The document discusses various national health programs in India, including the National Family Welfare Program and the National AIDS Control Program. It provides details on the goals, approaches, and components of these programs over different five-year plans. For the National Family Welfare Program, it describes the targets and initiatives under different plans to reduce population growth and improve maternal and child health. For the National AIDS Control Program, it outlines the phases of the program and their objectives to slow the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Health committees in community health nursingfrank jc
The Bhore Committee submitted its report in 1946 which made recommendations to improve India's poor health indicators like high CDR, IMR, MMR and low life expectancy. It recommended a 3-tier primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare system. The Mudaliar Committee in 1959 observed that basic health facilities had not reached half the population and recommended strengthening primary health centers. The Chadha Committee in 1963 reviewed the National Malaria Eradication Programme staffing patterns.
The Reproductive and Child Health Programme was launched in India in 1997 based on recommendations from the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. The objectives of the program are to improve maternal and child health by reducing infant and maternal mortality rates and promoting population stabilization. Key components include family planning, maternal and child healthcare, prevention and management of reproductive tract infections and HIV/AIDS. The program was implemented in two phases, with the second phase from 2005-2009 aiming to expand services and improve quality, coverage, and management.
The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was launched in India in 2005 to improve healthcare in rural areas. It aims to provide accessible, affordable, and reliable primary healthcare through programs like creating Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) at the village level. The NRHM seeks to strengthen infrastructure by upgrading primary health centers, community health centers, and improving staffing and resources at sub-centers. It also aims to reduce mortality rates and achieve other health goals by integrating vertical health programs at the district level. The mission is monitored through community involvement and quality assurance committees.
The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was initiated in India in 1997 to address the limitations of the previous National Tuberculosis Control Programme. RNTCP follows the WHO recommended DOTS strategy and aims to decrease TB mortality and morbidity. It has a decentralized organizational structure and seeks to achieve at least 90% cure rates for new sputum-positive cases and detect at least 85% of expected new sputum-positive cases. RNTCP relies on sputum testing, DOTS treatment, and engagement with private providers and communities to control TB in India.
Community health centres (CHCs) are nonprofit community organizations established by state governments in India to provide primary healthcare services to populations of 80,000 to 120,000 people. CHCs have 30 indoor beds and facilities for X-rays, labor and delivery, surgery, and laboratories. They are managed by four medical specialists and provide services including general surgery, medicine, obstetrics, pediatrics, and all national health programs.
The document outlines India's National Anti-Malaria Programme. It discusses the history and evolution of malaria control efforts in India from the National Malaria Control Programme launched in 1953 up to current strategies. Key points include:
- Malaria is a major public health problem in India, with over 1 million cases reported in 2014.
- The National programme has had evolving objectives, strategies and projects over time in response to disease trends, including the National Malaria Control Programme, Enhanced Malaria Control Project, and current National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme.
- Control strategies have involved indoor residual spraying, early detection and treatment, insecticide policies, and strengthening institutional capacities. Nurses play a role in detection
The National Health Mission aims to improve health outcomes in rural and urban India through various programs and initiatives. It encompasses the National Rural Health Mission and the National Urban Health Mission. The NRHM focuses on improving access to primary healthcare in rural areas by strengthening infrastructure like subcenters and PHCs and promoting community health through Accredited Social Health Activists. The NUHM similarly focuses on improving access for urban poor populations, particularly in slums, through urban primary health centers and community health workers. Both missions aim to reduce infant and maternal mortality and improve health indicators.
The National Diabetes Control Programme was started on a pilot basis in 1987 in some districts of Tamil Nadu, J&K, and Karnataka to prevent diabetes through identifying at-risk groups, early diagnosis and treatment, and preventing complications. However, due to lack of funds, the program was not expanded. Its objectives include prevention, early diagnosis and treatment, reducing morbidity and mortality in at-risk groups, and rehabilitation.
The Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) program was launched in India in 1997 with the goal of reducing infant and maternal mortality rates and achieving population stabilization. RCH Phase I focused on promoting maternal and child health through interventions like family planning, maternal care, child survival, and prevention of diseases. RCH Phase II, launched in 2005, expanded the goals and components of the program. It aimed to further reduce infant and maternal mortality as well as increase immunization coverage, especially in rural areas through strategies like strengthening health infrastructure and focusing on high-priority states. The components of RCH Phase II included population stabilization, maternal health, newborn and child health, adolescent health, and control of diseases. Monitoring and evaluation was emphasized
The National Family Welfare Programme was launched in 1952 in India to promote family planning and improve maternal and child health. It provides reproductive healthcare services, conducts immunization programs, and distributes medical supplies and equipment to primary healthcare centers. The objectives are to reduce population growth, improve access to family planning services, and lower infant and maternal mortality rates. Services include antenatal, natal, and postnatal care for mothers; immunizations for children; family planning methods; and emergency obstetric care. The program aims to improve quality of life through these comprehensive welfare services.
This PPT has all the necessary information about 'National Rural Health Mission'. It is useful for students of Medical field learning 'Preventive & Social Medicine' as well as anyone who is interested in knowing about it.
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NATIONAL IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDER CONTROL PROGRAMpramod kumar
The document discusses India's National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Program. Key points:
- Iodine deficiency can cause developmental issues and goiter. India launched the program in 1962 to distribute iodated salt to populations at risk.
- Over 350 million people in India are at risk of iodine deficiency. The program aims to reduce prevalence of disorders to below 10% by 2012 through iodated salt distribution, education, and monitoring.
- It is implemented through central coordination and state-level cells. Achievements include banning non-iodated salt, establishing quality standards, and expanding production and distribution of iodated salt nationwide.
ndia is one of the developing countries who have national cancer control programme (NCCP). We started way back in 1975 and the plan has been revised three times. The first revision was in 1984, second one in 1991 and third one 2004.
The document introduces the Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) program launched in India in 2011. JSSK aims to provide totally free maternity services and newborn care up to 30 days in all government institutions, regardless of financial status. This includes free delivery, C-sections, drugs, diagnostics, blood, transport, and diet for pregnant women and sick newborns. JSSK was launched to reduce India's high maternal and infant mortality rates and increase access to healthcare for pregnant women and newborns. The document outlines the goals, entitlements, implementation process, and monitoring of the JSSK program across states in India.
The document summarizes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It was established in 1992 by the government of India, WHO and World Bank in response to high TB mortality in India. The goal is to reduce mortality and interrupt transmission of TB. The strategy includes achieving at least 85% cure rates for infectious cases and detecting at least 70% of estimated cases. Treatment is provided through the DOTS strategy of supervised treatment and medication. The RNTCP has been implemented in phases to expand DOTS coverage across India and coordinate efforts with the National AIDS Control Organization to address TB-HIV coinfection.
The document discusses primary health care (PHC). It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. PHC is defined by the WHO as essential health care made universally accessible through community participation and affordable costs.
The key principles of PHC include addressing main health problems through promotion, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. Its essential components are environmental sanitation, disease control, immunization, health education, maternal and child care, nutrition, medical care, and treatment of local diseases. PHC relies on health workers like nurses and community workers to form a team and respond to community needs.
This document discusses the National Health Mission (NHM) in India, which includes the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM). Key points include:
- NHM was approved in 2013 and aims to provide universal access to public health services and reduce maternal and child mortality.
- NRHM was launched in 2005 and focuses on improving health indicators in rural and underserved areas. NUHM aims to improve health of urban populations, especially slum dwellers.
- Initiatives under NHM include the ASHA program, strengthening primary health centers, rogi kalyan samitis, and programs focused on reproductive health, immunization, and control of communicable/non-communic
World health organization will help you to gain complete knowledge regarding WHO. it is one of the largest and essential international health agency in the world
The Twenty Point Programme aims to spread the benefits of development evenly and promote socio-economic justice in India. It consists of 65 schemes across 20 points focused on poverty alleviation, employment, housing, education, health, and other areas that improve quality of life. The program is implemented at the state, district, mandal, and local levels, with committees monitoring targets and achievements. Some key schemes include the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, rural housing initiatives, clean drinking water programs, primary education projects like Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, and improving healthcare through vaccination and sanitation efforts.
The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was launched in 2005 to address deficiencies in India's rural health sector by improving access to quality health care, especially for poor women and children. It aims to reduce maternal and child mortality, provide universal access to public health services, and control communicable and non-communicable diseases. The evaluation assessed NRHM's implementation in 7 states and found improvements in health infrastructure and outcomes, but some gaps remain, such as inadequate numbers of community health workers. Recommendations include filling staff vacancies, improving emergency care and transportation, and retraining community health volunteers.
The document outlines the vision, mission, goals, values and organizational structure of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) in the Philippines. The DSWD's vision is for empowered poor, vulnerable and disadvantaged communities with improved quality of life. Its mission is to provide social protection and promote welfare of these groups through policies, programs and services implemented with local governments and partners. The Social Welfare Institutional Development Bureau (SWIDB) is responsible for capability building and developing networks with learning institutions to continuously train social workers and stakeholders.
The document summarizes the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in India, which aimed to provide accessible, affordable and quality healthcare, especially to rural and vulnerable populations, from 2005-2012. Key aspects included decentralizing healthcare and increasing public health expenditure to 2-3% of GDP. Goals were to reduce infant and maternal mortality, and ensure access to primary healthcare through community health workers like ASHAs, improved infrastructure like 24/7 facilities, and intersectoral coordination between health, water, sanitation and nutrition initiatives. The document outlines the organizational structure, strategies and interventions of the NRHM at national, state, district and community levels.
Trinity Care Foundation is a Non-Governmental Organization based in Bangalore, India dedicated to School Health Programs, Facial Deformity
Programs and Oral Cancer Programs.
http://www.trinitycarefoundation.org/
This document outlines several national health programmes and policies in India, including programmes for communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases, and nutrition. It provides details on major nutrition programmes like the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme, mid-day meal programme, and national programmes addressing issues like anemia, iodine deficiency, and vitamin A deficiency. The ICDS is described as India's largest child development programme, reaching over 34 million children and 7 million mothers. It aims to improve child nutrition and reduce mortality and morbidity through Anganwadi centers that provide food, immunizations, health checkups, and preschool education.
