26 February 2014. This webinar, presented by Jens Hetland, PhD, addressed technical and operational aspects pertaining to the transport of CO2 in Europe. It covered lessons learnt from the development of three large-scale CCS demonstration projects: the UK-based Don Valley project, the Dutch ROAD project, and the Spanish Compostilla project. These projects have been members of the European CCS Demonstration project Network since its establishment by the European Commission in 2009, when they were all selected by the European Commission to receive funding under the European Energy Programme for Recovery (EEPR).
The purpose of the projects is to verify feasible capture techniques and to demonstrate geological storage options. As the distance and elevation of the CO2 transport system are inherently given by the project, the transport conditions for the CO2 will generally differ from one project to another.
The demonstration projects have shown that the thermophysical nature of CO2 is prone to complicate certain operational procedures mainly due to phenomena like phase change, hydrate formation and Joule-Thomson cooling. The front-end engineering design studies suggest, however, that the handling of CO2 is quite feasible during normal operation, although customised solutions may be required to handle transients like emergency shut-down and pipeline re-pressurisation. This implies that CO2 transport is not seen as an insuperable hurdle to the design and operation of large-scale CCS systems.
24 European countries agreed to pursue ambitious hydrogen goals and build a hydrogen sector through joint investment projects. They will promote important hydrogen projects along the entire value chain, including production, equipment, storage, distribution, and industrial applications. The goal is to launch an Important Project of Common European Interest on Hydrogen Technologies and Systems to guarantee European leadership in emerging hydrogen markets and significantly reduce emissions. They outlined a schedule to notify the European Commission of draft projects by May 2021 and potentially approve projects by the end of 2021.
Gassco - Future Gas Export from the Norwegian Continental Shelf - Thor Otto L...Innovation Norway
This document discusses future gas export from Norway's continental shelf and provides context on the Norwegian gas transportation system. It notes that while production from existing fields is expected to decline after 2020, new discoveries have been made that could extend gas resources. However, developing these new resources located further north will require new gas transportation infrastructure due to the long distances from existing infrastructure. Norway has started evaluating potential transportation solutions through the Barents Sea Gas Infrastructure Forum to enable monetization of gas resources in the Barents Sea.
Mr. Anthony Brian Robinson is a British civil engineer with over 40 years of experience in water sector projects. He has extensive experience as a team leader and project manager for water and wastewater projects in Europe, the Middle East, and Turkey. His background includes managing EU-funded projects and preparing feasibility studies, master plans, and tender documents for infrastructure projects. He is qualified to lead project teams and liaise with partners and stakeholders.
This document summarizes several pipeline projects that an inspections team has completed since 2007, providing details on the type and length of pipes used, coating and production locations, and duration of each project. It involves inspection of the production, coating, lining and shipping of oil and gas pipes between 30-42 inches in diameter made of steel according to API 5L and ISO 3183 standards. The projects span locations in Greece, Turkey, Germany, Romania, and other countries over durations of 1-10 months.
This document is a curriculum vitae for George Robert Bell. It summarizes his education and over 30 years of experience in construction and engineering, primarily working on major oil and gas projects around the world. His experience includes contract administration, cost management, and working on projects involving fabrication, installation, and offshore and onshore facilities in various countries.
Similar to Eagle LNG Terminal and Pipeline - Efficient solutions for the Balkans (20)
Albania an important energy hub for the Southern Gas Corridor Realistic over...Albania Energy Association
Albania an important energy hub for the Southern Gas Corridor
Realistic overview of the Albanian and West Balkan
Erlet Shaqe
Co-Founder and Chairman of AEA
aea@aea-al.org
EU Gas Demand
Composition of the European gas supply
Existing and planned import pipelines to Europe
Natural gas demand on the Balkans
The Balkan Gas Hub
The Albania/Balkan region
Regional primary energy production WB
Natural Gas Role in the Albanian Energy Balance
Ionian – Adriatic Pipeline
TAP is considered important for Albania
Albania Natural Gas Forecast
Realistic potential area for developing the gas transmission and distribution in Albania
Underground Gas Storage potentials of Albania.
*Credits AEA-Albania Energy Association
Albania investments and Hydropower development 2017
The Albania Energy Association represents the Albania energy industry, covering all renewable, power, heat and fuels.
Albania Country of Opportunities .
CILESIA E AJRIT NE AMBIENTET E BRENDESHME
Studimi i mirëqënies termike nuk mund te jete i shkeputur nga ajoe e
cilësisë së ajrit në brendësi të ambienteve të rrethuara. Vëzhgimi i
sëmundjeve në dukje (sindroma të ndërtesës së sëmurë) të çuditshme në
kushte të caktuara ka çuar në lindjen e një linje tjetër studimi që i
referohet cilësisë kimike – fizike të ajrit qe, sot njihet si IAQ (Indoor Air Quality-Cilësia e Ajrit të Brendshëm). Materialet përshtatura për ndërtime, mobiljet, gazrat e përdorur në impiante, të gjithë këto prodhojnë substanca avulluese organike ( Volatile Organic Compound, VOC– Përzierje Organike Avulli) që, në përqëndrim të pakontrolluar mund të sjellin sëmundje të natyrave dhe rrezikshmërive të ndryshme.
