Trauma and PTSD Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

Photo of Josie Albrecht, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Josie Albrecht
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203
As a trauma therapist and embodied human, I recognize the importance of bottom-up therapies, working from our visceral responses to facilitate healing and change.
I enjoy working with clients who want to get to the root of their struggles. These clients would like to gain insight into their symptoms, something difficult that has happened to them or to explore cycles and patterns that aren’t serving them. The clients I see often have attended therapy in the past. The clients I see also often present with attachment-based traumas, symptoms of post-traumatic stress, and difficulties in their personal and work relationships.
As a trauma therapist and embodied human, I recognize the importance of bottom-up therapies, working from our visceral responses to facilitate healing and change.
I enjoy working with clients who want to get to the root of their struggles. These clients would like to gain insight into their symptoms, something difficult that has happened to them or to explore cycles and patterns that aren’t serving them. The clients I see often have attended therapy in the past. The clients I see also often present with attachment-based traumas, symptoms of post-traumatic stress, and difficulties in their personal and work relationships.
(412) 388-2194 View (412) 388-2194
Photo of Loren Sobel, MD
Loren Sobel
MD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15224
When you're navigating trauma, depression, anxiety, or identity challenges, you need a space where your experiences are met with genuine empathy, active curiosity, and a willingness to encourage honest self-examination.
As a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, I am uniquely suited to provide holistic care. A psychoanalytic therapy approach offers a highly effective form of treatment through a comprehensive and nuanced framework for working with and addressing trauma, anxiety, depression, identity struggles, low self-esteem, a lostness around a sense of self, struggles in your connections to other people, and feelings of meaninglessness. If advisable, I can also provide careful expert medication management. Together, we will embark on a collaborative exploration, delving into your unique background and personal influences as we work towards healing.
When you're navigating trauma, depression, anxiety, or identity challenges, you need a space where your experiences are met with genuine empathy, active curiosity, and a willingness to encourage honest self-examination.
As a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, I am uniquely suited to provide holistic care. A psychoanalytic therapy approach offers a highly effective form of treatment through a comprehensive and nuanced framework for working with and addressing trauma, anxiety, depression, identity struggles, low self-esteem, a lostness around a sense of self, struggles in your connections to other people, and feelings of meaninglessness. If advisable, I can also provide careful expert medication management. Together, we will embark on a collaborative exploration, delving into your unique background and personal influences as we work towards healing.
(412) 618-0441 View (412) 618-0441
Photo of Bernadette Callaghan, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Bernadette Callaghan
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15201
My specialty areas include trauma-informed care, mental health well-being, substance use disorders, and marriage & family counseling.
When people feel weighed down by the heaviness that seems to consume them, providing a sense of space and reconstruction that allows a shift to occur is vital. In that shift, I hope to provide a supportive environment where they will feel that weight move and become the foundation on which they can rebuild their life. This heaviness is a unilateral condition experienced by all human beings. The secret is to create a skillset that permits the transition from weight being carried to weight being conquered. In my opinion, there is no ideal client, however, there is a blueprint of individual success for everyone.
My specialty areas include trauma-informed care, mental health well-being, substance use disorders, and marriage & family counseling.
When people feel weighed down by the heaviness that seems to consume them, providing a sense of space and reconstruction that allows a shift to occur is vital. In that shift, I hope to provide a supportive environment where they will feel that weight move and become the foundation on which they can rebuild their life. This heaviness is a unilateral condition experienced by all human beings. The secret is to create a skillset that permits the transition from weight being carried to weight being conquered. In my opinion, there is no ideal client, however, there is a blueprint of individual success for everyone.
(412) 899-1832 View (412) 899-1832
Photo of Frances Kelley, PhD, Psychologist
Frances Kelley
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
Not accepting new clients
I specialize in working with clients who have experienced trauma including PTSD, C-PTSD and dissociative disorders. I provide a safe, nonjudgmental, identity-affirming space where we can explore what may be causing difficulty in your life. I help my clients develop self-compassion and acceptance while addressing and healing the root causes of their trauma, anger, anxiety, depression, and grief. I view psychotherapy as a collaborative experience between therapist and client. Together we will envision where you want to be and I will support and challenge you to grow and heal.
