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Ground Level Enhancement of Cosmic Rays on October 28, 2003: Spectra and Anisotropy
AbstractVariations in the rigidity spectrum and anisotropy of cosmic rays (CRs) during the ground level enhancement (GLE) of CR intensity on October...
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An ACE/CRIS-observation-based Galactic Cosmic Rays heavy nuclei spectra model II
An observation-based Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) spectral model for heavy nuclei is developed. Zhao and Qin [J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 118, 1837...
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Space Weather Effects on Technology
Space weather effects on technology are discussed. After a brief general overview of the consequences of space weather on various technologies and a... -
The MONICA Experiment for Investigating the Ion Composition of Solar Cosmic Rays
The MONICA satellite-based experiment is described. In this experiment, fluxes of cosmic-ray ions from H to Ni are investigated near the Earth in the...
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Indirect detection of Dark Matter annihilating into Dark Glueballs
We examine indirect detection of dark matter that annihilates into dark glueballs, which in turn decay into the Standard Model via a range of...
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Features of the Galactic Cosmic Ray Anisotropy in Solar Cycle 24 and Solar Minima 23/24 and 24/25
We study the role of the drift effect in the temporal changes of the anisotropy of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and the influence of the sector...
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How to Detect X-Rays and Gamma-Rays from Space: Optics and Detectors
The measurable quantities of the sky’s light, for any wavelength, are energy, position, arrival time, and polarization. Each of them reveal different... -
Future of Solar-Terrestrial Physics
As already noted, solar-terrestrial physics as a whole has already gone far beyond the initial understanding of this term, and the fields of its... -
Acceleration of Particles on the Sun
One of the most important physical processes on the Sun and/or near it is the acceleration of charged particles (electrons and ions) to high... -
Hierarchy of Solar-Earth Relations
The energy of solar disturbances on the difficult path from the Sun to the Earth passes through the interplanetary medium and several invisible... -
Other Solar Observing Missions
The spacecraft described in this chapter are generally devoted to missions that send back key information about the state of the solar wind and other... -
Space Radiobiology
The study of the biologic effects of space radiation is considered a “hot topic,” with increased interest in the past years. In this chapter, the... -
Short-Term Periodicities Observed in Neutron Monitor Counting Rates
Neutron monitor counting rates and solar wind velocity, interplanetary magnetic field, sunspot number and total solar irradiance measurements from...
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Millicharged particles from the heavens: single- and multiple-scattering signatures
For nearly a century, studying cosmic-ray air showers has driven progress in our understanding of elementary particle physics. In this work, we...
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Extreme Solar Events: Setting up a Paradigm
The Sun is magnetically active and often produces eruptive events on different energetic and temporal scales. Until recently, the upper limit of such...
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Energetic charged particle measurements from Voyager 2 at the heliopause and beyond
The long-anticipated encounter by Voyager 2 (V2) of the region between the heliosphere and the very local interstellar medium (VLISM) occurred toward...
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Parker Solar Probe: Four Years of Discoveries at Solar Cycle Minimum
Launched on 12 Aug. 2018, NASA’s Parker Solar Probe had completed 13 of its scheduled 24 orbits around the Sun by Nov. 2022. The mission’s primary...
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Jupiter missions as probes of dark matter
Jupiter, the fascinating largest planet in the solar system, has been visited by nine spacecraft, which have collected a significant amount of data...
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The Relativistic Proton Spectrometer: A Review of Sensor Performance, Applications, and Science
The Relativistic Proton Spectrometer (RPS) on the Van Allen Probes spacecraft was a particle spectrometer designed to measure the flux, angular...
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The in-situ exploration of Jupiter’s radiation belts
Jupiter has the most complex and energetic radiation belts in our Solar System and one of the most challenging space environments to measure and...