Journal Description
Journal of Xenobiotics
Journal of Xenobiotics
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on xenobiotics published quarterly online by MDPI (from Volume 10, Issue 1 - 2020).
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, CAPlus / SciFinder, Embase, and other databases
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Toxicology) / CiteScore - Q2 (Pollution)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 30 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review and reviewer names are published annually in the journal.
Impact Factor:
6.8 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
6.2 (2023)
Latest Articles
Toxic Effects of Carbaryl Exposure on Juvenile Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer)
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(3), 923-938; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14030051 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2024
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This study examines the physiological and immunological effects of 0.5 ppm carbaryl exposure on juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) over 12 h to 72 h. Notable results include decreased activities of liver enzymes catalase (CAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutathione peroxidase
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This study examines the physiological and immunological effects of 0.5 ppm carbaryl exposure on juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) over 12 h to 72 h. Notable results include decreased activities of liver enzymes catalase (CAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), while superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels remained stable, with the lowest activities of CAT and GSH-PX observed at 72 h. Serum biochemistry revealed increased alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) at 24 h, with declining aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and a peak in creatinine at 48 h. Histopathological analysis showed carbaryl-induced necrosis in liver and spleen cells, and increased melanomacrophage centers in both organs. Additionally, immune gene expression analysis indicated an upregulation of heat shock proteins and consistent elevation of complement component C3 and interleukin-8 (IL-8). These findings suggest that carbaryl exposure significantly impairs organ function and modulates immune responses in L. calcarifer, underlining the need for further research on protective strategies against pesticide impacts in aquaculture.
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Open AccessArticle
Ionic Liquid 1-Octyl-3-Methylimidazolium (M8OI) Is Mono-Oxygenated by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in Adult Human Liver
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Alistair C. Leitch, Tarek M. Abdelghany, Alex Charlton, Martin Cooke and Matthew C. Wright
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(3), 907-922; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14030050 - 9 Jul 2024
Abstract
Environmental sampling around a landfill site in the UK previously identified the methylimidazolium ionic liquid, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium (M8OI), in the soil. More recently, M8OI was shown to be detectable in sera from 5/20 PBC patients and 1/10 controls and to be oxidised on the
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Environmental sampling around a landfill site in the UK previously identified the methylimidazolium ionic liquid, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium (M8OI), in the soil. More recently, M8OI was shown to be detectable in sera from 5/20 PBC patients and 1/10 controls and to be oxidised on the alkyl chain in the human liver. The objective of this study was to examine the metabolism of M8OI in humans in more detail. In human hepatocytes, M8OI was mono-oxygenated to 1-(8-Hydroxyoctyl)-3-methyl-imidazolium (HO8IM) then further oxidised to 1-(7-carboxyheptyl)-3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium (COOH7IM). The addition of ketoconazole—in contrast to a range of other cytochrome P450 inhibitors—blocked M8OI metabolism, suggesting primarily CYP3A-dependent mono-oxygenation of M8OI. Hepatocytes from one donor produced negligible and low levels of HO8IM and COOH7IM, respectively, on incubation with M8OI, when compared to hepatocytes from other donors. This donor had undetectable levels of CYP3A4 protein and low CYP3A enzyme activity. Transcript expression levels for other adult CYP3A isoforms—CYP3A5 and CYP3A43—suggest that a lack of CYP3A4 accounted primarily for this donor’s low rate of M8OI oxidation. Insect cell (supersome) expression of various human CYPs identified CYP3A4 as the most active CYP mediating M8OI mono-oxygenation, followed by CYP3A5. HO8IM and COOH7IM were not toxic to human hepatocytes, in contrast to M8OI, and using a pooled preparation of human hepatocytes from five donors, ketoconazole potentiated M8OI toxicity. These data demonstrate that CYP3A initiates the mono-oxygenation and detoxification of M8OI in adult human livers and that CYP3A4 likely plays a major role in this process.