National nutritional programmes in indiautpal sharma
The document discusses India's efforts to address malnutrition from the pre-independence period to present day. It describes 4 phases: 1) threat of famine pre-independence, 2) food production phase in 1940s, 3) direct community interventions starting in 1960s, and 4) multi-sectoral approach from 1970s onwards involving multiple ministries. It provides details of various national nutrition programs over time including ICDS, mid-day meals, and programs focused on anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency.
The document discusses orientation and training programs in human resources development. It defines orientation as providing new employees with background information to reduce anxiety and reinforce a positive impression. Areas covered in orientation include job duties, benefits, and safety regulations. Training is defined as efforts to help employees acquire job skills. Common training methods mentioned include on-the-job training, lectures, role-playing, and computer-based learning. The document also discusses evaluating training programs to assess trainee responses, learning, behavior change, and benefits to the organization.
The document outlines a business acceleration system from Alchemy that aims to help companies increase customers, sales, and profits. It does this through proven strategies and techniques to capture more market share by winning new customers and increasing loyalty. These include developing multiple marketing channels, implementing the "7 profit multipliers" to boost key metrics like leads, conversion rates, and average transaction value, and creating systems that allow the business to run profitably without constant oversight. The goal is to build a highly valuable business that can be sold or operated independently on "autopilot".
- Male 1
- Female 1
Nurse 1
Lab Technician 1
ANM 2
Health Worker (F) 2
Health Assistant (M) 1
Total 11 14
SIHFW: an ISO 9001: 2008 certified Institution 37
Urban Health Services
- Urban Health Centers
- Dispensaries
- Maternity Homes
- Special Clinics
- Mobile Units
- School Health
- Environmental Sanitation
- Health Education
- Slum Health Programs
- Referral Services
SIHFW: an ISO 9001: 2008 certified Institution 38
The document discusses the Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) program in India. It provides details about:
1) ASHAs are community health workers selected by villages to serve as a liaison between the community and the public health system.
2) They promote health awareness, community participation, and act as agents of change on health practices.
3) ASHAs undergo initial and continuing training, and are supported by structures at state, district, block and PHC levels to monitor performance and ensure timely payments.
The document discusses various health policies and legislations in India, including the National Health Policy of 1983 and 2002. The National Health Policy of 1983 aimed to establish a network of primary health care services through community health workers and a referral system. The National Health Policy of 2002 recognized gaps in health facilities and sought to increase health spending, strengthen primary care, and reduce inequities in access. The National Population Policy of 2000 and National Policy for Children of 1974 also aimed to improve health, education, nutrition, and empowerment outcomes for populations.
The National Health Policy of 1983 aimed to provide comprehensive primary health care services through a network of health centers with referrals and specialty services. It focused on nutrition, health education, and maintaining drug quality. The 2002 policy realized disparities in health facilities and sought to reduce inequities and allow disadvantaged groups fairer access to services. It proposed increasing health expenditure to 6% of GDP to improve infrastructure and address shortfalls. The National Population Policy of 2000 aimed to bring fertility rates to replacement levels by 2010 through addressing unmet needs, increasing education, and promoting the small family norm.
The Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) is a decentralized, state-based project that aims to establish a disease surveillance system for timely public health action. It integrates disease surveillance at state and district levels, improves laboratory support, and provides training. The IDSP oversees surveillance of diseases like malaria, diarrhea, tuberculosis, measles, and more. It has a strong organizational structure from the national to district levels to monitor diseases and respond to outbreaks. The IDSP reporting system utilizes forms to report suspect, probable and confirmed disease cases weekly from health centers to the state and national levels.
The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme was initiated in 1975 to improve nutritional and health status of children under 6 years, pregnant and lactating mothers. It provides supplementary nutrition, immunization, health checkups, referral services, and non-formal preschool education. The scheme is implemented through Anganwadi centers by Anganwadi workers with support from helpers, ASHA workers, and the health department. Over the years it has expanded its coverage and enhanced services but continues to face issues like irregular food supply and lack of community participation.
The document outlines standards for primary healthcare facilities in India called the Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS). It discusses:
1) The need to establish standards to ensure a minimum level of quality, accountability, and effective healthcare delivery across primary care institutions in India.
2) The process used to develop the IPHS, which involved expert committees, stakeholder consultations, and revisions based on facility achievement and state needs.
3) The IPHS provide guidelines for infrastructure, services, manpower, and monitoring at different levels of primary care facilities - subcenters, primary health centers (PHCs), and community health centers (CHCs). Standards are tailored to available resources but aim to improve functionality over time.
The document summarizes India's Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) Surveillance program. It provides an overview of the program's progress and initiatives. Key points include:
- The program was established in 1988 and has strengthened over time with revised guidelines, new reporting formats, and establishment of committees at national, state, and district levels.
- Reporting of serious AEFI cases has increased from around 300 annually in the early 2000s to over 700 cases in 2014, indicating improved surveillance sensitivity.
- Initiatives to further strengthen the program include establishing an AEFI Secretariat, appointing zonal consultants, and partnering with a technical center to provide support to states.
Key elements of NHM, Important learnings, Challenges Desired InterventionsDr. Heera Lal IAS
This document provides an overview of the key elements, achievements, and challenges of the National Health Mission (NHM) in India. It discusses how NHM has strengthened India's public health system and led to important health improvements, but that challenges remain. Key interventions and priorities for the road ahead are also outlined.
Clinical & ot protocols and governance to ensure quality in eye care servicelionsleaders
This document summarizes protocols and guidelines for ensuring quality in eye care services, with a focus on quality assurance in cataract surgery and preventing cluster infections. It discusses the increasing rates of cataract surgery in India over time but also current issues like a lack of eye surgeons in rural areas. Specific observations from facility evaluations that could increase infection risks are outlined, along with national and international guidelines. The need for uniform guidelines, training, and a focus on quality are emphasized to help reduce cluster infections and improve outcomes.
The document provides an analysis of business opportunities for Philips Healthcare in Sri Lanka. It summarizes the current healthcare landscape and market potential, noting increasing government spending on healthcare and a growing private sector. It evaluates different business models for Philips' presence in Sri Lanka, from maintaining the current distributor model to establishing a branch office. The analysis recommends opening a liaison office to gain customer confidence and address the perception that Philips lacks a local presence. It outlines the registration process for a company in Sri Lanka and potential tax exemptions available.
The document provides an analysis of business opportunities for Philips Healthcare in Sri Lanka. It summarizes the current healthcare landscape and market potential in Sri Lanka. It evaluates different business models for Philips' operations in Sri Lanka and proposes establishing a branch office (Model 4) to gain customer confidence and address the fast growth in healthcare demand. The justification discusses registering a company, taxes, and possible tax exemptions available. It indicates setting up a branch office would help Philips strengthen its presence and better address the needs of the growing Sri Lankan healthcare sector.
The document discusses health expenditure and financing in India. It notes that over 80% of health expenditure is private, with nearly 97% coming from out-of-pocket payments. Public expenditure on health is below 1% of GDP. It highlights challenges around human resources, rural-urban disparities, and gaps between health policy and implementation. Economics can help address issues of scarce resources and alternative uses to improve allocative efficiency in the health sector.
The document summarizes India's family planning program. It provides population figures for Indian states and shows that Uttar Pradesh has the largest population at 19.96 Cr. The national program aims to stabilize population growth by 2045 through addressing unmet need and lowering the total fertility rate (TFR) to replacement level. It highlights initiatives to increase modern contraceptive usage, address high-risk births, expand contraceptive choices, promote quality sterilization services, and generate demand for family planning. The family planning program provides various temporary and permanent contraceptive methods and aims to improve access through schemes like Mission Parivar Vikas.
The document discusses India's public health spending and priorities under the National Health Mission (NHM). It notes that government health expenditure is only 30% of total healthcare spending in India, and out-of-pocket expenses are high at 62%. The NHM aims to increase public health spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2025. It has two sub-missions - the National Rural Health Mission and National Urban Health Mission. Funds are allocated to priority programs focusing on reproductive, maternal and child health as well as communicable and non-communicable diseases. The allocation for 2019-20 under NHM is Rs. 26,945 crore, with over 60% going to the NRHM-RCH flexible pool
The document discusses inter-sectoral convergence in healthcare. It explains that convergence is a process that facilitates different groups to work together for more efficient service delivery. Convergence can save time, build rapport, increase efficiency and reduce workload. It also discusses the need for convergence to ensure unity of purpose and promote teamwork. Some benefits of convergence include being more participative, economizing efforts, improving quality and avoiding duplication. The document outlines various types of convergence and constraints to inter-sectoral coordination. It provides examples of convergence between health and other sectors like women and child development, water and sanitation, and education.
The document discusses the Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI) program in India. IMNCI aims to reduce infant and child mortality by improving child health, survival, and addressing malnutrition. It provides integrated care for newborns, infants, and children under 5 through training health workers, strengthening health systems, and improving family and community practices. Key components include training, improving access to essential medicines and referral systems, and promoting healthy behaviors through community engagement.
The document summarizes the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in India, which aimed to improve rural healthcare through decentralization, appointing community health workers, strengthening primary care, and partnering with private organizations. Key goals included reducing maternal and child mortality, expanding access to services, and controlling diseases. The mission created Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) to create health awareness and mobilize communities, and strengthened subcenters, primary health centers, and community health centers.
India has experienced rapid population growth over the last century, with its population increasing 5 times while the global population increased 3 times. Communicable diseases like acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, tuberculosis, and malaria remain major health issues. Mortality from communicable diseases has declined in recent years but non-communicable diseases like heart disease and cancer are becoming larger causes of death. Access to healthcare services like antenatal care is improving but still lags national averages, especially in rural areas.
This document discusses immunization and provides information on key terms, schedules, coverage rates, and barriers. It defines immunization as stimulating the immune system through antigens to induce immunity. The national immunization schedule in India is outlined which recommends vaccines for pregnant women, infants, and children at specific ages and doses. Coverage rates from 1985 to 2008 show improvements. Barriers to immunization mentioned include physical barriers like waiting time as well as socio-cultural factors. Herd immunity is described as resistance to disease spread when few members are susceptible.