TREGUESIT E CILËSISE SË AJRIT
PROÇESET PSIKROMETRIKE
RRL
Ngarkesa Ftohëse
CENTRALET FRIGORIFERIKE
Metodat e permasimit te tubave te ajrit
The revival and transformation of Europe’s largest onshore oilfield; the Pato...Albania Energy Association
Presentation: The revival and transformation of Europe’s largest onshore oilfield; the Patos-Marinza field
Leonidha Çobo, General Manager, Bankers Petroleum Albania Ltd
vercoming challenges in the exploration of Albania’s high potential carbonate...Albania Energy Association
Presentation: Overcoming challenges in the exploration of Albania’s high potential carbonate structures
Peter Sider, Vice President, Engineering, Operations and Business Development, Petromanas
Transporti me litare, perfshine ato lloje te transporti ne te cilen objekti qe transportohet c’vendoset me ndihmen e nje litari. Kjo eshte konceptuar ne terheqjen e mjetit mbartes me anen e litarit, pergjate udhes se tij, ose shtriries se tij. Historikisht tipike, ky lloj transporti perfaqesonte levizjet e mjeteve lundruese, mbi lumenj ose kanale lundruese. Sot ky lloj transporti (lumenj lundruese) eshte gjeneruar ne forma te ndryshme, sic do ta shohim ne leksionet e meposhteme. Peshen kryesore ne kete lloj transporti e ze transporti me teleferik dhe ai me ashensore, (pa permendur makinat ngritese-transportuese). Transporti me terheqje rreshqanthi, pergjate tokes, eshte pak i perhapur. (Ekzistojne studime te cilat tentojne te perfshijne kete lloj transporti, te permendur ne fund, ne formen e linjave me shina, si nje forme e transportit urban ne qytetet e medha dhe me infrastrukture te dobed). Ne ne leksionin tone do te trajtojme transportin me teleferik, dhe ai me ashensore, si dy forma transporti me mundesi perhapje ne Shqiperi. Per transportin me makina peshengritese-transportuese, nuk do ti trajtojme, per specifikat e vecanta te tyre, si dhe per detyren qe ne kemi vene ne lenden tone, Transportin publik
Kerkesa per parkim
Karakteristika e problemeve te transportit
Parkimi eshte nje aspekt i rendesishem i transportit qe ndihmon (pranon) ne praktike levizjen e automjeit. Ne qendrat urbane politika e vendqendrimeve te inspirohet nga kritere dhe objektiva te ndryshme , por ne cdo rast p[ermban nje total racionale e bazuar ne njohjen e ofertes ne veprim dhe kerkeses me te gjitha kuptimet sasiore e cilesore. Vleresimi i ofertes eshte nje problem i nje vezhgimi te paster statistikore ndersa kerkesa varion ne hapsire dhe ne kohen dhe mbi gjithshka ne sjelljen e perdoruesave ne lidhjen me politiken e pergjitheshme dhe ne vecanti me vete politiken e vendqendrimeve. Ne kete kapitull do te mundohemi te ndertojme tek disa modele te vleresimit te kerkeses, ne vecanti tek modeli gravitacional , dhe do te dallohen disa parametra qe bejne matjen e kerkeses per parkim.
Po te levizjen per sherbim transporti si nje rryme fluidi (ajri/lengu), dhe infrastrukturen si nje labirinth tubash, me pike fillimi, mbarimi, si dhe interseksione te ndryshme, ku neper kete sistem tubash kalon fluidi ne fjale. Eshte e kuptueshme qe per kontrollin ose komandimin e rastit, te vendosen disa elemente konstruktive, te cilet disiplinojne kalimin e fluidit neper nje, ose disa tuba te vecante, ose te lidhur ne njefare sistemi. Keshtu me kete lloj perfytyrimi qe ne po krijojme, mund ta njehsojme levizjen kaotike neper infrastrukture, te perdoruesave te mjeteve (shofere transporti mallrash, ose pasagjeresh, ose qytetare perdorues te mjeteve private, te cilet levizin neper infrastrukturen ekzistuese, per te realizuar nje cvendosje nga nje pozicion ne nje tjeter). Ne q. se vazhdojme te krahasojme situacionin e mesiper, ne llidhje me nje fluid vleresohen parametrat cilesor te tij si:, temperaturat dhe vetit e fizike te tij, vizkoziteti, pasha specifike, shpejtesia etj. Te cilat vleresojne levizjen e fluidit ne keto tubacione. Ne nje sistem transporti levizja e perdoruesave te infrastruktures ne nje intinerar mund te vleresohet nga disa parametra ose karkateristikat e fluksit te perdoruesave, te cilat mund te grupojme 3 faktore qe influencojne direkt per kete fenomen, ose levizje. Mjeti-drejtuesi-ambjenti, te tre keto grupime jane elmente perberes dhe influencues ne cdo lloj levizje mjetesh ne te gjithe infrastrukturen.