I specialize in working with clients who have experienced trauma including PTSD, C-PTSD and dissociative disorders. I provide a safe, nonjudgmental, identity-affirming space where we can explore what may be causing difficulty in your life. I help my clients develop self-compassion and acceptance while addressing and healing the root causes of their trauma, anger, anxiety, depression, and grief. I view psychotherapy as a collaborative experience between therapist and client. Together we will envision where you want to be and I will support and challenge you to grow and heal.
(412) 307-8464 View (412) 307-8464
Photo of Jen Jasiekiewicz, LPC, LPCC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jen Jasiekiewicz
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15222
I work with a great variety of individuals from all walks of life. I hope to help you build the confidence and skills you need to manage the stressors in your world. Together we can work on reinforcing your strengths, and I can help you to learn new skills to be able to manage your troubles. Areas of clinical focus include (but are not limited to) Trauma, Anxiety, Panic, Adjustment to College or Work, Depression, ADHD, Anger Management, LGBTQIA+ concerns, Codependency, and Phase of Life issues. I work primarily with adults and also have specific training in trauma treatment (CCTP certification).
I work with a great variety of individuals from all walks of life. I hope to help you build the confidence and skills you need to manage the stressors in your world. Together we can work on reinforcing your strengths, and I can help you to learn new skills to be able to manage your troubles. Areas of clinical focus include (but are not limited to) Trauma, Anxiety, Panic, Adjustment to College or Work, Depression, ADHD, Anger Management, LGBTQIA+ concerns, Codependency, and Phase of Life issues. I work primarily with adults and also have specific training in trauma treatment (CCTP certification).
(412) 308-5505 View (412) 308-5505
Photo of Danny Churchill, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Danny Churchill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15241
I am a licensed clinical social worker with my master’s degree in social work from the University of Pittsburgh. I have several years of experience working with teens and adults in both private practice and community settings addressing concerns such as anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss, addiction, and relationship issues. I use an eclectic approach with a blend of techniques from cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, and acceptance and commitment therapy. I am also an EMDR-trained provider.
I am a licensed clinical social worker with my master’s degree in social work from the University of Pittsburgh. I have several years of experience working with teens and adults in both private practice and community settings addressing concerns such as anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss, addiction, and relationship issues. I use an eclectic approach with a blend of techniques from cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, and acceptance and commitment therapy. I am also an EMDR-trained provider.
(412) 501-4973 View (412) 501-4973
Photo of Sara Hoover, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sara Hoover
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15239  (Online Only)
Hi there, I'm Sara! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who specializes in providing trauma-informed therapy to adults and teens who reside in Pennsylvania. Most of my clients come to me because they're feeling stuck in the past or feel like they can't "get over" something terrible that happened to them. It seems like no matter what they do, they can't move on. They can see how their trauma is affecting their mood, self-esteem, anxiety, and even their relationships, but feel helpless to change it. If this sounds familiar, I might be able to help!
Hi there, I'm Sara! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who specializes in providing trauma-informed therapy to adults and teens who reside in Pennsylvania. Most of my clients come to me because they're feeling stuck in the past or feel like they can't "get over" something terrible that happened to them. It seems like no matter what they do, they can't move on. They can see how their trauma is affecting their mood, self-esteem, anxiety, and even their relationships, but feel helpless to change it. If this sounds familiar, I might be able to help!
(484) 562-4956 View (484) 562-4956
Photo of Brian Tessmer - The Counseling Center at Family Resources, Licensed Professional Counselor
The Counseling Center at Family Resources
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
The Counseling Center at Family Resources provides compassionate and professional outpatient counseling to anyone seeking support for life's many challenges. Our team of licensed professional counselors, clinical social workers, marriage and family therapists, and psychiatrists are ready to help you work through issues such as trauma, stress, anxiety, depression, family/partner conflict, anger, and grief. We serve clients of nearly all ages and backgrounds.
The Counseling Center at Family Resources provides compassionate and professional outpatient counseling to anyone seeking support for life's many challenges. Our team of licensed professional counselors, clinical social workers, marriage and family therapists, and psychiatrists are ready to help you work through issues such as trauma, stress, anxiety, depression, family/partner conflict, anger, and grief. We serve clients of nearly all ages and backgrounds.