The document discusses the history and development of health care infrastructure and human resources in India, with a focus on Rajasthan. It summarizes key milestones and policies related to public health in India since 1946. It provides data on the growth in primary health centers, community health centers, and other facilities in Rajasthan over time. It also presents statistics on health human resources in Rajasthan compared to India, noting shortages of doctors, dentists, and other personnel. The document concludes with information on medical and nursing education facilities in Rajasthan.
This document discusses epidemic preparedness and outbreak investigation. It defines epidemics and outbreaks, and explains why outbreaks occur and the importance of being prepared. Outbreak management involves anticipating, preventing, preparing for, detecting, responding to, and controlling disease outbreaks. Investigating outbreaks is important for implementing control measures, increasing knowledge of disease agents, providing training, and addressing public concerns. Epidemiological approaches to outbreak investigation include experimental and observational methods. Key steps in an outbreak investigation are establishing the existence of an outbreak, verifying diagnoses, defining and identifying cases, performing descriptive epidemiology, developing and evaluating hypotheses, and implementing control measures.
The document discusses quality assurance in healthcare, including defining quality, measuring it through indicators, improving quality through approaches like total quality management and continual improvement, and ensuring quality through principles like transparency, evidence-based practice, and accountability. It also addresses important dimensions of quality like safety, effectiveness, efficiency, accessibility, and patient-centeredness.
The document discusses various measures used to quantify disease occurrence and mortality rates. It defines key terms like prevalence, incidence, rates, ratios and standardized rates. Prevalence is a snapshot of disease at a point in time while incidence describes new cases occurring over time. Crude rates are calculated for the entire population while specific rates are for subpopulations. Standardized rates allow comparison between populations by adjusting for differences in age or other distributions. Methods like direct and indirect standardization are used to derive adjusted rates. Mortality data from vital statistics provides important public health indicators but has issues like accuracy of documentation and changing disease classifications over time.
This document discusses different types of epidemiological studies including descriptive studies, analytical studies, and experimental studies. Descriptive studies are divided into population studies and individual studies. Analytical studies include case-control studies and cohort studies. Key aspects of case-control and cohort study designs such as selection of cases/controls, sources of information, issues in analysis/interpretation, and strengths/weaknesses are described.
The document discusses concepts related to measuring associations between exposures and diseases in epidemiology. It defines different types of associations and measures of association, including relative risk, odds ratio, and attributable risk. It explains that an association between two variables does not necessarily imply causation and discusses several approaches used in epidemiology to help establish whether an observed association may be causal.
1) The document discusses surveillance in public health and describes its key components and purposes. Surveillance involves the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to provide information for action.
2) An effective surveillance system is simple, flexible, timely, and produces high-quality data. It addresses an important public health problem and accomplishes its objectives of understanding disease trends, detecting outbreaks, and evaluating control measures.
3) The document outlines how to establish a surveillance system, including selecting priority diseases, defining standard case definitions, and developing regular reporting and data dissemination processes. Both passive and active surveillance methods are described.
The document discusses financial management guidelines under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in India. It outlines the establishment of the Financial Management Group (FMG) to coordinate accounting procedures and ensure institutions follow FMG guidelines. It describes the fund flow process from central government to states to districts and below, and the various reporting requirements back up the chain including financial monitoring reports, utilization certificates, and audit reports. It also covers accounting tools and standards, and mechanisms to monitor funds.
This document discusses various methods for measuring disease frequency and occurrence in populations, including rates, ratios, proportions, prevalence, and incidence. It provides examples of how to calculate rates of prevalence and incidence. Prevalence is a measure of existing cases at a point in time, while incidence describes new cases occurring over time. Both are important for epidemiological research, disease surveillance, and health planning.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and public health planning principles. It defines epidemiology as the study of distribution and determinants of health problems in populations and its application to control such problems. The key objectives of epidemiology are described as understanding disease causation, testing hypotheses, evaluating intervention programs, and informing public health administration. Effective public health planning requires defining goals, objectives, strategies, approaches, and approaches for monitoring and evaluation. Descriptive epidemiology involves observing the basic features of disease distribution by person, place, and time to identify problems and plan services. Developing hypotheses about potential causes involves interrogating usual suspects and looking for clues in patterns of who, where, and when individuals become ill.
The document discusses the dynamics of disease transmission. It identifies the key requirements for transmission which include an agent, a source of the agent, a means of exit from the host, a mode of transmission, a means of entry into a new host, and a susceptible host. It also describes various modes of transmission such as direct contact, airborne, vector-borne, indirect transmission through vehicles like water, food, blood, and organs. The document then discusses herd immunity and the conditions required for it to be effective in preventing disease spread in a population. It concludes by outlining various basic and targeted strategies that can be used to control diseases by blocking transmission through various means.
Screening involves applying a medical test to asymptomatic individuals to identify those at high risk of a disease. It aims to reduce disease burden through early detection and treatment before symptoms appear. For a disease to be suitable for screening, it must be life-threatening, treatable at an early stage, and have a high prevalence of pre-clinical cases. An ideal screening test is low-cost, easy to administer, valid, reliable, and reproducible. Screening programs must also be feasible and effective to justify their implementation.
The document discusses district health planning for program implementation plans (PIPs) in India. It provides guidance on conducting a situational analysis, setting objectives, defining strategies and activities, and establishing an institutional framework for convergent planning and action across different levels from village to district. The planning process involves assessing health needs, infrastructure, programs and community participation to identify priority problems and develop targeted, feasible and measurable plans.
The document discusses community monitoring under India's National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). It outlines the goals of improving access, availability, quality and equity in healthcare. Community monitoring is identified as one of the accountability frameworks under NRHM. It aims to make communities aware of their health entitlements and develop a shared understanding of health issues. The process involves forming village health and sanitation committees, conducting surveys, and using monitoring tools like village health report cards to provide feedback on healthcare services and gaps. The objective is to empower communities and facilitate a partnership between communities, health services and organizations.
The document discusses interpersonal communication (IPC) and behavior change communication (BCC) approaches. IPC is focused on individual messaging while BCC is outcome-oriented, research-based, and uses participatory methods. BCC addresses knowledge, attitudes, and practices through audience analysis and segmentation. It uses an appropriate mix of interpersonal, group, and mass media channels. The document also outlines key barriers to behavior change in Rajasthan, India and priority areas for a BCC strategy such as antenatal care, institutional deliveries, and nutrition. Current BCC activities in Rajasthan include MCHN day, home visits, group meetings, and folk performances.
It also describes the training provided to VHSC members, the process for developing Village Health Plans, the reporting and monitoring system, and the support provided to VHSCs from state to village levels.
Skilled Birth Attendant (SBA) training aims to improve maternal and newborn health outcomes by developing the skills of birth attendants. The document outlines SBA training conducted in Rajasthan, which focuses on managing normal pregnancies and deliveries, identifying and managing complications, and essential newborn care. It describes a 3-level training approach, monitoring efforts, and the goal of having skilled attendants at all levels to reduce maternal and infant mortality rates.
This document provides an overview of the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) program in India. It discusses the evolution of the RCH program through various initiatives and policy changes since the 1950s. It describes the objectives, components, activities, and differential strategies of RCH Phase I and Phase II. It also outlines the goals and key issues of RCH-II in Rajasthan, such as reducing maternal and child mortality, strengthening management capacity, and improving client responsiveness. The document aims to present the chronological development of the RCH program in India and its implementation in Rajasthan.
Garbage In, Garbage Out: Why poor data curation is killing your AI models (an...Zilliz
Enterprises have traditionally prioritized data quantity, assuming more is better for AI performance. However, a new reality is setting in: high-quality data, not just volume, is the key. This shift exposes a critical gap – many organizations struggle to understand their existing data and lack effective curation strategies and tools. This talk dives into these data challenges and explores the methods of automating data curation.
Develop Secure Enterprise Solutions with iOS Mobile App Development ServicesDamco Solutions
The security of enterprise apps should not be overlooked by organizations. Since these apps handle confidential finance/user data and business operations, ensuring greater security is crucial. That’s why, businesses should hire dedicated iOS mobile application development services providers for creating super-secured enterprise apps. By incorporating sophisticated security mechanisms, these developers make enterprise apps resistant to a range of cyber threats.
Content source - https://www.bizbangboom.com/articles/enterprise-mobile-app-development-with-ios-augmenting-business-security
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How UiPath Discovery Suite supports identification of Agentic Process Automat...DianaGray10
📚 Understand the basics of the newly persona-based LLM-powered Agentic Process Automation and discover how existing UiPath Discovery Suite products like Communication Mining, Process Mining, and Task Mining can be leveraged to identify APA candidates.
Topics Covered:
💡 Idea Behind APA: Explore the innovative concept of Agentic Process Automation and its significance in modern workflows.
🔄 How APA is Different from RPA: Learn the key differences between Agentic Process Automation and Robotic Process Automation.
🚀 Discover the Advantages of APA: Uncover the unique benefits of implementing APA in your organization.
🔍 Identifying APA Candidates with UiPath Discovery Products: See how UiPath's Communication Mining, Process Mining, and Task Mining tools can help pinpoint potential APA candidates.
🔮 Discussion on Expected Future Impacts: Engage in a discussion on the potential future impacts of APA on various industries and business processes.
Enhance your knowledge on the forefront of automation technology and stay ahead with Agentic Process Automation. 🧠💼✨
Speakers:
Arun Kumar Asokan, Delivery Director (US) @ qBotica and UiPath MVP
Naveen Chatlapalli, Solution Architect @ Ashling Partners and UiPath MVP
Retrieval Augmented Generation Evaluation with RagasZilliz
Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances chatbots by incorporating custom data in the prompt. Using large language models (LLMs) as judge has gained prominence in modern RAG systems. This talk will demo Ragas, an open-source automation tool for RAG evaluations. Christy will talk about and demo evaluating a RAG pipeline using Milvus and RAG metrics like context F1-score and answer correctness.
Demystifying Neural Networks And Building Cybersecurity ApplicationsPriyanka Aash
In today's rapidly evolving technological landscape, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have emerged as a cornerstone of artificial intelligence, revolutionizing various fields including cybersecurity. Inspired by the intricacies of the human brain, ANNs have a rich history and a complex structure that enables them to learn and make decisions. This blog aims to unravel the mysteries of neural networks, explore their mathematical foundations, and demonstrate their practical applications, particularly in building robust malware detection systems using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs).