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(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Chemicals)
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Contamination Profiles of Selected Pollutants in Procambarus clarkii Non-Edible Portions Highlight Their Potential Exploitation Applications
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Dario Savoca, Mirella Vazzana, Vincenzo Arizza, Antonella Maccotta, Santino Orecchio, Francesco Longo, Vittoria Giudice, Gaetano D’Oca, Salvatore Messina, Federico Marrone and Manuela Mauro
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(3), 893-906; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14030049 - 6 Jul 2024
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Properly managing aquatic organisms is crucial, including protecting endemic species and controlling invasive species. From a circular economy perspective, the sustainable use of aquatic species as a source of bioactive molecules is an area that is increasingly being explored. This includes the use
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Properly managing aquatic organisms is crucial, including protecting endemic species and controlling invasive species. From a circular economy perspective, the sustainable use of aquatic species as a source of bioactive molecules is an area that is increasingly being explored. This includes the use of non-edible portions of seafood, which could pose considerable risks to the environment due to current methods of disposal. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to ensure that the exploitation of these resources does not result in the transfer of pollutants to the final product. This study analyzed two types of non-edible parts from the crayfish Procambarus clarkii: the abdominal portion of the exoskeleton (AbE) and the whole exoskeleton (WE), including the cephalothorax. These portions could potentially be utilized in the context of eradication activities regulated by local authorities. A screening analysis of four classes of pollutants, including pesticides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), phthalic acid esters (PAEs), and trace elements (TEs), was performed. The only analytes detected were TEs, and significant differences in the contamination profile were found between AbE and WE. Nevertheless, the levels recorded were comparable to or lower than those reported in the literature and below the maximum levels allowed in the current European legislation for food, suggesting that their potential use is legally permitted. In terms of scalability, the utilization of the entire non-edible P. clarkii portion would represent a sustainable solution for the reuse of waste products.
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Open AccessArticle
Temporal Analysis of Pharmaceuticals as Emerging Contaminants in Surface Water and Wastewater Samples: A Case Study
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Paula Paíga, Luísa Correia-Sá, Manuela Correia, Sónia Figueiredo, Joana Vieira, Sandra Jorge, Jaime Gabriel Silva and Cristina Delerue-Matos
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(3), 873-892; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14030048 - 3 Jul 2024
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals in the environment are a global concern, with studies in all continents highlighting their widespread occurrence and potential ecological impacts, revealing their presence, fate, and associated risks in aquatic ecosystems. Despite typically occurring at low concentrations (ranging from ng/L to µg/L), advancements
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Pharmaceuticals in the environment are a global concern, with studies in all continents highlighting their widespread occurrence and potential ecological impacts, revealing their presence, fate, and associated risks in aquatic ecosystems. Despite typically occurring at low concentrations (ranging from ng/L to µg/L), advancements in analytical methods and more sensitive equipment have enabled the detection of a higher number of pharmaceuticals. In this study, surface and wastewater samples were extracted using solid phase extraction and analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Among the therapeutic classes investigated, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/analgesics, antibiotics, and psychiatric drugs showed a higher number of detected pharmaceuticals. Concentrations ranged from below method detection limit (<MDL) to 3.20 µg/L (caffeine) and <MDL to 639 µg/L (hydroxyibuprofen) in 2018, and from <MDL to 0.848 µg/L (diclofenac) and <MDL to 53.0 µg/L (caffeine) in 2019 for river water and wastewater samples. Temporal analysis showed an increase in the sum of pharmaceutical concentrations over the study years, highlighting the importance of monitoring pharmaceuticals in the environment and their potential accumulation over time.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products: From Exposure to Impacts on Human, Animal and Ecosystem Health towards an Integrated One Health Approach)
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Open AccessReview
Precision Nanomedicine with Bio-Inspired Nanosystems: Recent Trends and Challenges in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Membrane-Coated Bioengineered Nanocarriers in Targeted Nanotherapeutics
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Mirza Salman Baig, Anas Ahmad, Rijawan Rajjak Pathan and Rakesh Kumar Mishra
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(3), 827-872; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14030047 - 24 Jun 2024
Abstract
In the recent past, the formulation and development of nanocarriers has been elaborated into the broader fields and opened various avenues in their preclinical and clinical applications. In particular, the cellular membrane-based nanoformulations have been formulated to surpass and surmount the limitations and
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In the recent past, the formulation and development of nanocarriers has been elaborated into the broader fields and opened various avenues in their preclinical and clinical applications. In particular, the cellular membrane-based nanoformulations have been formulated to surpass and surmount the limitations and restrictions associated with naïve or free forms of therapeutic compounds and circumvent various physicochemical and immunological barriers including but not limited to systemic barriers, microenvironmental roadblocks, and other cellular or subcellular hinderances—which are quite heterogeneous throughout the diseases and patient cohorts. These limitations in drug delivery have been overcome through mesenchymal cells membrane-based precision therapeutics, where these interventions have led to the significant enhancements in therapeutic efficacies. However, the formulation and development of nanocarriers still focuses on optimization of drug delivery paradigms with a one-size-fits-all resolutions. As mesenchymal stem cell membrane-based nanocarriers have been engineered in highly diversified fashions, these are being optimized for delivering the drug payloads in more and better personalized modes, entering the arena of precision as well as personalized nanomedicine. In this Review, we have included some of the advanced nanocarriers which have been designed and been utilized in both the non-personalized as well as precision applicability which can be employed for the improvements in precision nanotherapeutics. In the present report, authors have focused on various other aspects of the advancements in stem cells membrane-based nanoparticle conceptions which can surmount several roadblocks and barriers in drug delivery and nanomedicine. It has been suggested that well-informed designing of these nanocarriers will lead to appreciable improvements in the therapeutic efficacy in therapeutic payload delivery applications. These approaches will also enable the tailored and customized designs of MSC-based nanocarriers for personalized therapeutic applications, and finally amending the patient outcomes.