(412) 312-4047 x4 View (412) 312-4047 x4
Photo of Sarah Dalo, MA, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sarah Dalo
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15226  (Online Only)
I aim for a counseling style that is warm and collaborative, providing a non-judgmental space for you to develop greater insight about yourself and your life with a trusted ally. I have a background in working with college students and particularly enjoy working with young adults and LGBTQIA+ individuals of all ages who are navigating life transitions, relationship concerns, anxiety and trauma.
I aim for a counseling style that is warm and collaborative, providing a non-judgmental space for you to develop greater insight about yourself and your life with a trusted ally. I have a background in working with college students and particularly enjoy working with young adults and LGBTQIA+ individuals of all ages who are navigating life transitions, relationship concerns, anxiety and trauma.
(412) 754-4886 View (412) 754-4886
Photo of Anita Cilia, LCSW , BA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anita Cilia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW , BA
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15236
I work with many different issues, including, but not limited to: autism, mood disorders, personality disorders, intellectual disabilities and dual diagnosis with significant behaviors, PTSD, grief and loss, trauma/abuse victims, and codependency.
Have you been feeling overwhelmed, like you are drowning and not able to catch your breath? Are you having trouble managing your thoughts and feelings? Are you having difficulty dealing with the loss of a loved one? Are you sad and unsure why or what to do about it? Do you ever find yourself talking and no matter how loudly you talk it seems like nobody is listening? Do you feel irritated and angry or are having trouble controlling your temper and it’s causing you difficulties at home or work?
I work with many different issues, including, but not limited to: autism, mood disorders, personality disorders, intellectual disabilities and dual diagnosis with significant behaviors, PTSD, grief and loss, trauma/abuse victims, and codependency.
Have you been feeling overwhelmed, like you are drowning and not able to catch your breath? Are you having trouble managing your thoughts and feelings? Are you having difficulty dealing with the loss of a loved one? Are you sad and unsure why or what to do about it? Do you ever find yourself talking and no matter how loudly you talk it seems like nobody is listening? Do you feel irritated and angry or are having trouble controlling your temper and it’s causing you difficulties at home or work?
(878) 213-4840 View (878) 213-4840
Photo of Mohini Wagle-Schmitt, MSCP, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Mohini Wagle-Schmitt
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSCP, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15232
Not accepting new clients
My background is trauma-informed and includes psycho-dynamic, relational, cognitive-behavioral, and solution focused approaches, set within a strong, confidential, client- therapist relationship.
I believe that the connection between therapist and client is vital to the effectiveness of therapy. I strive to provide a non-judgmental and empathetic environment in which a client can express herself or himself freely. My role is to be present in the relationship, listen mindfully, and facilitate changes that a client wants in his or her life. My engagement in the therapeutic process is committed to helping my clients enrich the quality of their relationships and their life.
My background is trauma-informed and includes psycho-dynamic, relational, cognitive-behavioral, and solution focused approaches, set within a strong, confidential, client- therapist relationship.
I believe that the connection between therapist and client is vital to the effectiveness of therapy. I strive to provide a non-judgmental and empathetic environment in which a client can express herself or himself freely. My role is to be present in the relationship, listen mindfully, and facilitate changes that a client wants in his or her life. My engagement in the therapeutic process is committed to helping my clients enrich the quality of their relationships and their life.
(412) 275-4059 View (412) 275-4059
Photo of Terri Fessler - Terri Fessler LCSW , LCSW, Reiki, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Terri Fessler LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, Reiki
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15217
I guide teenagers, adults, and couples through their stages of healing using Trauma Informed, Internal Family Systems Informed and Holistic Practices.
I believe each of us has a gift of Self to unwrap and embrace along life's journey, especially when we've lived through a life threatening event or a series of chronic traumas. I know first hand how impossible connecting to ourselves can seem afterward. We grieve the loss of a sense of safety and often believe that our identity has changed to what has happened to us. We fear life will always be tarnished and feel set apart by our shame. Through my own life journey and my experiences as a Trauma therapist I have witnessed the reclaiming of Self that arises from the ashes of violence when healing begins to happen!
I guide teenagers, adults, and couples through their stages of healing using Trauma Informed, Internal Family Systems Informed and Holistic Practices.
