The 10th Congress of the European Academy of Neurology is being held in Helsinki, Finland from 29 June to 2 July 2024, and Nature Reviews Neurology is publishing a series of Comments on the overarching theme, neuromodulation. We asked Programme Committee Chairs Ulf Kallweit and Reetta Kälviäinen about their roles and their expectations for the congress.

In this Perspective, the authors propose a new classification system for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and related neurodegenerative disorders that recognizes, in parallel, the clinical syndromes and the underlying biology of disease. The framework emerged from discussions at the Second International Pre-Symptomatic ALS Workshop in Miami (February 2023).

Nature Reviews Neurology is interviewing individuals who are driving efforts to address disparities in neurology through a broad spectrum of diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives. We spoke with neurosurgeon Sonia Mejía Pérez from Mexico about her work to address gaps in hospital care for individuals from minority groups, such as LGBT+ people.

Nature Reviews Neurology is interviewing individuals who are driving efforts to address disparities in neurology through a broad spectrum of diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives. We spoke with stroke neurologist Nirali Vora from the USA about her work to build neurology capacity in low and middle-income countries.

Advanced sensory feedback from upper limb prostheses would provide multiple benefits to people with upper limb amputations, but achieving functional and natural-feeling sensation is technologically challenging. Advances are being made with invasive and non-invasive stimulation approaches, but considerable challenges need to be addressed with technological innovation.

Neuromodulation represents a promising approach for promoting neural plasticity following a brain injury, especially for non-communicative patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness. However, so far, the outcomes have been limited and inconsistent, driving researchers to explore alternative strategies to improve the efficacy of brain stimulation techniques.

A non-invasive technique using transcranial electrical stimulation offers an improvement in focality over other non-invasive techniques, presenting an opportunity to target deep brain structures for the treatment of neurological disorders.

The use of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques to treat mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Alzheimer disease is expanding. Trials have produced varying results depending on the differing stimulation techniques, targeted brain regions and degrees of cognitive impairment among the treated cohorts.

The 10th Congress of the European Academy of Neurology is being held in Helsinki, Finland from 29 June to 2 July 2024, and Nature Reviews Neurology is publishing a series of Comments on the overarching theme, neuromodulation. We asked Programme Committee Chairs Ulf Kallweit and Reetta Kälviäinen about their roles and their expectations for the congress.