Latest Tech Trends Series 2024 By EY IndiaEYIndia1
Stay ahead of the curve with our comprehensive Tech Trends Series! Explore the latest technology trends shaping the world today, from the 2024 Tech Trends report and top emerging technologies to their impact on business technology trends. This series delves into the most significant technological advancements, giving you insights into both established and emerging tech trends that will revolutionize various industries.
"Making .NET Application Even Faster", Sergey Teplyakov.pptxFwdays
In this talk we're going to explore performance improvement lifecycle, starting with setting the performance goals, using profilers to figure out the bottle necks, making a fix and validating that the fix works by benchmarking it. The talk will be useful for novice and seasoned .NET developers and architects interested in making their application fast and understanding how things work under the hood.
"Hands-on development experience using wasm Blazor", Furdak Vladyslav.pptxFwdays
I will share my personal experience of full-time development on wasm Blazor
What difficulties our team faced: life hacks with Blazor app routing, whether it is necessary to write JavaScript, which technology stack and architectural patterns we chose
What conclusions we made and what mistakes we committed
The History of Embeddings & Multimodal EmbeddingsZilliz
Frank Liu will walk through the history of embeddings and how we got to the cool embedding models used today. He'll end with a demo on how multimodal RAG is used.
DefCamp_2016_Chemerkin_Yury-publish.pdf - Presentation by Yury Chemerkin at DefCamp 2016 discussing mobile app vulnerabilities, data protection issues, and analysis of security levels across different types of mobile applications.
Mastering OnlyFans Clone App Development: Key Strategies for SuccessDavid Wilson
Dive into the critical elements of OnlyFans clone app development, from understanding user needs and designing engaging platforms to implementing robust monetization strategies and ensuring scalability. Discover how RichestSoft can guide you through the development process, offering expert insights and proven strategies to help you succeed in the competitive market of content monetization.
5. Program components
— Need
— Goals & Objectives
— Strategy
— Approach
— Activity
— Indicators
— Monitoring & Evaluation
— Financing
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 5
6. Major Programs
— National AIDS Control Program
— National Cancer Control Program
— National Diarrheal Disease Control Program
— National Filaria Control Program*
— National Family Welfare Program
— National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Program
— National Leprosy Eradication Program
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 6
7. — National Malaria Eradication Program*
— National Program for Control of Blindness
& Visual Impairment
— National Reproductive and Child Health
Program
— National Program for surveillance Program
for Communicable diseases
— National Tuberculosis Control Program
(Revised)
(* Programs are merged into
National Vector Borne Disease Control Program since 2003-04)
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 7
8. Minor Programs
— National Mental Health Program
— National Japanese Encephalitis control Program*
— National Diabetes Control Program
— National Kala-azar Control Program*
— National Water Supply and Sanitation Program
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 8
10. National Family Welfare Program
Ø 1951, 100% Centrally Sponsored, concurrent list
Ø First country in the world
Ø Family Welfare Dept.- created in 3rd FYP
Ø 4th FYP - integration of Family Planning services
with MCH services
Ø MTP Act introduced 1972
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 10
11. Approach
— 1st and 2nd FYP- “Clinical”
— 2nd FYP - “Target approach”
— 3rd FYP – “Extension & Education” approach
— 4th Plan - Post Partum scheme, reduce CBR to 32
— 5th Plan – NFPP replaced by NFWP, reduce CBR to
30
— 6th Plan - Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) of 1, family
size to 2.3
— 7th Plan - spacing methods, community participation
and promotion of MCH care
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 11
12. Approach
— VII FYP
?Area Development Projects
?India Population Project-VIII & IX
?India Population Project-VIII & IX
?Differential planning scheme
?Increasing involvement of NGOs
?UIP & CSSM
?TFA
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 12
13. IX FYP
Indicator If current If acceleration envisaged in Approach
trend Paper to the Ninth Five Year Plan is
continues achieved.
CBR 24/1000 23/1000
IMR 56/1000 50/1000
TFR 2.9 2.6
CPR 51% 60%
NNMR 35/1000
MMR 3/1000
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 13
14. — X FYP –
– Objectives:
?Reduction in the decadal rate of population
growth between 2001 and 2011 to 16.2%;
?Increase in Literacy Rates to 75 per cent
within the Tenth Plan period (2002 to
2007)
?Reduction of Infant mortality rate (IMR) to
45 per 1000 live births by 2007 and to 28
by 2012
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 14
15. X-FYP
ØPopulation Policy
ØNRHM
– IMR,MMR,TFR
– Unmet Needs- Increasing Contraceptive
choices
– Male involvement
– Social marketing
– Private sector involvement
– Infrastructure strengthen
– Involvement of PRI
– IEC
– Training SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 15
16. XI FYP
?Targets
?Reduce IMR to 28 and MMR to 1 per 1000
live births
?Reduce TFR to 2.1
?Provide clean drinking water for all by 2009
and ensure that there are no slip-backs
?Reduce malnutrition among children of age
group 0-3 to half its present level
?Reduce anemia among women and girls by
50% by the end of the plan
– Family planning insurance Scheme
– Jansankhya Sthirata Kosh
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 16
17. Goals: XI FYP
Ø Reducing MMR to 100
Ø Reducing IMR to 28
Ø Reducing TFR to 2.1
Ø Providing clean drinking water for all by 2009
Ø Reducing malnutrition among children of age
group 0–3 to half its present level.
Ø Reducing anemia among women and girls by 50%.
Ø Raising the sex ratio for age group 0–6 to 935 by
2011–12 and 950 by 2016–17.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 17
18. Empowered Action Groups
Ø GOI constituted an EAG w.e.f. 20th March,2001
Ø To facilitate the preparation of area-specific
programs,
Ø With special emphasis on eight states
[Rajasthan, UP, Bihar, MP, Orissa,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttaranchal]
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 18
19. Role of the EAG
Ø Ensuring appropriate policy development at the
Centre,
Ø Provisioning for technical assistance to the
member States,
Ø Addressing issues of coordination between
member states and departments
Ø Deploying financial resources, as appropriate
and feasible.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 19
20. Family Planning Insurance scheme
Ø To encourage people to adopt permanent
method of Family Planning
Ø Centrally Sponsored Scheme since 1981 to
compensate the acceptors of sterilization for the
loss of wages
Ø Implemented through ICICI Lombard General
insurance Company
Ø Compensation: (w.e.f-07.09.07)
Ø Compensation in case of adverse event (w.e.f.
January 1st, 2009)
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 20
21. Family Planning Insurance scheme:
Compensation: (w.e.f-07.09.07)
In Govt. facilities-
Cate Intervention Acc Moti Dru Sur Anes Sta OT Ref Ca
gory epto vato gs geo theti ff Ass res mp
r r n st nur tt. hm mgt.
se ent
High Vasectomy (all) 1100 200 50 100 - 15 15 10 10
focus Tubectomy(all) 600 150 100 75 25 15 15 10 10
states
Non Vasectomy (all) 1100 200 50 100 - 15 15 10 10
high Tubectomy(BPL, 600 150 100 75 25 15 15 10 10
focus SC/ST only) 250 150 100 75 25 15 15 10 10
states Tubectomy( APL
only)
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 21
22. In Pvt. facilities-
Category Type of operation Facili Motiv Total
ty ator
High Vasectomy (All) 1300 200 1500
Focus Tubectomy (All) 1350 150 1500
States
Non High Vasectomy (All) 1300 200 1500
focus Tubectomy 1350 150 1500
states (BPL+SC/ST)
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 22
23. Jansankhya Sthirata Kosh
Ø National Population Stabilization Fund -
registered as an autonomous Society
Ø Combination of government and civil society
Ø Working to promote innovations
Ø Promote initiatives which leverage the strength of
different economic and social sectors
Ø To reach out needy population groups
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 23
24. Ø Observation of World Population Day
Ø Prerna Awards at Dhaulpur and Jodhpur in
Rajasthan and Nabarangpur in Orissa
Ø Working with the Private Sector Medical
Specialists to enhance services for contraception.
Ø Induction of professional people [NGOs, CII,
FICCI, IASP, IPHA, IAP & SM, FOGSI etc]
Ø Material Development and display for IEC/BCC
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 24
25. Innovative Strategy under JSK
“Prerna”
“Prerna” provides reward for specific parenthood
Ø Girl’s marriage after 19 years - Rs.5000
Ø First birth after 21 years - Rs.7000 (girl)
Rs 5000 (boy)
Ø 3 years gap between first and second child with
sterilization of 1 parent after the 2nd child (Reward
of Rs.7000/ if it’s a girl child & Rs 5000/ if it’s a
boy)
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 25
26. Conditions for getting rewards
Ø Couple must belong to any of the 46 districts
identified
Ø Must belong to BPL category
Ø Preference given to younger couples
Ø Only those couples who have completed
registration of marriage and registration of the
birth of each child
Ø The award shall be given in form of Kisan Vikas
Patra in the name of Couple and will be given at
a public function
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 26
27. “Santushti”
Ø Motivate private gynecologists to perform 100
tubectomy/vasectomy, doctors are paid according
to already notified compensation rates (Rs 1500
per case)
Ø MOU is signed between the district CMHO and
private facilities
Ø Funding is provided by JSK through the Collector
and CHMO
Ø Initiated in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Orissa
Ø 64 MOUs and around 1600 sterilization operations
[until Aug 09]
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 27
28. Virtual Resource Centre (VRC)
Ø VRC is a virtual resource/documentation centre
Ø Provides access to films, posters, photos
Ø Subjects like anemia, gender, maternal and
infant mortality, sex ratio, adolescent health,
spacing etc.