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(This article belongs to the Section Drug Therapeutics)
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Microplastic Contamination of Non-Mulched Agricultural Soils in Bangladesh: Detection, Characterization, Source Apportionment and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment
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Sumaya Sharmin, Qingyue Wang, Md. Rezwanul Islam, Weiqian Wang and Christian Ebere Enyoh
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(2), 812-826; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14020046 - 19 Jun 2024
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Microplastic contamination in agricultural soil is an emerging problem worldwide as it contaminates the food chain. Therefore, this research investigated the distribution of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural soils without mulch at various depths (0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm) across different zones: rural, local
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Microplastic contamination in agricultural soil is an emerging problem worldwide as it contaminates the food chain. Therefore, this research investigated the distribution of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural soils without mulch at various depths (0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm) across different zones: rural, local market, industrial, coastal, and research areas. The detection of MP types and morphology was conducted using FTIR and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Eight types of MPs were identified, including high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), with concentrations ranging from 0.6 ± 0.21 to 3.71 ± 2.36 MPs/g of soil. The study found no significant trends in MP concentration, with ranges of 0–2.1 ± 0.38, 0–2.87 ± 0.55, and 0–2.0 ± 0.34 MPs/g of soil at depths of 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, and 10–15 cm, respectively. The highest MP quantity was recorded at 8.67 in coastal area, while the lowest was 6.44 in the local market area. Various MP shapes, e.g., fiber, film, pellet, fragment, and irregular, were observed across all layers. PCA suggested irrigation and organic manure as potential sources of MPs. The estimated concentrations of MPs possessed low non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the farming community of Bangladesh.
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Open AccessArticle
Carcinogenic Risk from Lead and Cadmium Contaminating Cow Milk and Soya Beverage Brands Available in the Portuguese Market
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Vanda Lopes de Andrade, Iolanda Ribeiro, Ana Paula Marreilha dos Santos, Michael Aschner and Maria Luisa Mateus
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(2), 798-811; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14020045 - 13 Jun 2024
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Our previous work demonstrated the presence of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in cow milk (CM) and soy beverages (SBs) in Portugal. These metals share carcinogenic mechanisms, suggesting at least additive effects. Our goals were to assess carcinogenic risks from Pb and
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Our previous work demonstrated the presence of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in cow milk (CM) and soy beverages (SBs) in Portugal. These metals share carcinogenic mechanisms, suggesting at least additive effects. Our goals were to assess carcinogenic risks from Pb and Cd intake detected in various CM and SB brands on the Portuguese market and to determine the relative contributions of Pb and Cd. Furthermore, we modeled different consumption scenarios for various age/body weight groups to estimate cumulative Excess Lifetime Carcinogenic Risk (ELCR). ELCR was computed by multiplying chronic daily intake by a cancer slope factor for each metal, with an ELCR > 1 × 10−4 indicating carcinogenic risk. Five CM and three SB brands posed cancer risks in children, with the highest values at 1.75 × 10−4 and 9.12 × 10−5, respectively; Pb had mean relative contributions of 87.8 ± 3.1% in CM and 54.9 ± 12.1% in SB. Carcinogenic risks were observed for children, adolescents, and adults in several CM or SB consumption scenarios, albeit at levels above typical Portuguese intakes. Strict monitoring of metal levels, such as Pb and Cd, is advised because CM is a component of many foods, including baby food.