Ne c’do projekt transporti, ne aspektin e trajtimit te skemes klasike, sic quhet teknologjia e transportit (ai i transportit te objektit nga nje vend ne nje tjeter),.kemi kete perberje ne procesin teknologjik :
Levizja e objektit (mall ose njerez) me mjetin mbartes. Ne kapitujt e mesiperm ne i kemi permendur keto lloj mjetesh te cilet percaktojne dhe llojin e transportit, konkretisht kane keto emertime:
• transporti automobilistik (mjeti eshte automobili)
• transporti detare e lumore (mjeti eshte lundra, varka)
• transporti hekurudhore (mjeti eshte vagoni i terhequr me lokomotive )
• transporti airore (mjeti eshte aeroplani, helikopteri, balona, )
• transporti me litare (mjeti eshte teleferiku, ashensori, ose c’do makine ngritese transportuese)
Nganjehere kerkohet te parashikohet nje perspektive e zhvillimit te transportit, ose te ristrukturohet ne drejtim te permiresimit te parametrave, nje sistemi transporti. Keshtu, mund dhe duhet te behen, ridimensionimet gjenerale te modeleve matematikore, ose te relacioneve matematikore te bashkangjitura keto projektit te sistemit te transportit. Sa me siper, mund te shprehim ne forme te pergjitheshme :
Tij* = ( fk1,fk2,...fkn )= f(A,B,C,...,M) ku :
T fluksi i spostimeve ndaj 2 zonave i-j dhe me karakteristikat e ketij fluksi fk1,..fkn. te cilat japin funksionet relative A,B,C,... per sistemin e transportit.
Eshte e domosdoshme te sqarojme se, ne evolucionin e kerkeses per transport, futen parametra me te dukshme, ndersa te tjerat nuk perfillen, per vete natyren diskrete, te ketyre rasteve, ky fakt e ben qe, here pas here te rishikohen vleresimet, per zgjidhjen e sistemit kzistues, (sepse faktoret ndryshojne, si koha/ kosto/ distanca e levizjes me kemb/ parkimi/ komoditeti etj.). Ne perdorimin e modelit matematik, per nje sistem transporti, praktikisht behet nje thjeshtim i realitetit, gje qe zgjidhjet optimale duhen te merren duke i permiresuar here pas here parametrat e nje sistemi transporti, ne perputhje me kushtet aktualehere.
Si duhet ta shikojme/studjojme rrealisht nje statistike ne fushen e transportitAlbania Energy Association
Elementi baze ne ndertimin e nje projekti transporti eshte analiza e kerkes-ofert per transport. Kjo shpesh vjen nga verejtjet, ose pamjat direkte ne terren, nga menyra se si sillen ose levizin njerezit apo mallrat. Ashtu si dhe ne vleresimet e tjera per terrenin, edhe ketu kemi nje logjike te perafert, e dalluar, si me poshte:
1) Niveli i sherbimit mbi infrastrukturen ekzistuese, kjo ka te beje me grumbullimin e te dhenave rreale, statistikore mbi infrastrukturen ekzistuese, si dhe kerkesen per transport, apo sherbimet e transportit, si dhe pyetjet ose ceshtjet te tjera, qe lindin ne kete bashkeveprim kerkese-oferte
2) Modelimi simulues i nje sistemi, ne te cilen jane parashikuar vleresimet tekniko-ekonomike, nder te tjerat dhe demografike, social-ekonomike, urbanistike, etj. Si kane ndikuar ose vijuar keto elemente, gjate shfrytezimit ?
3) Treguesit Financiare, si kane qene dhe si eshte bilanci financiare i ketij sherbimi, dinamika e tij, si dhe ndonje alternative e tij, ne pasqyren e kostove e te rendimentit
Per ndertimin e nje projekt transporti, duhet detyrimisht te merren ne konsiderate shume elemente, ose kushte, te cilat konvertohen ne nje bashkesi ndervaresie e quajtur Modeli i sistemit te transportit, ky model eshte i afte ti simuloje keto kushte apo elemente, te projektit duke ne dhene rezultatet respektive. Sa me siper, nje projekt per nje sistem transporti, duhet te ece neper keto faza logjike:
Individualizimi i objeketve qe kerkojne levizje (kerkesa per transport)
Analiza sasiore e sistemit te transportit aktual (ose per disa sisteme)
Ndertimi i nje model varesie, qe perfaqeson nje sitem transporti, i cili eshte ne gjendje te funksionoje me te dhenat (dati) aktuale, si edhe me parametrat e vlerave te prespektives, ne lidhje me kete sistem qe po projektojme, se bashkeu me sistemet e tjere konkurues
Pergjithesime
Nje nder problemet qe e veshtiresojne shperndarjen, shtririen e transportit te mallrave mbi rruge, eshte koha e madhe jo levizese e mallit, ne pikat e nderthuries se levizjeve (grumbullimin, shperndarjen, vazhdim levizjeje te mallit ne destinacion) e cila presupozon kohen e perpunimit te mallit. Si dhe siperfaqet e disponueshme per kete kohe ne keto pika te nderthurjes se levizjes e te perpunimit te mallrave. Keshtu mga viti 1930-40 filloj nje koncep i ri “unifikimi i njesive te ngarkesave” kjo do te thote qe menyra te ambalazhimit te jete e paraqykyar qe ne projektim si nje element ne teknologjine e organizimit te transportit te objektit, kjo gje solli qe:
Elementi baze ne ndertimin e nje projekti transporti eshte hapesira fizike e shtrirejes se aktivitetit te sistemit te transportit, kjo per faktin e kalimeve ose te ndersjelles reciproke, te lelementeve teknike e politike te ketyre siperfaqeve. Per kete te kujtojme nje fakt te thjeshte dhe shume domethenes, ne shtrirjen e linjave nderkokmbetare te hekurudhes, dikur jo te gjitha shtetet, kishin standartin e distancave te shinave te barabarte, pra nuk rrealizohej teknikisht kalimi i vagonit te trenit nga nje shtet tek tjeti, (pasi nuk i kishin te njejta distancen e shinave), sot ky element nuk egziston (eshte eleminiur me kohe), por ekziston ndryshimi i tensionit elektrik, ne rrjetin e fuqise, per linjat hekurudhore te shteteve te ndryshme. (sot ky problem eleminohet duke ndrushuar lokomotiven, pra artificialisht krijohet ndalesa). Ne nje sistem transporti urban, siperfaqet ose zonat e hapesirave, kane rendesi te shikohen ne aspektin cilesor te tyre, nder te cilat mund te permendim, gjendja social-ekonomike e siperfaqes, prezenca e qendrave te medha tregtare e kulturore, destinacioni i aktivitetit te siperfaqes (aktiviteti kryesore i saj). etj. Por hapsira e territorit te referimit, mund te jete dytesore, ne kuptimin e rendesise se nivelit te transportit (pra nuk merret ne konsiderate karakteristikat e zones ne te cilen operohet). Hapsirat i dallojme nga elementi i pare i tyre, ndarjet poloitike.