Ø Media, Researchers, Students NGOs and
General public has access to it
Ø Inter-university and school level quiz
competitions
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 28
30. National AIDS Control Program
HIV/ AIDS
A Acquired must do something to
acquire
I Immune ability to fight disease
D Deficiency
S Syndrome cluster of symptoms
characteristic of disease
Ø First case: 1986
Ø National AIDS control program: 1987
Ø NACO: 1992
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 30
31. HIV/ AIDS prevalence criteria
Ø High: > 1% in Ante-natal women
Ø Moderate: < 1% in Ante-natal,
> 5% in STD/other high risk
behavior
Ø Low: < 1% in Ante-natal &
< 5% in STD/other high risk
behavior
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 31
32. Some facts
Ø One disease
Ø Two Viruses
Ø Three transmission modes-
• Sexual
• Vertical
• IV Drug/Blood
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 32
33. Ø Four interventions
• Communication
• Counseling
• Condoms
• Care of PLWA
Ø Five owe responsibility
• Individual
• Family
• Community
• Care providers
• Media
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 33
34. Facts – 2007
Source: Annual Report NACO-2008-09
People living with HIV/AIDS 1.8-2.9 million
Adult Prevalence – 0.34%
Males - 0.44%
Females - 0.23%
Prevalence:
Antenatal clinic HIV : 0.48%
STD clinic HIV : 3.6%
IDU HIV : 7.2%
MSM HIV : 7.4%
Female sex worker HIV : 5.1%
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 34
35. NACP Phase-I (1992-99)
Key Objective-
— Slow the spread
— Reduce- morbidity/mortality/impact
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 35
36. NACP-I Components:
— Strengthening management Capacity
— Promoting public awareness & comm.
Support
— Improving blood safety from 30 to 90% &
rational use
— Controlling STDs
— Building surveillance & clinical mgt. capacity
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 36
37. Key factors affecting project
— New program, little capacity to address
— Society & professionals unaware of HIV
— Difficult to identify, reach & cover risk group
— Linkages to STD/Tuberculosis inadequate
— Borrower’s & recipients non-familiarity with
project processing requirement
— Lack of ownership by States
— Lack of uniformity of process & infra-
structural support
— Delay in release of funds
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 37
38. NACP phase-II(1999-2004)
— Nov.9, 1999
— 100% Centrally sponsored
— 32 States/UTs & 3 Municipal Corporations
— Participatory Planning- NACO/State/NGOs
/Private sector/ stake holders-Approved by
Cabinet-August 26, 1999
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 38
39. NACP Phase-II: Key Objectives
• Reduce spread of HIV in India
• Strengthen India’s capacity to respond
to HIV/AIDS on a long term basis
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 39
40. NACP-Phase II: Objectives:
• Shift in focus (Awareness Behavior)
• Encouraging voluntary testing
• Support structured & evidence based
• Reviews & ongoing operational research
• Encourage Mgt. Reforms & Ownership
• Decentralization- Program delivery to be
-Flexible
-Evidence based
-Participatory
-Local base
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 40
41. NACP Phase-II : Components:
• Delivery of cost effective
interventions
• Strengthening capacity
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 41
42. NACP Phase- II Performance
Indicators
— HIV prevalence-5% in Maharashtra
3% in TN+AP+Manipur
& Karnataka
< 1% in other States
— Reduce blood borne transmission <1%
— Awareness level of 90% in youth & Rep.
Age group
— Condom use level of not < 90% among
high risk groups-CSWs.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 42
43. India responds-Dec.2001
— 11 care &support centres
— 145 voluntary testing centres established
— 77 National Telephone help lines#1097
— 115000 mothers counseled, transmission
rate down to 9.6%
— National AIDS Control Policy
— National HIV Testing Policy
— National Blood Policy
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 43
44. National AIDS control policy
Aims at-
— Prevention through awareness about
implications & providing protection
measures
— Provide enabling social environment to
people & families with HIV/AIDS
— Improve services, for PLWA, in hospitals &
at home through community health care
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 44
45. AIDS Control strategy
— Program management
— Surveillance & Research
— IEC & Social mobilization through
NGOs
— Control of STDs
— Condom programming
— Blood safety
— Impact reduction
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 45
46. NACP-III (2006-2111)
Goals and Objectives
• Halt and reverse the epidemic
• Integrate Programs for prevention,
care & support and treatment
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 46
47. National AIDS Control Program
Phase III
Objective
Ø Prevent infections
Ø care, support and treatment to PLHA.
Ø Strengthen- infrastructure, systems and
human resources
Ø Strengthen the Strategic Information
Management System
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 47
48. National AIDS Control Program
Phase III
Specific objective
ØReduce new infection as estimated in the
first year of the program by:
• Sixty per cent (60%) in high prevalence
states
• Forty per cent (40%) in the vulnerable
states so as to stabilize the epidemic.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 48
49. Strategy
— Targeted Interventions
— The Link Worker Scheme
— Preventive interventions for the general
population
— Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
Services
— Mainstreaming HIV for multi-sectoral
response
— Condom Promotion
— Blood Safety
— Other activities for Blood safety
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 49
50. Strategy
— Care, Support and Treatment PLHA
— Institutional Strengthening and Capacity
Building
— Strategic Information Management
— Monitoring and Evaluation
— Improving CMIS and overall Reporting
— HIV Sentinel Surveillance
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 50
51. Mainstreaming HIV
Ø Constitution of the State Councils on
AIDS (SCA)
Ø Greater Involvement of People Living
with HIV (GIPA) under NACP-III
Ø Mainstreaming with civil society
organizations
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 51
52. Blood Safety
Aims
Ø Ensure provision of safe and quality
blood
Ø Ensure reduction in the transfusion
Strengthening of Blood bank facilities
through:
• District level Blood Banks
• Blood Component Separation Units
• Blood Storage centres
• Blood Refrigerated Vans
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 52
53. Care, Support and Treatment for
People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA)
NACP III includes Comprehensive
management of PLHA with respect to
ØTreatment and prevention of
opportunistic
infection
ØART
ØPsychosocial support
ØHome based care
ØPositive prevention and impact
mitigation
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 53
54. The target for National ART program
Ø Free ART to 300000 adult, 40000
pediatric PLHA by 2012 through 250 ART
and 650 link ART centres.
Ø Achieve and maintain high levels of
adherence and minimize numbers lost to
follow up
Ø Involve inter sectoral partners, NGOs and
Private partners
Ø Provide comprehensive care, support and
treatment through 350 Community Care
centres by 2012
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 54
55. Monitoring and Evaluation
Ø Development of an integrated M&E Plan
for NACP-III
Ø Strengthening systems for better M&E
Ø Improving Component Specific M&E
– ART centres
– ICTC
– STI/RTI Reporting
– Community Care centres
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 55
56. HIV Sentinel Surveillance
Ø Surveillance in India was started from
1985
Ø NACO established in 1992, sentinel
surveillance for HIV/AIDS in India.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 56
57. Objectives of HIV Sentinel Surveillance
Ø Determine the level of HIV infection
Ø Understand the trends of HIV
epidemic
Ø Understand the geographical spread
of HIV infection
Ø Provide information for planning the
Program
Ø Estimate HIV Prevalence and HIV
burden
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 57
58. National Vector Borne Disease
Control Program (NVBDCP)
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 58
59. National Vector Borne Disease
control Program (NVBDCP)
NAMP
NFCP
Kala-azar control Program
Dengue/Dengue Hemorrhagic fever and
Japanese Encephalitis (J.E.)
merged as NVBDCP
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 59
60. Malaria Control Program
Ø 1953 : NMCP launched
Ø 1958 : NMEP launched
Ø 1971 : Urban Malaria Scheme (UMS)
Ø 1976 : Resurgence with peak- 6.47M cases
Ø 1977 : MPO & PfCP
Ø 1979 : Centrally sponsored, 50:50 basis
Ø 1985 : 2 million cases
Ø 1991 : Peak in Pf cases
Ø 1994 : Epidemic: Eastern India & Western Raj
Ø 1995:Malaria Action Plan
Ø Sept.1997: EMCP
Ø Apr. 1999: NAMP
Ø 2004: NVBDCP
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 60
63. Malaria Situation in India
Total Cases (2008-09 Sept.):
India : 1075588
Rajasthan : 26787
Total Deaths (2008-09 Sept.):
India : 754
Rajasthan : Nil
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 63
64. Measuring Malaria
Human indices
i. Annual Parasite Index (API)
ii. Annual Blood Examination Rate
(ABER)
iii. Annual Falciparum Index (AFI)
iv. Slide positivity rate (SPR)
v. Slide Falciparum Rate (SFR)
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 64
65. Malaria Control
A. Management of cases
ØDiagnosis- Blood slide (Thick & Thin)
ØTreatment
i. Presumptive (With Chloroquine)
ii. Radical
iii. Mass drug administration (in areas
with API>5)
ØChemoprophylaxis
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 65
66. Malaria Control
B. Interruption in Transmission
Vector control:
1. Anti adult measures-
a. Indoor residual spraying
(IRS)
b. Space application
c. Genetic control
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 66
67. National Drug Policy: Malaria
2008
Ø Treatment-1:
a. chloroquine (25 mg/Kg fpr 3 days + Primaquine
(0.75 mg. /Kg for one day
Or
b. Artesunate (4 mg/Kg for 3 days)+sulpha
pyrimethamine (25/1.25 mg/ Kg single dose)
+Primaquine (0.75 mg /Kg single dose)
Ø Treatment-2:
Chloroquine (25 mg/Kg for 3 days+Primaquine (0.25
mg/ Kg for 14 days)
Ø Treatment-3:
Chloroquine (25 mg/Kg for 3 days)
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 67
68. Suspected (Clinically) Malaria Cases
Microscopy result
Available Not Available
Rapid diagnostic Kit
Falciparum Vivax Negative
Available Not Available
Treatment-1 Treatment-2 Faliciparum Negative
Take slide
Treatment 3
Treatment-1
Slide
Falciparum Vivax Negative
Primaquine 0.75 mg/kg single dose or ACT +
Primaquine in qualified areas Primaquine 0.25mg/kg for 14 days
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 68
69. Malaria Control Strategies
— Early Case Detection & Prompt Treatment
(EDPT)
— Vector Control
Chemical Control
Biological Control
— Personal Prophylatic Measures
— Community Participation
— Environmental Management & Source
Reduction Methods
— Monitoring and Evaluation of the Program
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 69
71. Problem Statement
— World’s single most significant cause of
preventable brain damage and mental
retardation.