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Open AccessArticle
Mechanistic Insights into the Neurotoxicity of 2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamines (2C) and Corresponding N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine (NBOMe) Drugs
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Eva Gil-Martins, Fernando Cagide-Fagín, Daniel Martins, Ana Borer, Daniel José Barbosa, Carlos Fernandes, Daniel Chavarria, Fernando Remião, Fernanda Borges and Renata Silva
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(2), 772-797; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14020044 - 5 Jun 2024
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Substituted phenethylamines including 2C (2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines) and NBOMe (N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamines) drugs are potent psychoactive substances with little to no knowledge available on their toxicity. In the present in vitro study, we explored the mechanisms underlying the neurotoxicity of six substituted phenethylamines: 2C-T-2, 2C-T-4,
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Substituted phenethylamines including 2C (2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines) and NBOMe (N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamines) drugs are potent psychoactive substances with little to no knowledge available on their toxicity. In the present in vitro study, we explored the mechanisms underlying the neurotoxicity of six substituted phenethylamines: 2C-T-2, 2C-T-4, 2C-T-7 and their corresponding NBOMes. These drugs were synthesized and chemically characterized, and their cytotoxicity (0–1000 μM) was evaluated in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and primary rat cortical cultures, by the NR uptake and MTT reduction assays. In differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular ATP and calcium levels, reactive oxygen species production, and intracellular total glutathione levels were also evaluated. All the tested drugs exhibited concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects towards differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and primary rat cortical cultures. The NBOMe drugs presented higher cytotoxicity than their counterparts, which correlates with the drug’s lipophilicity. These cytotoxic effects were associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, evident through mitochondrial membrane depolarization and lowered intracellular ATP levels. Intracellular calcium imbalance was observed for 2C-T-7 and 25T7-NBOMe, implying a disrupted calcium regulation. Although reactive species levels remained unchanged, a reduction in intracellular total GSH content was observed. Overall, these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of these drugs, shedding light on the mechanisms underpinning their neurotoxicity.
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(This article belongs to the Section Drug Therapeutics)
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Open AccessReview
Microbial Symbiont-Based Detoxification of Different Phytotoxins and Synthetic Toxic Chemicals in Insect Pests and Pollinators
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Olivia Kline and Neelendra K. Joshi
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(2), 753-771; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14020043 - 4 Jun 2024
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Insects are the most diverse form of life, and as such, they interact closely with humans, impacting our health, economy, and agriculture. Beneficial insect species contribute to pollination, biological control of pests, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Pest species can cause damage to agricultural
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Insects are the most diverse form of life, and as such, they interact closely with humans, impacting our health, economy, and agriculture. Beneficial insect species contribute to pollination, biological control of pests, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Pest species can cause damage to agricultural crops and vector diseases to humans and livestock. Insects are often exposed to toxic xenobiotics in the environment, both naturally occurring toxins like plant secondary metabolites and synthetic chemicals like herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. Because of this, insects have evolved several mechanisms of resistance to toxic xenobiotics, including sequestration, behavioral avoidance, and enzymatic degradation, and in many cases had developed symbiotic relationships with microbes that can aid in this detoxification. As research progresses, the important roles of these microbes in insect health and function have become more apparent. Bacterial symbionts that degrade plant phytotoxins allow host insects to feed on otherwise chemically defended plants. They can also confer pesticide resistance to their hosts, especially in frequently treated agricultural fields. It is important to study these interactions between insects and the toxic chemicals they are exposed to in order to further the understanding of pest insect resistance and to mitigate the negative effect of pesticides on nontarget insect species like Hymenopteran pollinators.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Toxicology and Animal Health)
Open AccessReview
A Review on Fluoroquinolones’ Toxicity to Freshwater Organisms and a Risk Assessment
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Marianna Pauletto and Marco De Liguoro
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(2), 717-752; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14020042 - 4 Jun 2024
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Fluoroquinolones (FQs) have achieved significant success in both human and veterinary medicine. However, regulatory authorities have recommended limiting their use, firstly because they can have disabling side effects; secondly, because of the need to limit the spread of antibiotic resistance. This review addresses
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Fluoroquinolones (FQs) have achieved significant success in both human and veterinary medicine. However, regulatory authorities have recommended limiting their use, firstly because they can have disabling side effects; secondly, because of the need to limit the spread of antibiotic resistance. This review addresses another concerning consequence of the excessive use of FQs: the freshwater environments contamination and the impact on non-target organisms. Here, an overview of the highest concentrations found in Europe, Asia, and the USA is provided, the sensitivity of various taxa is presented through a comparison of the lowest EC50s from about a hundred acute toxicity tests, and primary mechanisms of FQ toxicity are described. A risk assessment is conducted based on the estimation of the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC). This is calculated traditionally and, in a more contemporary manner, by constructing a normalized Species Sensitivity Distribution curve. The lowest individual HC5 (6.52 µg L−1) was obtained for levofloxacin, followed by ciprofloxacin (7.51 µg L−1), sarafloxacin and clinafloxacin (12.23 µg L−1), and ofloxacin (17.12 µg L−1). By comparing the calculated PNEC with detected concentrations, it is evident that the risk cannot be denied: the potential impact of FQs on freshwater ecosystems is a further reason to minimize their use.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Toxicology and Animal Health)