Problemet e transportit jane bere me te mprehura dhe me kritike se asnjehere tjeter, si ne vendet e industrializuara ashtu edhe ne ato ne zhvillim. Mungesa e lendes djegese (perkohesish) nuk jane probleme qe e preokupojne sot transportin, por eshte rritja e pergjithshme e trafikut dhe e kerkesave per transport, te cilat kane si pasoje efektet e mbingarkit te trafikut, vonesat, aksidentet, si dhe problemet per mjedisin, keto te fundit kane shkuar aq laarg, sa tashme nuk mund te jene te pranueshme. Shprehemi qe keto probleme, nuk mund te kufizohen tek rruget, ose infrastruktura dhe trafiku i autoveturave.
Mjetet primitive te mbartjes jane shfaqur qe ne stadin fillestar te shoqerise njerezore. Nevojat e njeriut per te levizur dhe per te mbartur sendet dhe produktet, e ka bere ate te mendoje, e te veproje, per te perdorur rruge dhe mjete transporti, ne uje, toke dhe me vone ne ajer. Me fjalen transport, do te quajme teresine e veprimeve per c’vendosjen e nje objekti materjal ose frymore, pa ja humbur vetite perberese te tij, brenda nje ambjenti te caktuar me karakteristikat e pergjithshme te tij.
Në barrën e keqkuptimeve që, me kalimin e shekujve, vijnë duke u shtuar mbi marrëdhëniet e
Perëndimit me vendet ballkanike, bën pjesë edhe përçmimi për thuajse gjithë sa është
ballkanike, duke e përfillur këtë rajon si vis pa qytetërim "oksidental". Duke i veshur
Ballkanit prirjen për të përmbysur situatat gjeopolitike të Europës, intelektualë mediokër të
Perëndimit europian i fajësojnë popujt ballkanikë për mynxyra deri nga ato që s'i nxë mendja.
Analistët madje flasin rëndom për "bal kanizim", në një kuptim fortësisht pejorativ, për të
dëftuar gjithë sa, në doke, në kulturë dhe në nivelin e jetesës, i kundërvihet Perëndimit "të
tyre". Kështu Ballkani, më shumë se një rajon, është bërë një problem, duke qenë fjala për një
"Ballkan" që ekziston më së shumti në mendje, se në terren.
Në një situatë të tillë është bërë tanimë detyrë të thyerit e mjaft prej modeleve me të cilat janë
modeluar faktet e historisë botërore përkundrejt historisë së rajonit tonë, posaçërisht të atyre
modeleve që përftojnë një shembëlltyrë të shformuar mbi zhvillimin e historisë europiane në
të cilën Lindja shfaqet si një periferi e Perëndimit. Sidomos "ne ballkanikët" s'kemi më se
përse të vijojmë duke pranuar një histori të njerëzimit siç është shkruar në mënyrë diverguese
vetëm prej "popujve të mëdhenj", një histori që e vështron rajonin tonë si një "botë shtojcë", e
cila gjallin jashtë qendrës së historisë botërore të identifikuar me një traditë vetëm e vetëm
"oksidentale".
Një nga sfidat që do të përcaktonte fatin e Bashkimit Evropian në vitet 90-të ishte bashkimi ekonomik e monetar. Shqipëria e atyre viteve niste hapat e saj të brishtë drejt ekonomisë së tregut të lirë. Situata ekonomik-financiare që trashëgoi qeveria e parë demokratike ishte tragjike: leku zhvlerësohej dita-ditës, inflacioni ishte galopant, rezervat në valutë të huaj të Bankës së Shtetit kishin shteruar në manovra të gabuara në bursa ndërkombëtare, ekonomia ishte në stanjacion të plotë. Ekonomia e tregut ngjalli dëshirën e shqiptarëve për ty hapur bizneset e para ndaj kishte një etje të tregut për valutë të huaj, kryesisht dollar. Të ardhurat nga emigrantët në vendet fqinje kishin filluar të luanin rolin e tyre në balancën financiare të vendit. Dollari amerikan, lireta italiane, marka gjermane apo dhrahmia greke filluan të shkëmbeheshin në tregun e zi, sistemi bankar i asaj kohe akoma nuk kish lulëzuar, ndërsa banka e Shqipërisë ishte e papërgatitur ndaj fenomeneve të reja financiare që po lindnin. Mosbesimi ndaj lekut, nevoja për siguri të kursimeve dhe tregtia me jashtë solli nisjen e një procesi gradual të zëvendësimit të monedhës në ekonominë shqiptare. Monedha unike, Euro hyri në qarkullim në 1 Janar të vitit 2002 në 12 vende të BE ndaj dhe në Shqipëri do të trokiste shpejt. Në fillim shqiptarët u treguan të rezervuar ndaj euros por siç u vu re dhe më vonë shumë shpejt do të behej monedha dominuese në shkëmbimet tregtare dhe në kursimet e shqiptarëve.