— 261 million suffering from brain damage (10
million cretins)
— 130 countries, 13% of world’s
population.
• 9 million persons affected.
• 2.2 billion people live in ID areas
• 167 million at risk of IDD
• Goiter- 54.4 million
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 71
72. Problem Statement
• IDD mental/motor handicaps - 8.8 million
• 1984-86: ICMR multi centric study
• 14 districts in 9 States
• Goiter prevalence 21.1%
• Endemic cretinism : 0.7%
• India : 241 of 617 Districts are Goiter endemic
• 140 million people are estimated to be living in
goiter endemic regions
• 51% HH consuming iodized salt (State of World’s
Children, 2009-UNICEF)
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 72
73. Turning point of the program :
1983
— Questions asked by Mrs. Indira Gandhi
?What is Iodine Deficiency?
?Why should I be interested in National Goitre
Control Program (NGCP)?
?How is it going to contribute towards PM’s 20
point Program?
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 73
75. Program Developments
— 1962: NGCP launched
— 1984 : Policy of Universal salt Iodization(USI)
: Private sector to produce iodized salt
— 1992: NGCP renamed as NIDDCP
— 1995: Independent survey evaluation of USI in
MP, New Delhi and Sikkim
— 1997: sale and storage of common salt banned
— 1998-99: NFHS II
: 71% using iodized salt
— 13th Sept 2000: ban on sale of common salt
lifted by the GoI, States continued the ban
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 75
76. Goal :
To decrease overall IDD prevalence (goiter) to <5%
in the school children 6-12 years.
Objectives :
• Surveys to assess the magnitude of the IDD.
• Supply of iodated salt in place of common salt
• Resurvey after every 5 years to assess the
extent of iodine deficiency disorders and the
Impact of iodated salt.
• Laboratory monitoring of iodated slat and urinary
iodine excretion.
• Health education & publicity.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 76
77. Spectrum of IDD
Fetus: Abortion, Still Birth, Congenital
Anomalies, Prenatal mortality, Infant
mortality, Neurological cretinism (mental
deficiency, deaf mutism, squint)
Neonate:Neonatal Goiter, Neonate
Hypothyroidism
Child and adolescent: Juvenile Hypothyroidism,
Impaired Mental function, Growth
retardation
Adult: Goiter, Hypothyroidism, Impaired mental
function
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 77
78. Classification of goiter
Grade 0: No palpable or visible goiter
Grade 1: A mass in the neck with
enlarged thyroid, palpable but
not visible
Grade 2: Swelling in the neck that is
palpable as well as visible
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 78
79. Strategy
A. Essential components of IDDCP
– Ensuring availability of iodized salt
?30 PPM at production level
?15 PPM of iodine at consumer level
– Awareness generation to increase
consumption level up to 90%
– Iodized salt is most economical
convenient and effective means of mass
prophylaxis
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 79
80. B. Iodine monitoring through lab
?Iodine excretion determination
?Determination of iodine in water, soil and
food
?Determination of iodine salt
Fortified salt with iron and iodine neonatal
hypothyroidism is a sensitive point to
environmental iodine deficiency
C. Manpower training
D. Mass communication
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 80
81. Comprehensive Action Plan
— Creating Demand for iodized salt in
Community
— Improving Monitoring of quality of iodized salt
— Increasing outlets and access to low cost
adequately iodized salt
— Improving iodized salt production
— Advocacy with Policy Makers and Program
Managers
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 81
82. Initiatives - Rajasthan
— Reinforce sampling of salt under PFA
— Training of concerned paramedical and
health staff at various level with the help
of UNICEF
— Component will be included in School
Health Program
— District nodal officer are directed to send
regular reports to IDD cell
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 82
83. — Strengthening of IDD monitoring lab.
— Monitoring included in IDSP
— 10 Districts has been taken for developing
labs in CM&HO’s office for examination of
Iodized salt
(Bikaner, S.Ganganagar, Barmer, Sirohi,
Chittorgarh, Banswara, Jhalawar, Bhartpur,
Nagaur, Alwar)
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 83
84. Achievements
• Salt manufacturing license issued to 930 units
• 26 States have totally banned non-iodized salt
• 29 States and UTs have established IDD cells
• Intensive IEC campaigns
• Standards for iodized salt
• National reference laboratory set up
• Ban on sale of non iodized salt
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 84
85. National Program for prevention of
Visual Impairment and Control of
Blindness
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 85
86. Global Scenario
— 314 million visually impaired, 45 million blind.
— Aged and females are more at risk
— 87% of visually impaired in developing countries.
82% of visually impaired are 50+
— Age-related impairment is increasing.
— Cataract - leading cause
— Refractive errors correction could give normal
vision to >12 million children (ages five to 15).
— 85% of all visual impairment is avoidable
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 86
87. Chronological developments
1963: Started as National Trachoma Control
Program
1976: Renamed as National Program for prevention
of Visual Impairment and Control of
Blindness(100% Centrally Sponsored)
1982: Blindness included in 20-point program
“2020-the right to sight”.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 87
88. Objectives
Ø Reducing the Blindness prevalence from 1.4%
to 0.3% by 2020
Ø Provide high quality of eye care
Ø Expand coverage of eye care to the affected
population & under-served areas
Ø Reduce backlog of blindness
Ø Develop institutional capacity for eye care
services
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 88
89. Strategies
Ø Decentralized DBCS
Ø Active screening of population above 50 years of
age.
Ø Involvement of voluntary Organization
Ø Participation of community and PRI
Ø Development of eye care services and
improvement in quality of eye care.
Ø Screening of school children
Ø Public awareness
Ø Specific focus on illiterate women in rural areas.
Ø To make eye care comprehensive
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 89
90. Indicators:
— Cataract operation in bi-lateral blind.
— Cataract surgery in female.
— Cataract surgery in SC/ST population.
— Cataract surgery in different facilities.
— Cataract surgery in different age groups.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 90
91. Initiatives (2009-10):
— Free surgery for cataract cases in rural areas.
— Free transportation for patients.
— Free medicine for all types of eye ailments.
— Free spectacles for post operative care.
— Free spectacles for poor school students.
— Treatment of backlog cataract cases.
— All schools would be covered for SES.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 91
92. Initiatives (2009-10)
• Vit- A supplementation and immunization
coverage.
• Modern treatment at Medical College and DH.
• one Eye Bank & 2 Eye Donation Centres
• Establishment of one RIO,Cuttack.
• ASHA: be trained and assigned to create
awareness. incentive of Rs 175/- per cataract
case, out of the fund earmarked under Cataract
Operation.
• Contractual Ophthalmology Assistants created
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 92
93. Implementing agencies
District Blindness Control Society (DBCS)
Composition
Chairman : District Collector
Vice chairman : Chief Medical & Health Officer
Members : Medical Superintendent of District hospital
District Education Officer
Representatives of NGOs
President of IMA
Ophthalmic surgeon of Mobile surgical unit
An eminent practicing Ophthalmologist
Member secretary : District Blindness Control Coordinator
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 93
94. Functions of DBCS
Ø Plan, Implement and Monitor
Ø Draw list of voluntary agencies/ private
hospitals/ NGOs
Ø Coordination with Health & other
departments
Ø Raise funds and monitor use of funds
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 94
95. Achievements
Year Target Achievement % Surgery
with IOL
2002-03 4000000 3857133 77
2003-04 4000000 4200138 83
2004-05 4200000 4513667 88
2005-06 4513000 4905619 90
2006-07 4500000 5040089 93
2007-08 5000000 5404406 94
2008-09 6000000 192805 -
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 95
97. National Leprosy Eradication
Program
— 1955 -NLCP
— 1970s -Multi Drug Therapy. Dapsone treatment
continued.
— 1982 -MDT came into use from 1982,
— 1983 –NLEP
— 1993-2000- The 1st phase of WB supported
NLEP implemented
— 1998-2004:Modified Leprosy Elimination
Campaign
— 2005 - India achieved elimination National Level.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 97
99. Case Load: 31 Dec.2005
5%
5%
Orrisa
4%
Chattishgarh
Jharkhand
40%
Uttar Pradesh
22% Bihar
West Bengal
Other
12%
12%
6 states(41% pop. and 61% case load) with PR >1/10000-March31, 2006
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 99
101. Objectives
Ø Render all case non-infectious in shortest
time by:
• Early detection & treatment
• Interrupting transmission
Ø Prevent deformities
Ø Eradicate Leprosy
Ø MDT throughout
Ø Prevalence-<1/10000 by 2002
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 101
102. Strategy
Ø Decentralization of NLEP to States & Districts
Ø Integration of leprosy services with General
Health Care System
Ø Leprosy Training of GHS functionaries
Ø Surveillance for early diagnosis & prompt
MDT, through routine and special efforts
Ø Intensified IEC using Local and Mass Media
approaches
Ø Prevention of Disability & Care
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 102
103. Elimination Strategy
— Strategic Plan of Action (2004-05)
— Focused Leprosy Elimination Plan (FLEP-
2005)
— Intensified Supervision And Monitoring
— Modified Leprosy Eradication Program
(1997)
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 103
104. Strategic Plan of Action (2004-05)
— Intensified focused action in 72 districts (PR > 5)
and 16 moderately endemic districts with more
than 2000 leprosy cases detected during 2003-04.
— Increased efforts put on IEC, Training and
Integrated Service Delivery in 86 medium priority
districts.
— Intensified IEC through Leprosy Counseling
Centres in 836 blocks (PR > 5)
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 104
105. Strategic Plan of Action (2006-07)
— Provision of quality services with
— proper referral for management of reactions,
— complications and correction of deformity
— in districts with PR > 1
— 29 districts and 433 blocks
— Activities proposed:
– Experienced district nucleus staff
– Vehicle
– Orientation for all the PHC Medical Officers
– Situational analysis within the district
– IEC , supervision and monitoring
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 105
106. Focused Leprosy Elimination Plan
(FLEP-2005)
— 42 high priority districts with PR > 3/10,000 located
in 7 endemic states.