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Open AccessArticle
Bioaccumulation of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants in Fish from Thermaikos Gulf: Preliminary Human Health Risk Assessment Assisted by a Computational Approach
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Konstantinos M. Kasiotis, Effrosyni Zafeiraki, Electra Manea-Karga, Demetrios Kouretas, Fotis Tekos, Zoi Skaperda, Nikolaos Doumpas and Kyriaki Machera
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(2), 701-716; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14020041 - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
The monitoring of contaminants in fish species is pivotal for fishes’ health and reproduction, as well as for human health. In the specific work, three major categories of contaminants, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and macro and trace elements, were investigated in two major fish species,
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The monitoring of contaminants in fish species is pivotal for fishes’ health and reproduction, as well as for human health. In the specific work, three major categories of contaminants, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and macro and trace elements, were investigated in two major fish species, Dicentrarchus labrax and Solea solea, collected from Thermaikos Gulf, in Greece. To achieve this goal, three analytical methods using LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS, and ICP-MS were developed, validated, and applied to the collected fish samples. The results indicated a very low prevalence of caffeine and acetaminophen, both not exceeding 3.8 μg/kg fish. Similarly, thiabendazole, cypermethrin, and tricyclazole (pesticides) were found in a concentration range of 0.9 to 13.7 μg/kg fish, while in one D. labrax sample, traces of the metabolite of organochlorine pesticide DDT, o,p’-DDE were detected. Al, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Sr were the predominant trace elements in a concentration range of 500–20,000 μg/kg fish. Macro elements levels varied from 280 to 5405 mg/kg fish. Health risk assessment did not unveil an unacceptable risk for the human health of adults, apart from one sample presenting Hg above the regulatory levels. On the contrary, for children, the calculated hazard quotient values for Hg in all cases and for two As detections were higher than the threshold value of 1, indicating a potential risk.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 10th International Conference on Environmental Management, Engineering, Planning and Economics (CEMEPE 2023) and SECOTOX Conference)
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Open AccessArticle
Plastic Analysis with a Plasmonic Nano-Gold Sensor Coated with Plastic-Binding Peptides
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Francois Gagné, Maxime Gauthier and Chantale André
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(2), 690-700; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14020040 - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Contamination with plastics of small dimensions (<1 µm) represents a health concern for many terrestrial and aquatic organisms. This study examined the use of plastic-binding peptides as a coating probe to detect various types of plastic using a plasmon nano-gold sensor. Plastic-binding peptides
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Contamination with plastics of small dimensions (<1 µm) represents a health concern for many terrestrial and aquatic organisms. This study examined the use of plastic-binding peptides as a coating probe to detect various types of plastic using a plasmon nano-gold sensor. Plastic-binding peptides were selected for polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) based on the reported literature. Using nAu with each of these peptides to test the target plastics revealed high signal, at 525/630 nm, suggesting that the target plastic limited HCl-induced nAu aggregation. Testing with other plastics revealed some lack of specificity but the signal was always lower than that of the target plastic. This suggests that these peptides, although reacting mainly with their target plastic, show partial reactivity with the other target plastics. By using a multiple regression model, the relative levels of a given plastic could be corrected by the presence of other plastics. This approach was tested in freshwater mussels caged for 3 months at sites suspected to release plastic materials: in rainfall overflow discharges, downstream a largely populated city, and in a municipal effluent dispersion plume. The data revealed that the digestive glands of the mussels contained higher levels of PP, PE, and PET plastic particles at the rainfall overflow and downstream city sites compared to the treated municipal effluent site. This corroborated earlier findings that wastewater treatment could remove nanoparticles, at least in part. A quick and inexpensive screening test for plastic nanoparticles in biological samples with plasmonic nAu-peptides is proposed.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Plastics, Water-Soluble Polymers and Rubberized Materials: Ecotoxicological Aspects in the Aquatic Environments)
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Open AccessArticle
The Underlying Mechanism of Poisoning after the Accidental Inhalation of Aerosolised Waterproofing Spray
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Alexander C. Ø. Jensen, Niels E. Ebbehøj, Anja J. Huusom, Keld A. Jensen, Ulla B. Vogel and Jorid B. Sørli
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(2), 679-689; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14020039 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Waterproofing sprays can cause acute respiratory symptoms after inhalation, including coughing and dyspnoea shortly after use. Here, we describe two cases where persons used the same brand of waterproofing spray product. In both cases the persons followed the instructions on the product and
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Waterproofing sprays can cause acute respiratory symptoms after inhalation, including coughing and dyspnoea shortly after use. Here, we describe two cases where persons used the same brand of waterproofing spray product. In both cases the persons followed the instructions on the product and maximized the ventilation by opening windows and doors; however, they still became affected during the application of the product. Products with the same batch number as that used in one case were tested for their effect on respiration patterns of mice in whole-body plethysmographs and lung surfactant function inhibition in vitro. The product was used in spraying experiments to determine the particle size distribution of the aerosol, both using a can from one case and a can with an identical batch number. In addition, the aerosols in the mouse exposure chamber were measured. Aerosol data from a small-scale exposure chamber and data on the physical and temporal dimensions of the spraying during one case were used to estimate the deposited dose during the spraying events. All collected data point to the spraying of the waterproofing product being the reason that two people became ill, and that the inhibition of lung surfactant function was a key component of this illness.