Transmetimi i nxehtësisë është shkenca mbi proçeset e përhapjes (ose këmbimit) të nxehtësisë. Transmetim nxehtësie quhet kalimi i energjisë në formën e nxehtësisë ndërmjet trupave që kanë temperatura të ndryshme. Forca lëvizëse e çdo proçesi të transmetimit të nxehtësisë është diferenca e temperaturave (t) ndërmjet trupit më të nxehtë dhe më të ftohtë.
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Eagle LNG Terminal and Pipeline - Efficient solutions for the Balkans
1. Presentation: Eagle LNG Terminal and Pipeline -
Efficient solutions for the Balkans
Fabio Greco, Project Director, Eagle LNG
2. BURNS
Eagle LNG Terminal & Pipeline
Efficient solutions for the Balkans
Fabio Greco
Albania Oil, Gas & Energy 2015 Summit
17 March 2015, Tirana, Albania
3. 2
BURNS
§ Project introduction p. 4
§ Milestones achieved p. 6
§ Development and construction p. 11
§ Strategic role p. 20
§ Benefits for Albania p. 22
§ Role in Europe, Italy and the Balkan Area p. 23
§ Conclusions p. 32
Introduction to Eagle LNG
Eagle LNG Terminal and Pipeline
4. 3
BURNS
Albania is called by their people “Shqiperia” which means “land of the eagles”. The symbol
of the double-headed eagle in the Albania flag has been used for the first time in black
over red in the seals of general Skanderbeg, a national hero who led the revolt and won
against the Ottoman Empire in 1449. This symbol is also used in the flag or coat of arms in
other countries in the Balkans and Central/Eastern Europe.
5. 4
BURNS
Eagle LNG: Project introduction
• Burns, through its subsidiary Trans European Energy, signed in 2008 a thirty-year Permit
Agreement with the Albanian Government concerning the construction and operation of
the “Eagle LNG” project:
– LNG import terminal: 4-8 Bcma floating FSRU vessel for the import and re-
gasification of LNG, located offshore the Albania coast;
– Subsea gas pipeline: 10 Bcma, 110 km connecting the terminal to Italy and Albania.
• Total investment of around 700 mil Euro
• Albania will in the first years absorb up to 0.5 - 1.0 Bcma for its own consumption and
then up to 2 - 3 Bcma including export to other Southeast Europe – Western Balkan
countries once the planned gas grids are developed. The balance will be exported to Italy
and other EU countries.
• Burns is an Italian gas integrated group active in gas import, marketing, trading and
distribution. Their shareholders also own an infrastructure construction company that has
build 300 km of gas networks in Italy.
6. 5
BURNS
Eagle LNG : Business Idea
EAGLE LNG Import and Regasification Terminal
Located in Albania and connected by pipeline
to Italy and to other Balkan countries
Brindisi
Levan
7. 6
BURNS
The project development started in 2006 and in 2008 the project received by the Albanian
Government a 30-year Permit Agreement – full and final agreement for construction and
operation of the terminal and pipeline.
2006: Basic design for the LNG Terminal developed by Technip
2007: Following the submission of the EIA report, the Albanian Ministry of Environment has
awarded the Environmental Licence for the LNG Terminal
2008: Signed a 30-year Permit Agreement with the Albanian Government (Industry and
Energy Ministry), providing the right to build and operate an 8 Bcma (expandable to
12) LNG re-gasification Terminal and a gas pipeline to Italy
2009: The Albanian Council of Ministries ratified the Permit Agreement
2009: The governments of Italy and Albania (Industry Ministries - MSE and METE) signed an
Intergovernmental Agreement on energy cooperation promoting interconnection of
electricity and gas systems. The Eagle LNG project is supported by the agreement as
a priority gas infrastructure.
Eagle LNG: Milestones achieved
Pre-Permit completed activities
8. 7
BURNS
Eagle LNG: Milestones achieved
Post-Permit completed activities
2009: Adoption of the FSRU solution in lieu of of the land-based terminal
2010: Completed a substantial part of the basic engineering for the offshore pipeline and the
connection to the Italian grid (metocean study, detailed marine reconnaissance
survey, Italian landfall study, tender for Basic and FEED of offshore pipeline and
connection in Italy)
2010: Successfully completed with minimal prescriptions the formal EIA Consultation Phase
with the Italian Ministry of Environment on the Italian offshore/onshore gas pipelines
and the receiving station (October)
2010: Commercial and technical offers received from charterers and operators of the FSRU
2011: Budgetary quote on EPC contract for the offshore pipeline received by SAIPEM
2011: Completed market and project competiveness independent studies with three leading
international firms
2012: Start of process to select strategic FSRU partners, equity partners and tollers
2013: The Eagle LNG pipelines have been included to the National Gas Grid by a decree of
the MSE (Italian Ministry of Industry)
9. 8
BURNS
Eagle LNG: Milestones achieved
2013: The project has been selected by the EU Commission and the Energy Community as
a “Project of Energy Community Interest (PECI)”. This label is granted to 10 gas
infrastructure projects that have the “highest positive impact on the largest
possible number of countries” and entitles the project to financial support a
favorable tariff regime and an accelerated permitting.