I believe each of us has a gift of Self to unwrap and embrace along life's journey, especially when we've lived through a life threatening event or a series of chronic traumas. I know first hand how impossible connecting to ourselves can seem afterward. We grieve the loss of a sense of safety and often believe that our identity has changed to what has happened to us. We fear life will always be tarnished and feel set apart by our shame. Through my own life journey and my experiences as a Trauma therapist I have witnessed the reclaiming of Self that arises from the ashes of violence when healing begins to happen!
(412) 567-9375 View (412) 567-9375
Photo of Danielle Carioto, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Danielle Carioto
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am experienced in treating eating disorders and have certifications in trauma therapy.
You are why I enjoy my work so much. Your journey of emotional growth through our sessions inspire me to continue this work. I base our sessions off of what you want to talk about each session and work off of your comfort level. In the end, my goal for you is that you feel more comfortable with yourself and that your mental health symptoms have improved.
I am experienced in treating eating disorders and have certifications in trauma therapy.
You are why I enjoy my work so much. Your journey of emotional growth through our sessions inspire me to continue this work. I base our sessions off of what you want to talk about each session and work off of your comfort level. In the end, my goal for you is that you feel more comfortable with yourself and that your mental health symptoms have improved.
(412) 214-7892 View (412) 214-7892
Photo of Avory Billman, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Avory Billman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15232
Waitlist for new clients
My focus includes trauma-informed therapy with LGBTQIA+ and neurodivergent individuals. I primarily work with adolescents and young adults. I utilize evidence-based, affirming practices to support my clients in processing trauma, regulating mood instability, improving relationships, coping with life transitions, and building confidence in themselves.
My focus includes trauma-informed therapy with LGBTQIA+ and neurodivergent individuals. I primarily work with adolescents and young adults. I utilize evidence-based, affirming practices to support my clients in processing trauma, regulating mood instability, improving relationships, coping with life transitions, and building confidence in themselves.
(412) 790-2758 View (412) 790-2758
Photo of Nicole T Gemperle, MS, LPC, CCDPD, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nicole T Gemperle
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CCDPD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15223
If you have been feeling overwhelmed, preoccupied, that you would benefit from talking to someone who is a neutral listener, it may be time to look into counseling. Many people experience trauma throughout life, anxiety, depression, and other mental health symptoms. Many people also deal with situational stressors that occur at different times throughout life causing periods of disruption. Seeing a therapist can help with short term, solution focused concerns, or long-term treatment.
If you have been feeling overwhelmed, preoccupied, that you would benefit from talking to someone who is a neutral listener, it may be time to look into counseling. Many people experience trauma throughout life, anxiety, depression, and other mental health symptoms. Many people also deal with situational stressors that occur at different times throughout life causing periods of disruption. Seeing a therapist can help with short term, solution focused concerns, or long-term treatment.
(412) 284-6468 View (412) 284-6468
Photo of Sam Ehrlich, MSW, LCSW, TCT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sam Ehrlich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, TCT
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15237
Not accepting new clients
I work from strengths-based, trauma-informed, person-centered, and Feminist perspectives. I'm LGBTQIA+, sex, and body positive and neurodivergent affirming. I have experience working with people who have experienced domestic violence, sexual assault, emotional abuse and neglect. I use DBT, CBT, MI, and EMDR. I believe that, since every client is different, they each require a different approach. Nothing cookie cookie cutter here! My approach uses a lot of laughter, really connecting with the client on a personal level, using lots of validation, and comes from a place that each client is the expert on themselves.
I work from strengths-based, trauma-informed, person-centered, and Feminist perspectives. I'm LGBTQIA+, sex, and body positive and neurodivergent affirming. I have experience working with people who have experienced domestic violence, sexual assault, emotional abuse and neglect. I use DBT, CBT, MI, and EMDR. I believe that, since every client is different, they each require a different approach. Nothing cookie cookie cutter here! My approach uses a lot of laughter, really connecting with the client on a personal level, using lots of validation, and comes from a place that each client is the expert on themselves.
Photo of Anne Barbabella, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anne Barbabella
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15236  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am passionate about working with individuals who have experienced trauma in their lives and assisting them with rebuilding their lives and finding confidence, meaning, wholeness and health.