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(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Chemicals)
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Open AccessFeature PaperReview
How Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances Affect Gamete Viability and Fertilization Capability: Insights from the Literature
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Cielle Lockington and Laura A. Favetta
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(2), 651-678; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14020038 - 17 May 2024
Abstract
There has been emerging research linking per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to gamete viability and fertility. PFAS, prevalent in the environment and water supplies, undergo slow degradation due to their C-F bond and a long half-life (2.3–8.5 years). In females, PFAS inhibit the
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There has been emerging research linking per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to gamete viability and fertility. PFAS, prevalent in the environment and water supplies, undergo slow degradation due to their C-F bond and a long half-life (2.3–8.5 years). In females, PFAS inhibit the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, reducing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, leading to the inhibition of androgen and estradiol production. PFAS have been found to cause detrimental effects on egg quality through impairing folliculogenesis. In males, PFAS can impair sperm motility and morphology: two fundamental qualities of successful fertilization. PFAS exposure has been proven to inhibit testosterone production, sperm capacitation, and acrosomal reaction. After fertilization, the results of PFAS exposure to embryos have also been investigated, showing reduced development to the blastocyst stage. The aim of this review is to report the main findings in the literature on the impact of PFAS exposure to gamete competency and fertilization capability by highlighting key studies on both male and female fertility. We report that there is significant evidence demonstrating the negative impacts on fertility after PFAS exposure. At high doses, these environmentally abundant and widespread compounds can significantly affect human fertility.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in the Human Health)
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Open AccessArticle
Heavy Metal(oid)s Contamination and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment in Agricultural Soils
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Muhammad Saleem, David Pierce, Yuqiang Wang, Donald A. Sens, Seema Somji and Scott H. Garrett
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(2), 634-650; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14020037 - 14 May 2024
Abstract
Soil pollution caused by heavy metal(oid)s has generated great concern worldwide due to their toxicity, persistence, and bio-accumulation properties. To assess the baseline data, the heavy metal(oid)s, including manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), lead
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Soil pollution caused by heavy metal(oid)s has generated great concern worldwide due to their toxicity, persistence, and bio-accumulation properties. To assess the baseline data, the heavy metal(oid)s, including manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd), were evaluated in surface soil samples collected from the farmlands of Grand Forks County, North Dakota. Samples were digested via acid mixture and analyzed via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS) analysis to assess the levels, ecological risks, and possible sources. The heavy metal(oid) median levels exhibited the following decreasing trend: Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Pb > Co > As > Cd > Hg. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) suggested the main lithogenic source for the studied metal(oid)s. Metal(oid) levels in the current investigation, except Mn, are lower than most of the guideline values set by international agencies. The contamination factor (Cf), geo accumulation index (Igeo) and enrichment factor (EF) showed considerable contamination, moderate contamination, and significant enrichment, respectively, for As and Cd on median value basis. Ecological risk factor (Er) results exhibited low ecological risk for all studied metal(oid)s except Cd, which showed considerable ecological risk. The potential ecological risk index (PERI) levels indicated low ecological risk to considerable risk. Overall, the results indicate the accumulation of As and Cd in the study area. The high nutrients of the soils potentially affect their accumulation in crops and impact on consumers’ health. This drives the impetus for continued environmental monitoring programs.