2014: The project has been included in the ENTSOG 10-year Network Development Plan
and is candidate to receive the PCI label (Project of Common Interest) in 2015 from
the European Commission with additional financial support. The PCI 2015 label is the
highest EU recognition for energy infrastructure projects
2015: Both EBRD and EIB have have expressed an interest in providing financial support.
Post-Permit completed activities
10. 9
BURNS
Eagle LNG: Milestones achieved
PECIs Gas Infrastructure
EAGLE LNG is
coded G002
• Eligibility:
location in one
Contracting Party
(CP) and impact
on at least two
CP or a CP and a
EU Member
State
• Evaluation:
based on
quantitative Cost-
Benefit Analysis
methodology
• Public
Consultation
(Mar-Apr 2013)
https://www.energy-community.org/portal/page/portal/ENC_HOME/AREAS_OF_WORK/Instruments/Investments/PECIs/Maps
12. 11
BURNS
Eagle LNG: Development schedule
• Basic and FEED engineering for the offshore pipeline and the connection to the Italian grid
• Authorization to the construction of the pipeline and connection to the grid from MSE,
inclusive of EIA and local approvals
• Formal TPA exemption from Albanian and Italian authorities
• Final safety study on FSRU vessel
• Tender EPC contract (detailed engineering and construction of the subsea pipeline and
connection to the Italian grid)
• Chartering and O&M contract for FSRU
• Secure long–medium term Tolling contracts
Remaining activities before FID (2016)
13. 12
BURNS
Eagle LNG: Construction schedule
§ Construction of the onshore pipeline in Italy and downward grid upgrade is expected to take about
24 months from FID and can be performed by SRG
§ The laydown and test of the offshore pipeline will take 2-3 months. Including the two landings, the
pipeline will be operational 8 months from the delivery of the steel pipes in the harbour of Brindisi
§ If FID is reached in Q4/2016 and the subsea steel pipelines are delivered in Q4/2017, the offshore
pipelines can be operational by Q2/2018.
§ The FSRU can be delivered within 24 months from order (at FID) which means that the whole project
(regas and offshore pipeline system) can be ready from end 2018.
§ In the same 24 months period from FID, SRG would have connected the offshore pipeline to their grid.
The whole system could then be ready with the Commercial Operation Date 2018.
Construction activities post FID
FID$ COD$
$$ $$
2006$ 2007$ 2008$ 2009$ 2010$ 2011$ 2012$ 2013$ 2014$ 2015$ 2016$ 2017$ 2018$ 2019$
$$ $$
APPROVAL$ ALBANIA$ ITALY$ $$
$$ $$
ENGINEERING$ ALBANIA$ ITALY$ IT$ $$ $$
$$ $$
CONSTRUCTION$STATION$$ITALY$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$
$$ $$
CONSTRUCTION$PIPELINE$OFFSHORE$ $$ $$ $$ $$
$$ $$
DELIVERY$FSRU$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ !
$$ $$
14. 13
BURNS
Eagle LNG: FSRU solution
Offshore regasification – Floating Storage and Regassification Unit
15. 14
BURNS
FSRU Mooring System
The FSRU is compatible with Single Anchor Mooring System, which offer the maximum cost, safety
and efficiency benefits.
Complete Single Anchor Loading System, denoted SAL system, comprising:
1) SAL mooring system; 2) Riser system; 3) Anchor assembly
From an operational point of view, a system with the FSRU free to adopt optimum heading
seems most feasible, both with respect to safety and efficiency.
Eagle LNG: FSRU solution
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Eagle LNG: FSRU solution
§ FRSU of 170,000 cm, 2-3 skids, 4-6 bcma baseload (5-7 Bcma peak), open loop,
chartering from a minimum of 10 years to 25 years
§ Alternatively FRSU of 215,000 cm, 4 skids, 7.5 Bcma baseload (10 bcma peak)
§ 120 bar gas send-out pressure, no need for gas compression station in Albania
§ Compatible with both buoy and jetty mooring as mild weather allows 98% utilization
§ Fast track solution as FRSU is delivered within 24 months from order
§ Operations from early 2018 as construction of onshore and offshore pipeline will take one
year
§ Fully expandable in short time from 2 to 3 skids
§ Consolidated technology
§ Cost advantage vs. land based solution
§ Flexible and modular solution
FSRU – Description
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Pipeline Levan to Brindisi
§ 110 km sub sea, max depth of -815 mt
§ 18 km onshore in Italy from beach to high
pressure national grid (south of Brindisi)
§ Diameter: 28” - 32” offshore;
36” - 42” Italy onshore
§ Pressure 120 Bar in Albania (send-out
pressure of FSRU)
§ Pressure of 75 Bar at Italian landing (Brindisi)
Eagle LNG: The Albania-Italy Pipeline
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Eagle LNG: The Albanian Onshore Landing
The landing
location of
the offshore
pipeline in
Albania has
been
assigned by
the GoA and
is defined in
the Permit
Agreement
with the GoA
View of the beach to SW
View of the beach to NE
View from the beach towards inland
Surveyed beach for Albanian landing
Selected landing onshore in Albania in an area uninhabited and not environmentally sensitive
20. 19
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Eagle LNG: The Italian Onshore Pipeline
Selected 18 km corridor for onshore pipeline from beach to high pressure national gas grid
• The landing location of the Italian pipeline has been selected in Puglia (south of Brindisi) among
four alternatives to minimise the environmental impact onshore and offshore (seagrass Posidonia
oceanica).