— Increased efforts put on IEC, Training and
Integrated Service Delivery
— In 552 blocks (PR > 3) as on 31.03. 05, a two
weeks long Block Leprosy Awareness Campaign
(BLAC-II) through Intensified IEC and Leprosy
Counseling Centres at PHC level during the period
Sept.-Oct. 2005. M.Os reoriented
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 106
107. Modified Leprosy Eradication
Program (1997)
In order to address these challenges a few
areas were identified for intensive efforts.
These are-
ØTraining
ØIntensified IEC
ØDetection and immediate MDT
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 107
108. Approach
ØPrevalence based categorization
– Endemic : >5/1000
– Moderate : 3-5/1000
– Low : <2/1000
ØPlan of Action
– Preparatory phase
– Intensive phase
– Maintenance phase
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 108
109. Treatment
— MDT since 1982
— Rifampicin, clofazimine and dapsone
— Single dose of MDT kills 99.9% of leprosy
germs.
— Free-of-cost on all working days at all SC,
PHC, Govt. Dispensaries and Hospitals
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 109
110. Issues in treatment with Multi Drug
Therapy (MDT)
ØPrioritize (based on resources)
• Multibaciliary
• Paucibacilliary resistant to Dapsone
• Other Paucibacilliary
ØDelivery
• Adequate, Efficient, Flexible
• Referral
• Integration with primary care
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 110
111. Challenges
Ø Further simplify and shorten the regimen
Ø Abolish classification for treatment purposes
Ø Identify areas and communities not yet
covered
Ø Actively change the negative image of leprosy
Ø Focus more on analysis of detection trends
than on prevalence
Ø Develop an integrated community-based
strategy for rehabilitation
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 111
112. States and Districts according to endemicity levels
have been categorized and accordingly action
plan developed for-
Ø8 States with prevalence rate less than 5/ 10000
with
– Active case finding
– Promoting self reporting (Voluntary
reporting by cases-VRC)
– IEC & Training
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 112
113. Ø 14 States with prevalence rate 1-5/10000
– VRC
– Staff training &IEC
– Detection of paucibacilliary cases
Ø 13States with prevalence rate less than
1/ 10000
– Intensified IEC
– Detection of paucibacilliary cases
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 113
115. Revised National Tuberculosis
Control Program (RNTCP)
Issues in Tuberculosis:
Ø Case finding-Access to/ Availability of,
sputum microscopy
Ø Treatment-continuity, regularity &
compliance
Ø Drug resistance-MDR-TB (Every one who
breathes should be concerned)
Ø Dual Epidemic-HIV/AIDS & Tuberculosis.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 115
116. Chronological Developments
Ø 1956-61:
ØTuberculosis Research Center at Chennai (1956)
ØNational Tuberculosis Institute established at Bangalore
(1959)
ØDistrict Tuberculosis Program (1961)
Ø 1962: National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTCP)
Ø 1975:Tuberculosis included in 20-point Program
Ø 1993: Pilot phase of RNTCP
Ø 1998: Stop TB initiative
Ø 1999: RNTCP -second largest program in the World
Ø 2003:>900,000 cases on treatment- largest cohort of
cases,
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 116
117. National Tuberculosis Control
Program (NTCP)
— Domiciliary treatment
— Use of a standard drug regimen of 12-18
months duration
— Treatment free of cost
— Priority to newly diagnosed patients, over
previously treated patients
— Treatment organization fully decentralized
— Efficient defaulter system/mostly self-
administered regimen
— Timely follow up
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 117
118. NTCP: Punctuations
— Managerial weakness,
— Inadequate funding,
— Over-reliance on x-ray,
— Non-standard treatment regimen,
— Low rates of treatment completion,
— Lack of systematic information on
treatment outcomes.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 118
119. RNTCP-Goals
ØTo cure at least 85% of new smear
positive cases of Tuberculosis
ØTo detect at least 70% of sputum
positive cases after reaching 85%
cure rate
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 119
120. Strategy:
Directly Observed Treatment with
Short course Chemotherapy (DOTS)
Ø Political& Administrative commitment.
Ø Good Quality diagnosis
Ø Good Quality drugs
Ø Right treatment administered rightly
Ø Systematic Monitoring and
Accountability
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 120
121. DOTS Strategy interventions
Ø Case detection
Ø Adequate Drug supply
Ø Short Course chemotherapy given under
direct supervision.
Ø Systematic Monitoring and Accountability
Ø Political will & Advocacy
Ø System rather than Patient – Accountable
for Drug compliance
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 121
122. Achievements under RNTCP
(2007-08)
— Treatment success rates tripled from 25%
to 86% in 2008
— NSP CDR of 70% (2007) and 72% (2008)
— TB death rates reduced from 29% to 4%
— TB mortality reduced from 42 in 1990 to
28/100,000 population in 2006 (WHO Global TB
Report 2008).
— The prevalence of TB reduced from 568 in
1990 to 299/100,000 population by 2006
(WHO Global TB Report, 2008)
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 122
123. Performance: 2007-08
(source TB India 2009)
— No. of suspects examined 6817390
— No. Of smear positive diagnosed : 911823
— Percentage of smear positive among
suspects: 13%
— Registered for treatment: 1517333
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 123
124. Performance: 2007-08
(source TB India 2009)
— Annual Case detection rate : 132
— New smear+ patients reg. For treatment:
616016
— 3 month conversion rate of new smear
positive patients : 90%
— Cure rate of new smear positive patients :
84%
— Success rate of new smear positive
patients : 87%
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 124
125. RNTCP performance (Q4 2008)
Suspects examined: 1.65 million
Sputum +ve : 207144
Registered for Treatment:351593
New S+ve case detection rate: 67%
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 125
126. Treatment regimen under RNTCP
— Category-I
– New sputum smear positive
– Seriously ill sputum -ve
– Seriously ill extra pulmonary
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 126
127. Treatment regimen under RNTCP
— Category-II
– Sputum smear +ve relapse
– Sputum smear +ve failure
– Sputum smear +ve treatment after
default
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 127
128. Treatment regimen under RNTCP
— Category-III
– Sputum smear –ve not seriously ill,
– Extra pulmonary not seriously ill
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 128
129. Treatment regimen under RNTCP
Category Intensive phase Continuation phase
I 2 (HRZE) 3 4 (HR) 3
II 2 (HRZES) 3 5 (HRE) 3
+
1 (HRZE) 3
III 2 (HRZ) 3 4 (HR) 3
The figures outside the bracket refer to number of
months while those after the bracket indicate number
of doses per week
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 129
130. Organization structure
Health Minister
Health Secretary DGHS
Add. Secretary
Joint Secretary DDG (TB)
CMO RNTCP
TB
NGOs Consultants
Specialist
CMO CMO Deputy
Electronic
Drug Training Director (Adm.) Connectivity
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution
cell 130
131. Organization structure : state Level
Health Minister
Health Secretary DMHS
Special State TB Cell STO, Deputy
Secretary STO, MO, Acc., IE
C, Off., SA, DEO
Nodal Point for Dist. TB Centre DTO, MO-
TB control DTC(15%), LT, DEO, Driv
1/0.5 m (0.25 m in Hilly er
Tuberculosis MO-TC, STS, STLS
/difficult/tribal area) unit
1/0.1 m (0.05 m in Microscopy MO, LT (20%)
hilly/difficult/tribal area) Centre
DOT Provider –
0.25 m (TC), 0.005 DOT Centre MPW, NGO
m (SC) SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution PP,Comm Vol
, 131
132. Emerging issues
Ø MDR-TB
Ø TB and HIV
Ø XDR-TB
Ø NGO Involvement
Ø Role of Medical Colleges
Ø Private sector involvement
Ø Participation of corporate sector
Ø Pediatric TB
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 132
133. Impact of the program
Ø TB mortality has reduced from 42/100,000
population in 1990 to 28/100,000
population in 2006 (WHO global TB report
2008).
Ø Prevalence of TB has reduced from
568/100,000 population in 1990 to
299/100,000 by the year 2006 (WHO
global TB report 2008).
Ø Repeat population surveys conducted by
TRC indicate an annual decline and
prevalence of disease by 12%
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 133
134. Terms used under RNTCP
— New case: A patient with sputum smear
+ve and who never had taken anti-
tubercular drugs for less than 4 weeks
— Relapse: A patient treated and declared
cured in past and now returns with
sputum +ve smear.
— Failure:A patient on anti-tubercular
treatment who remains or becomes
sputum positive after 5 months or later
during Short Course Chemotherapy.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 134
135. — Cured: S+ve patient who completed treatment
and had negative smear on two occasions
(one immediately after treatment completion).
Initially S-ve who received full course , or a
S+ve who completed treatment with S-ve at the
end of initial phase but no or only one
negative smear during continuation and none
at the end
— Transfer in: Patient recorded and registered
in one area and transferred into another area
for completing treatment
— Transferred out: Patient transferred to
another area register.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 135
136. Scheme of Evaluation of RNTCP:
Objectives-
— To validate the reported cure rates for
last quarter
— To assess program performance and
Logistics & Financial Management
— To give recommendations for improving
quality of Recording & Reporting
— To give recommendations for improving
performance
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 136
137. Evaluation of RNTCP:
Internal Evaluation Team-
— State TB Officer
— STDC Director (in states where STDC
exists)
— DTO of District other than one being
evaluated
— One WHO consultant of District not being
evaluated
— One WHO consultant of District other than
one being evaluated
— DTO & RNTCP staff of district being
evaluated
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 137
138. Evaluation of RNTCP: Selection of
Districts
— Frequency- Quarterly
— 2 Districts
?One with good performance
?Second with poor performance
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 138
139. Evaluation of RNTCP:
Selection of Microscopy centres-
— Total of 5 MCs
?MC in DTC
?2 MCs from MCs that are examining
higher no. of TB suspects from the
enlisted 4, randomly
?2 MCs randomly from all the remaining
enlisted MCs
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 139
140. Evaluation of RNTCP:
Selection of DOT centres-
— DOT centres in each of the 5 MCs
— 5 other DOT centres like-
?Attached to medical college
?STDC
?ESI
?Railways
?NGOs
?Private sector
?Aanganwadi
?DOT centres with 50+ patients
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 140
141. Evaluation of RNTCP:
Selection of Patients-
42 Patients
36 NSP 6 others
2 patients who
are not NSP
30 NSP from those 6 from DOT from DOT centre
registered in last 2 quarters centres in in DTC and 2
DTC & 2 selected MCs
(6 from each of the 5 MCs
selected MCs) 1 NSP in IP phase and
1 with just finished IP
From each centre
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 141
142. Evaluation of RNTCP:
Data Collection-Instruments
— Basic information of District
— Form 1- for review of recording &
Reporting
— Form 2-for interviewing DTO & his team
— Form 3-for reviewing MCs
— Form 4-for reviewing DOT centres
— Form 5-for interviewing patients &
checking consistency of records between
TB Register, Lab. Register and treatment
cards of 36 cases
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 142
143. Data Collection-Instruments
— Form 6- for consistency of records
between TB Register, Lab. Register and
treatment cards of NSP Patients where
outcome records are available
— Form 7-for summary of selected indicators
— Form 8-for non NSP Patients
— Form 9-for observations at TU
— Form 10-for recording overall
observations
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 143
144. Reporting results of Internal
Evaluation:
To Central TB division-
— Form no. 1, 7, 10 just after IE by e-mail.
