Why do we not consider fields as formal causes, especially in light of Rupert Sheldrake's analysis of morphogenetic fields? How does Sheldrake's hypothesis of formative causation challenge our understanding of biological organization and development?
Sheldrake, a British process biologist, introduced the theory of morphic fields through his Hypothesis of Formative Causation in the early 1980s. These fields consist of patterns that govern the development of forms, structures, and arrangements. Sheldrake proposes that there is a field within and around a morphic unit (such as a cell, organ, or organism) that organizes its characteristic structure and pattern of activity. Here are some key points related to morphic fields:
1. Holistic Organization: Sheldrake suggests that morphogenetic fields are as real as gravitational, electromagnetic, and quantum matter fields. Every cell, organ, and organism has its own field, forming a nested hierarchy of fields that shape and organize all life forms. These fields play a crucial role in determining the overall organization and development of living systems.
2. Beyond Genes: While genes and gene products are essential for development, they alone cannot explain the complexity of biological organization. Morphogenesis (the process of form development) depends not only on genes but also on organizing fields. Identifiable genes switch on and regulate protein synthesis, but they do not fully account for the overall organization of an organism.
3. Memory and Habit: Sheldrake’s hypothesis challenges the notion that biological laws are fixed and unchanging. He proposes that memory is inherent in nature, and most so-called “laws” are more like habits. Morphic fields carry the memory of past forms and behaviors, influencing the development of new ones.
4. Patterns and Repetition: Morphic fields are set up by the repetition of similar acts and/or thoughts. Organisms inherit these fields, which guide their development. The theory of morphic resonance suggests that similar forms resonate with each other across space and time, reinforcing specific patterns.
5. Holons and Morphic Units: oHolons (entities that are both whole and part) emerge from the interplay of morphic fields. Morphic units (such as cells) participate in this dynamic process, influenced by their surrounding fields.
In summary, Sheldrake’s theory challenges reductionist views by emphasizing the importance of holistic organization and morphic fields in shaping living systems. These fields, rather than genes alone, contribute to the intricate dance of form and function in the natural world.