• The project includes the construction of the receiving station in Italy, located appx 2 km onshore.
From there Snam Rete Gas will build a16 km of onshore pipeline to connect to the high pressure
national grid.
• This interconnection in Italy will benefit from the planned Adriatica Pipeline, promoted by Snam
Rete Gas, to reinforce the entry capacity in South Italy to transport up to 9 Bcma to North of Italy
and in reverse flow towards central and Western countries trough Switzerland and Austria.
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Eagle LNG: Strategic Role 1/2
The project is strategic for Italy, Balkans and Europe:
1. Increases security of gas supply – LNG means no long-term dependency on a single
supply country and no political risk in the transit countries.
2. Brings cheaper sources of gas – as from 2017, LNG should be available in abundance at
competitive prices for Europe from the USA (shale gas) and Qatar, which will divert some of
its Asian volumes once the new mega-infrastructures exporting LNG from Australia are
operational.
3. Facilitates the gasification of SEE - Gas demand in SEE is expected to reach 41 Bcma by
2025. Eagle LNG would contribute to cover the expected gas supply gap in the region of 23
Bcma.
4. Develops a gas hub in SEE and Italy – SEE: new suppliers, new market participants,
connection with planned pipelines. Italy: increases competition and reduces the impact of oil
formulas on gas pricing.
5. Integration of market areas – pipeline implements a missing bidirectional interconnection
between Italy/Western Europe/North Africa and the Balkans
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Eagle LNG: Strategic Role 2/2
6. Coverage of peak demand – trough the LNG procurement and storage flexibility, trough the
connection with planned underground gas storage in Albania
7. Supports the Albanian economic development – Albania doesn’t currently have a high-
pressure gas grid but the development of the gas infrastructure and the gas market is its
highest energy priority. Albania needs to build at least 800 MW of gas-fired power plants to
guarantee network stability and to develop its industry.
8. The simplest and quickest route to bring gas to Italy and the Western Balkans – project
fully approved in Albania, Italian approval and completion of engineering expected in 2016,
less than two years required for construction. No other gas project in Italy or Albania, either
LNG or pipeline, will be capable of been completed by 2018
9. Efficient cost base in the industry – due to the short length of the subsea pipeline, to the
modern and efficient floating regasification technology (FSRU) and to the fast construction
time. It doesn’t require expensive multi country agreements.
10. Minimal environmental impact – a floating vessel 6 km offshore in Albania and a gas
pipeline in Italy
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§ Gas infrastructure hugely needed in Albania:
§ no existing gas domestic production and import
§ currently only renewable power generation which creates grid instability
§ need for base-load gas fired power generation, clean and reliable
§ Eagle LNG is designed in particular to serve:
§ the 97 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant of Vlorë (to be expanded)
§ New built CCGT power plants in Albania
§ industries located to the prospective Industrial Park of Elbasan
§ the growing domestic and industrial demand
§ the export to neighboring countries
§ Employment, modern technology and specialized know-how to Albania with training for
local staff
§ The project will stimulate the socio economic development of the region and will help in
improving infrastructure and in the emancipation of its population.
Eagle LNG: Benefits for Albania
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Source: IEA 2012
Eagle LNG: Role in Europe and Italy
Source: IEA WEO 2011 “Golden Age of Gas”, Nov 2011
EU gas supply/demand (bcma)
• Oxford Energy predicts 88 Bcm of additional European demand between 2013 and 2030
• Power sector gas demand affected since 2011 by low coal and CO2 prices
• A flexible source of gas needed for peak/mid merit gas fired plants to backup unpredictable
renewable energy.
• Main EU target of security of supply and diversification of sources
• Italy’s role as gas hub for Southern Europe
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Eagle LNG: Role in the Balkan Area 1/8
The Eagle LNG terminal might become a crucial
source of gas for the region
Source: ECA
Gas import dependence
BIH: 100% Serbia: 92%
FYROM: 100% Croatia: 48%
Bulgaria: 92% Romania: 33%
• Albania, Montenegro and UNMIK have
currently no gas infrastructure
• The remaining countries heavily
depend on gas import, mainly from
Russia (partial exception is Croatia)
Projected gas demand by country, Bcm
2015 2020 2025 2030
Croatia 2.1 2.9 2.9 3.1
Serbia 2.1 3.3 3.8 4.2
FYROM 0.6 1.1 1.9 2.1
Montenegro - - 0.1 0.1
Albania 0.6 1.0 1.6 1.9
Kosovo - 0.1 0.2 0.4
BIH 1.0 2.1 2.3 2.6
TOTAL 6.5 10.6 13.0 14.5
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Eagle LNG: Role in the Balkan Area 2/8
• Power sector gas
demand
significant to
replace lignite
• Gas to power
projects key to
provide anchor
load
• Industrial demand
mostly driven by
steel industry
• Residential
demand
fragmented but
politically relevant
Total gas demand projection by sector in West Balkan
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Eagle LNG: Role in the Balkan Area 3/8
• Gas fired
generation in
Balkans
impacted by low
cost of lignite
• Including the
cost of only
CO2 emissions
brings gas and
lignite to parity
in 2025
• With 2015 oil at
$ 50/bbl and
HH gas at
$2.75, LNG and
gas in the
Balkans
become more
competitive
Electricity full generation costs including emissions
Analysis by ECA in 2014 with oil price scenario at 105 $/bbl
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Eagle LNG: Role in the Balkan Area 4/8
• Consortium Approach Study for the development of Gas to Power and the Gas Ring
in the Energy Community
• Study performed by ECA and sponsored by World Bank and Energy Community
• Consortium approach in form of Public Private Partnership to minimise the
investments risks
• Public sector guarantees for all major infrastructure that require offtake of gas and
electricity volumes.