For over 20 years, I have worked in the field of mental health and addiction. I have extensive experience working with all disorders from mild to severe and specialize in working with the dual diagnosed (mental health and addiction) population; especially those suffering with mood disorders, anxiety and trauma related issues. I am able to offer support to not only the client who is suffering but their family and support system as well. I believe that all people are capable of improving their life with hard work, openness and a desire for change.
I am passionate about working with individuals who have experienced trauma in their lives and assisting them with rebuilding their lives and finding confidence, meaning, wholeness and health.
For over 20 years, I have worked in the field of mental health and addiction. I have extensive experience working with all disorders from mild to severe and specialize in working with the dual diagnosed (mental health and addiction) population; especially those suffering with mood disorders, anxiety and trauma related issues. I am able to offer support to not only the client who is suffering but their family and support system as well. I believe that all people are capable of improving their life with hard work, openness and a desire for change.
(412) 357-5971 View (412) 357-5971
Photo of Dr. Aiesha Lee, PhD, LPC, Counselor
Dr. Aiesha Lee
Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15213  (Online Only)
With extensive training and experience, I specialize in guiding Black women through the complexities of anxiety, self-esteem issues, identity struggles, and other impacts of generational trauma.
Feeling overwhelmed by anxiety or struggling with your self-worth as a Black woman? Wondering how to break free from always being "the strong friend" or heal some of those generational curses? If these challenges resonate with you, it might be time to seek support from a therapist who truly understands. Together, we can work on a plan to help you find relief and embark on a journey of self-discovery and healing. Keep reading to find out how connecting with me today can be a transformative step in your life.
With extensive training and experience, I specialize in guiding Black women through the complexities of anxiety, self-esteem issues, identity struggles, and other impacts of generational trauma.
Feeling overwhelmed by anxiety or struggling with your self-worth as a Black woman? Wondering how to break free from always being "the strong friend" or heal some of those generational curses? If these challenges resonate with you, it might be time to seek support from a therapist who truly understands. Together, we can work on a plan to help you find relief and embark on a journey of self-discovery and healing. Keep reading to find out how connecting with me today can be a transformative step in your life.
(732) 641-6285 View (732) 641-6285
Photo of Nicole Snyder, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nicole Snyder
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15217
I enjoy working with people who are struggling with trauma, anxiety, life transitions, and problems with self-esteem. I believe we each have the ability to understand and overcome our past traumas and current life stressors. I believe a supportive and safe space is necessary for people to overcome barriers and feel comfortable processing feelings, thoughts, and experiences.
I enjoy working with people who are struggling with trauma, anxiety, life transitions, and problems with self-esteem. I believe we each have the ability to understand and overcome our past traumas and current life stressors. I believe a supportive and safe space is necessary for people to overcome barriers and feel comfortable processing feelings, thoughts, and experiences.
(412) 275-5511 View (412) 275-5511
Photo of Dr. Shannon Coleman, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Shannon Coleman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15238  (Online Only)
Coleman is a certified provider of Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), Prolonged Exposure (PE), and Cognitive Behavioral Conjoint Therapy for PTSD (CBCT-PTSD) and she has served as a consultant for the National Center for PTSD Prolonged Exposure training program.
Dr. Shannon Coleman is a licensed clinical psychologist who provides psychotherapy to adults and couples. With over 20 years of experience, Dr. Coleman specializes in treatment for anxiety (e.g., generalized anxiety, social anxiety, OCD), depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), grief, anger, relationship conflict, and coping with life stressors. Dr. Coleman received her undergraduate degree from Brown University and her Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Binghamton University (SUNY).
Coleman is a certified provider of Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), Prolonged Exposure (PE), and Cognitive Behavioral Conjoint Therapy for PTSD (CBCT-PTSD) and she has served as a consultant for the National Center for PTSD Prolonged Exposure training program.
Dr. Shannon Coleman is a licensed clinical psychologist who provides psychotherapy to adults and couples. With over 20 years of experience, Dr. Coleman specializes in treatment for anxiety (e.g., generalized anxiety, social anxiety, OCD), depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), grief, anger, relationship conflict, and coping with life stressors. Dr. Coleman received her undergraduate degree from Brown University and her Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Binghamton University (SUNY).
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Trauma and PTSD Therapists

When should I seek treatment for trauma?

Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?

Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?

Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?

It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.