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(This article belongs to the Section Ecotoxicology)
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Open AccessArticle
Traditional Plant-Derived Compounds Inhibit Cell Migration and Induce Novel Cytoskeletal Effects in Glioblastoma Cells
by
Evan Thompson, Sally Prior and Anke Brüning-Richardson
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(2), 613-633; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14020036 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are aggressive and invasive cancers of the brain, associated with high rates of tumour recurrence and poor patient outcomes despite initial treatment. Targeting cell migration is therefore of interest in highly invasive cancers such as GBMs, to prevent tumour dissemination and
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Glioblastomas (GBMs) are aggressive and invasive cancers of the brain, associated with high rates of tumour recurrence and poor patient outcomes despite initial treatment. Targeting cell migration is therefore of interest in highly invasive cancers such as GBMs, to prevent tumour dissemination and regrowth. One current aim of GBM research focuses on assessing the anti-migratory properties of novel or repurposed inhibitors, including plant-based drugs which display anti-cancer properties. We investigated the potential anti-migratory activity of plant-based products with known cytotoxic effects in cancers, using a range of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) migration and invasion assays as well as immunofluorescence microscopy to determine the specific anti-migratory and phenotypic effects of three plant-derived compounds, Turmeric, Indigo and Magnolia bark, on established glioma cell lines. Migrastatic activity was observed in all three drugs, with Turmeric exerting the most inhibitory effect on GBM cell migration into scratches and from the spheroid edge at all the timepoints investigated (p < 0.001). We also observed novel cytoskeletal phenotypes affecting actin and the focal adhesion dynamics. As our in vitro results determined that Turmeric, Indigo and Magnolia are promising migrastatic drugs, we suggest additional experimentation at the whole organism level to further validate these novel findings.
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(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products/Herbal Medicines)
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Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (AMPA), a Glyphosate Metabolite, Decreases Plasma Cholinesterase Activity in Rats
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Jesús Chávez-Reyes, Fernando Saráchaga-Terrazas, Oliver Alejandro Colis-Arenas, Carlos H. López-Lariz, Carlos M. Villalón and Bruno A. Marichal-Cancino
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(2), 604-612; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14020035 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
Glyphosate, a widely used herbicide, is linked to a plethora of deleterious effects in both clinical and preclinical studies. Nevertheless, the effects of its main metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), whose half-life in soil is even longer than that of glyphosate, have been little
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Glyphosate, a widely used herbicide, is linked to a plethora of deleterious effects in both clinical and preclinical studies. Nevertheless, the effects of its main metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), whose half-life in soil is even longer than that of glyphosate, have been little explored. On this basis, as a first approach, in this work, we report that intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of AMPA or glyphosate (at 10, 56, and 100 mg/kg) decreased, to a similar extent, plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activity in acutely exposed rats. Moreover, we designed an experimental protocol to analyze and compare the effects of AMPA and glyphosate on human plasma ChE activity; this protocol consisted of adding these compounds to human plasma to subsequently test the effects of this plasma on the contraction to acetylcholine (ACh) in the frog rectus abdominis muscle (an indirect estimate of ChE activity). Accordingly, this muscular contraction to ACh was evaluated before and after pre-incubation of ACh with (i) plasma alone, (ii) plasma with AMPA, and (iii) plasma with glyphosate. Our results indicate that AMPA, like glyphosate, decreased ChE activity in the plasma of rats (when given i.p.) and humans (when added in vitro), suggesting that both xenobiotics may exert similar toxicological effects.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Disease Risks and Toxic Pathway from Environmental Chemical Exposure)
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Open AccessReview
Pleiotropy of Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 in Modulation of Cytochrome P450 Activity
by
Isabel S. Barata, José Rueff, Michel Kranendonk and Francisco Esteves
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(2), 575-603; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14020034 - 1 May 2024
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Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is one of few proteins that have been recently described as direct modulators of the activity of human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP)s. These enzymes form a superfamily of membrane-bound hemoproteins that metabolize a wide variety of physiological,
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Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is one of few proteins that have been recently described as direct modulators of the activity of human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP)s. These enzymes form a superfamily of membrane-bound hemoproteins that metabolize a wide variety of physiological, dietary, environmental, and pharmacological compounds. Modulation of CYP activity impacts the detoxification of xenobiotics as well as endogenous pathways such as steroid and fatty acid metabolism, thus playing a central role in homeostasis. This review is focused on nine main topics that include the most relevant aspects of past and current PGRMC1 research, focusing on its role in CYP-mediated drug metabolism. Firstly, a general overview of the main aspects of xenobiotic metabolism is presented (I), followed by an overview of the role of the CYP enzymatic complex (IIa), a section on human disorders associated with defects in CYP enzyme complex activity (IIb), and a brief account of cytochrome b5 (cyt b5)’s effect on CYP activity (IIc). Subsequently, we present a background overview of the history of the molecular characterization of PGRMC1 (III), regarding its structure, expression, and intracellular location (IIIa), and its heme-binding capability and dimerization (IIIb). The next section reflects the different effects PGRMC1 may have on CYP activity (IV), presenting a description of studies on the direct effects on CYP activity (IVa), and a summary of pathways in which PGRMC1’s involvement may indirectly affect CYP activity (IVb). The last section of the review is focused on the current challenges of research on the effect of PGRMC1 on CYP activity (V), presenting some future perspectives of research in the field (VI).