• Public sector minority equity participation would also be beneficial.
• Tolling arrangements to finance infrastructure
• Focus on sub-regional cooperation between a small cluster of countries whose
interests coincide more closely in scope and timing.
• Final report expected by Summer 2015
SEE Gas Power Consortium
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Gasification of the Balkan Region:
The Gas Ring Project • The Gas Ring Project could develop
transmission infrastructure connecting
seven of the ungasified or less gasified
countries in the in the Balkan region with
the major import transmission pipelines
delivering gas in SEE countries
• The project is divided into several stages
– In the first stage gas will be delivered to
power plants in ungasified areas on the
Adriatic cost
– In the following stage new areas will be
gasified and new supply points
connected
• The project will also link SEE markets with
Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and Hungary
and will create the conditions for region-
wide gas trading
The Eagle LNG terminal might become a crucial gas source to supply Albania
and the countries connected to the Gas Ring
Source: Energy Community
NOTE: countries to be connected are Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia
Eagle LNG: Role in the Balkan Area 6/8
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Albanian Gas Reservoirs and Salt Domes
• Depleted gas reservoirs and salt domes in
Albania constitute a very important
contributing element to security of supply and
trading.
• Total storage capacity of about 2-3 Bcm.
• The salt dome at Diapir of Dumrea (1-2 Bcm)
and the depleted gas field of Divjaka (1 Bcm)
are close to the LNG terminal and good
areas to serve as a peak and seasonal
storage.
• The design of underground gas deposits is a
project of regional interest and with a
particular importance for Albania and Italy.
• The gas storage will provide a strategic
reserve for the region and flexibility to
complement the supply from the LNG
Terminal to the benefit of Albania, SEE and
Italy.
Eagle LNG: Role in the Balkan Area 7/8
2323
Location of possible underground gas storage.Location of possible underground gas storage.
DumreaDumrea Salt Dome andSalt Dome and DivjakaDivjaka Depleted Gas FieldDepleted Gas Field
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Energy Community Study on Security of Gas Supply
• Study to asses if N-1 criterion is met at single
state or Energy Community (EnC) region under
different gas infrastructure scenarios
• Existing gas supply infrastructure in EnC can’t
met N-1
• Several new projects have been considered to
fill the gap
• Without South Stream a scenario with all UGS,
other gas interconnections and Eagle LNG
meets the criterion from 2015
• N-1 criterion for Albania met by TAP or Eagle
LNG
• Without South Stream the N-1 criterion for the
EnC region requires several infrastructures
altogether including Eagle LNG
Eagle LNG: Role in the Balkan Area 8/8
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• Eagle LNG is an efficient solution
– Quick development: because of low complexity, cost and environmental impact
– Sound investment: competitive tolling fees and superior returns on investment
• The terminal will operate in the European dimension, in the light of the foreseen
Italian future role as a European Gas Hub and future Albanian interconnection with other
Balkan countries
• The pipeline will have strategic value as reversible interconnection between Italy and
the Balkans
Eagle LNG together with TAP, IAP and the gas storage projects is well suited to have
an important role in Albania, in Italy, in the fast track development of the Balkan gas
markets and for the security of supply in Europe.
Eagle LNG: Conclusions
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Eagle LNG: Bexcrown Investments
Bexcrown Investments is responsible for the project direction of Eagle LNG since 2007 and is
retained as exclusive Financial Advisor. Bexcrown Investments is a London-based M&A, Corporate
Finance and Energy Advisory boutique. The company has advised energy clients across Europe, has
executed sell and buy side mandates, originated commodity supply and sales contracts, JV
agreements, directed investments on LNG, gas, power and renewable assets.
Fabio Greco
Bexcrown Investments - Managing Director
Eagle LNG Project Director and Financial Advisor
Fabio Greco is the founder of Bexcrown Investments. He has 25+ years of experience focusing on the
energy sector on a pan-European basis. He spent the last 16 years in London where he has advised
energy clients and originated several energy investment and structured finance transactions. Before
founding Bexcrown, Fabio Greco has been with Merrill Lynch in London in the Corporate Finance
team as Head for the Southern European and Middle East region commodity financing, origination
and derivatives and at Deutsche Bank in London with similar responsibilities. He also worked with
energy trading companies, as Managing Director of Dynegy Italia and General Manager of Enron in
Italy. Prior to Enron, Mr Greco spent seven years as a business consultant in Italy and France with
Bain & Co. and Finsiel Group. He holds a M.Sci in Physics with honors from the University of Rome
and an MBA from INSEAD.
35. 34
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Piazza della Vittoria, 14
86100 Campobasso, ITALY
Ph. +39.0874.491256
Fax. +39.0874.491222
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00187 Roma, ITALY
Ph. +39.06.48905675
Fax. +39.06.48976434
Via Rugabella, 10
20122 Milano, ITALY
ph. +39.02.8051310
Fax: +39.02.8055296
Burns Bexcrown Investments"
www.eagle-lng.com 7/10 Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W1G 9DQ, London
fabio.greco@eagle-lng.com fabio.greco@bexcrown.co.uk
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