— Hard copy within 2 days
— Form 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9 10 (one copy each)
— Form no. 3 -5 for 5 MCs
— Form no. 10 -10 for 10 DOT centres
— Form no. 5 – 5 copies
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 144
146. Cancer : India
— 8-9 lakh cases every year
— 25 lakh cases at any point of time
— 4 lakh deaths every year
— 40% cancers related to tobacco use
— Cancers – oral, lungs, cervix, breast account
for 50% deaths
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 146
147. National Cancer Registry Program
(NCRP)
• Initiated 1982 by ICMR
• Gives magnitude and patterns of cancer
• Types of registries
v Population Based Cancer Registry - 21
v Hospital Based Cancer Registries - 6
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 147
148. Goals & objectives of NCCP
— Primary prevention by health education
— Secondary prevention i.e. early detection and
diagnosis
— Strengthening of existing cancer treatment
facilities
— Palliative care in terminal stage of the cancer.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 148
149. Evolution of NCCP
1975-76: National Cancer Control Program
launched
1984-86: Strategy revised and stress laid on
primary prevention and early detection of
cancer cases.
1991-92: District Cancer Control Program
started
2000-01: Modified District Cancer Control
Program initiated
2004 : Evaluation of NCCP by NIHFW
2005 : Program revised after evaluation
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 149
150. National Cancer Control Program
1975-76
Goals & Objectives
— Primary prevention of cancers by health
education
— Secondary prevention by early detection
and diagnosis of cancers,
— Strengthening of existing cancer treatment
facilities
— Palliative care in terminal stage cancer.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 150
151. Intervention aimed at Determinants
— Tobacco
– Education- School/ addicts/ women
– Legislation- Sale/ Advertising/ public place smoking
– Taxation
— Diet
– Restrict-Fat/ nitrites/Afflatoxins/Additives/ oil
reheating
– Encourage- Fiber/Fruits/ Vegetables
— Sexual practices
– Delay age of marriage/ stick to one/ less no. of
children/ BF
— Occupation & environment
– Legislation/ Safety measures
— Infective agents
– Vaccination/Safe Sex
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 151
152. Service delivery in Cancer control
— District Cancer Control societies- structure
– District Collector
– CM & HO
– Rep. of Health services/Med. Colleges/
RCC/ NGOs
— Role-
– Fund generation
– IEC/ Early detection/ Screening/
Palliative care
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 152
153. Area Cancer Agency Approach Objectives Outcome
Pri. Prev. TRC People Education/ Reduce Reduce
NGOs Media tobacco use Incidence &
by 30% mortality
Screening Cervix Hlth. One pap at Screen Reduce
Services 40 yrs./ pap 80%of incidence
for high risk eligible by 50% in 5
yrs.
Early Oral cavity Doctor/ Oral self Detect 80% Reduce
detection Breast Paramedic. exam./ in early mortality
BSE stage by30%
Treatment Oral MC Surgery Effective Reduce
cervix Local RT treatment mortality by
breast trained 30%
doctors
Palliative All HW/People Ensure Community Quality
incurable availability care death
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 153
154. Services under NCCP-
PHC
— Health education
— Health promotion
— Home care
— Early detection
— Palliative care and pain relief
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 154
155. Services under NCCP-
District level
— Health Promotion
— Home Care/
— Early Detection
— Pain Relief/Palliative Care
Treatment of common cancers
— Histopathology
— Endoscopy
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 155
156. Services under NCCP-
Medical college without Oncology
unit
— Health Promotion
— Home Care
— Early Detection
— Pain Relief/Palliative Care
— Treatment of common cancers
— Training of medical
officers/paramedical personnel
— Preventive oncology-early detection/
Registration/ mobile units
— Radiotherapy with cobalt-60 units
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 156
157. Services under NCCP-
Medical college with Oncology unit
— Diagnosis and staging by clinical/
histopathological/ biochemical/
radiological/ endoscopical/ immunological/
isotope
— Treatment-Radiotherapy/ surgery/
chemotherapy/ radiation
— Training of Med. /Paramedical
— Maintain hospital based registry
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 157
158. Services under NCCP-
Regional cancer centre
— Health Promotion
— Home Care
— Early Detection
— Pain Relief/Palliative Care/Comprehensive
Cancer treatment
— Organize screening Program/Cytology
training/
— Basic and applied research/Training of all
categories of personnel
— Cancer Registries
— Epidemiology
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 158
159. Existing Schemes under (NCCP)
June 1, 2008
— Recognition of New Regional Cancer Centres
(RCCs)
— Strengthening of existing Regional Cancer
Centres
— Development of Oncology Wing
— District Cancer Control Program
— Decentralized NGO Scheme
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 159
160. Achievements
— Regional Cancer Centres: 27 RCC,
including 6 NGOs
— Oncology wing: 246 institutions with
radiotherapy facilities
— District Cancer Control Program: 28
districts
— IEC Activities: health magazine ‘Kalyani’
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 160
161. Achievements
— National Cancer Awareness Day
— Onconet- India: Telemedicine Services
including tele-consultations, tele-referral, tele-
pathology etc
— Membership of International Agency for
Research on Cancer :India has become a
member
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 161
162. New initiatives
— Logistics- Pap smear kits/Can scan software
— Outreach activities by medical colleges
— Training
— Supply of Morphine
— Telemedicine and supply of computer
hardware and software.
— IEC activities.
— Modified District Cancer Control Program
— National Cancer Awareness Day
— Training of cytopathologists and
cytotechnicians
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 162
163. Modified District Cancer Control
Program
— 4 States-UP/TN/Bihar/WB
— 60 Blocks
— 30 Doctors
— 12 lac women(20-65 Yrs.)
— Health education about-general ailments,
cancer prevention and early detection
besides 'Breast Self Examination' was
imparted
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 163
164. Global WHO Cancer Control
Strategy
— People-centered
— Equity
— Ownership
— Partnership & Multi-sectoral approach
— Sustainability
— Integration within broad framework of
delivery
— Evidence based strategy
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 164
166. Mental Health: Problem Statement
Mental Disorders
— 6-7% of population
— 12% of Global Burden of Disease (GBD)
— 20% of world's children and adolescents
— One child psychiatrist for every 1-4M
— 800,000 people commit suicide every year,
86% of them in low- and middle-income
countries.
— Mental disorders-risk factors for CD and NCD
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 166
167. — No Mental Health Policy
— No data collection system
— Mental health disorders
• Schizophrenia
• Bipolar disorder
• Organic psychosis
• Major depression
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 167
168. Mental Health Resources: India
(per 10,000 population)
— Total Psychiatric beds: 0.25
— Psychiatric beds in mental hospitals: 0.2
— Psychiatric beds in general hospitals: 0.05
— Psychiatric beds in other settings: 0.01
— No. of Psychiatrists: 0.2
— No. of Neurosurgeons: 0.06
— No. of Psychiatric Nurses: 0.05
— No. of Neurologists: 0.05
— No. of Psychologists: 0.03
— Number of Social Workers: 0.03
(Source: Mental Health Atlas, 2005, WHO)
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 168
169. National Mental Health Program
• National Mental Health Program, 1982,
re-strategized 2002
• 28 crore (IX FYP), 190 crore (X FYP),
1000 crore (XI FYP)
• District Mental Health Program 1995
• Synchronization with NRHM
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 169
170. National Mental Health Program
• Legislation
• Mental Health Act , 1987
• Juvenile Justice Act, 1986
• The Persons With Disabilities (Equal
Opportunity, Protection Of Rights And
Full Participation) Act, 1995
• Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances Act (Amended 2001)
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 170
171. Objectives
• Ensure availability and accessibility of
minimum mental health care for all
• Encourage mental health knowledge and
skills
• Promote community participation in
mental health service development and to
stimulate self-help in the community.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 171
172. Strategies
— Expansion of DMHP to 100 districts all
over the country.
— Modernization of Mental Hospitals.
— Up-gradation of Psychiatry wings of Govt.
Medical Colleges/General Hospitals.
— IEC Activities.
— Research & Training in Mental Health for
improving service delivery
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 172
173. District Mental Health Program
DMHP – 123 districts
Upgradation of Psychiatric wings of 75
Government Medical Colleges/General
Hospitals
Modernization of 26 Mental Hospitals.
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 173
174. Components
— Establish Centres of Excellence in Mental
Health by upgrading and strengthening of
mental hospitals
— Provide impetus for development of
Manpower in Mental Health
— Spill over of 10th Plan schemes for
modernization of state run mental hospitals
and up gradation of psychiatric wings of
medical colleges/general hospitals.
— Counseling in schools, colleges, work place
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 174
175. Components
— Research-huge gap needs to be addressed
— IEC-remove stigma attached to mental
illnesses.
— NGOs and Public Private Partnership for
implementation of the Program to increase
outreach of community
— Monitoring Implementation & Evaluation
SIHFW: an ISO 9001:2008 certified Institution 175
176. Thank You
For more details log on to
www. sihfwrajasthan.com
or
contact : Director-SIHFW
on
sihfwraj@yahoo.co.in