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Screening Disinfection Byproducts in Arid-Coastal Wastewater: A Workflow Using GC×GC-TOFMS, Passive Sampling, and NMF Deconvolution Algorithm
by
Muhammad Usman Siddiqui, Muhammad Sibtain, Farrukh Ahmad, Yasuyuki Zushi and Deedar Nabi
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(2), 554-574; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14020033 - 1 May 2024
Abstract
Disinfection during tertiary municipal wastewater treatment is a necessary step to control the spread of pathogens; unfortunately, it also gives rise to numerous disinfection byproducts (DBPs), only a few of which are regulated because of the analytical challenges associated with the vast number
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Disinfection during tertiary municipal wastewater treatment is a necessary step to control the spread of pathogens; unfortunately, it also gives rise to numerous disinfection byproducts (DBPs), only a few of which are regulated because of the analytical challenges associated with the vast number of potential DBPs. This study utilized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) passive samplers, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS), and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) spectral deconvolution for suspect screening of DBPs in treated wastewater. PDMS samplers were deployed upstream and downstream of the chlorination unit in a municipal wastewater treatment plant located in Abu Dhabi, and their extracts were analyzed using GC×GC-TOFMS. A workflow incorporating a multi-tiered, eight-filter screening process was developed, which successfully enabled the reliable isolation of 22 candidate DBPs from thousands of peaks. The NMF spectral deconvolution improved the match factor score of unknown mass spectra to the reference mass spectra available in the NIST library by 17% and facilitated the identification of seven additional DBPs. The close match of the first-dimension retention index data and the GC×GC elution patterns of DBPs, both predicted using the Abraham solvation model, with their respective experimental counterparts—with the measured data available in the NIST WebBook and the GC×GC elution patterns being those observed for the candidate peaks—significantly enhanced the accuracy of peak assignment. Isotopic pattern analysis revealed a close correspondence for 11 DBPs with clearly visible isotopologues in reference spectra, thereby further strengthening the confidence in the peak assignment of these DBPs. Brominated analogues were prevalent among the detected DBPs, possibly due to seawater intrusion. The fate, behavior, persistence, and toxicity of tentatively identified DBPs were assessed using EPI Suite™ and the CompTox Chemicals Dashboard. This revealed their significant toxicity to aquatic organisms, including developmental, mutagenic, and endocrine-disrupting effects in certain DBPs. Some DBPs also showed activity in various CompTox bioassays, implicating them in adverse molecular pathways. Additionally, 11 DBPs demonstrated high environmental persistence and resistance to biodegradation. This combined approach offers a powerful tool for future research and environmental monitoring, enabling accurate identification and assessment of DBPs and their potential risks.
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(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Chemicals)
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Toxicity of UV Filter Benzophenone-3 in Brine Shrimp Nauplii (Artemia salina) and Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos
by
Melissa I. Ortiz-Román, Ileska M. Casiano-Muñiz and Felix R. Román-Velázquez
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(2), 537-553; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14020032 - 29 Apr 2024
Abstract
The benzophenone (BP) family, including oxybenzone (BP-3), a prevalent sunscreen ingredient and environmental contaminant, has raised concerns since the year 2005. This study investigated oxybenzone toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleutheroembryos and brine shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplii, focusing on
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The benzophenone (BP) family, including oxybenzone (BP-3), a prevalent sunscreen ingredient and environmental contaminant, has raised concerns since the year 2005. This study investigated oxybenzone toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleutheroembryos and brine shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplii, focusing on the LC50 and developmental impacts. Zebrafish embryos (0.100–1.50 mg/L BP-3, 96 h) and A. salina (0.100–5.00 mg/L BP-3, 48 h) were tested with ultrasound-assisted emulsified liquid-phase microextraction (UA-ELPME) used for zebrafish tissue analysis. HPLC-DAD determined BP-3 concentrations (highest: 0.74 ± 0.13 mg/L). Although no significant zebrafish embryo mortality or hatching changes occurred, developmental effects were evident. Lethal concentrations were determined (A. salina LC50 at 24 h = 3.19 ± 2.02 mg/L; D. rerio embryos LC50 at 24 h = 4.19 ± 3.60 mg/L), with malformations indicating potential teratogenic effects. A. salina displayed intestinal tract alterations and D. rerio embryos exhibited pericardial edema and spinal deformities. These findings highlight oxybenzone’s environmental risks, posing threats to species and ecosystem health.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Toxicology and Animal Health)
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