Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies Online
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This collection contains the electronic version of the following volumes published in this series: Volume 1 up to and including Volume 115 with the exclusion of Volumes 21 and 34 (will not be published).
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Die Entwicklung zu al-Ġazālīs Urteil gegen die Philosophie und die Reaktionen der Philosophen
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The judgement of apostasy on the last page of al-Ghazālī's Incoherence of the philosophers has long been considered as one of the key reasons for the decline of peripatetic philosophy in Islam. This study is an inquiry into the different elements of Islamic thought which led to al-Ghazālī's conviction that three important conclusions of peripatetic philosophy must be considered as heresy.
In its four parts, the volume describes the early usage of the judgement on apostates in Islam and the legal and theological developments, which led to its application against the secret apostates. It examines, how during the last decade of the 5th/11th century, the judgement could be turned against the philosophers. Finally the study determines the early effects of al-Ghazālī's judgement on the peripatetic philosophy both in the Mashriq and in al-Andalus.
In its four parts, the volume describes the early usage of the judgement on apostates in Islam and the legal and theological developments, which led to its application against the secret apostates. It examines, how during the last decade of the 5th/11th century, the judgement could be turned against the philosophers. Finally the study determines the early effects of al-Ghazālī's judgement on the peripatetic philosophy both in the Mashriq and in al-Andalus.
Das Verhältnis von Leo Strauss zu Alfarabi, Avicenna und Averroes
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This book fills the gap in the research of Leo Strauss (1899 - 1973) showing the influence of Alfarabi (870 - 950), Avicenna (980 - 1037) and Averroes (1126 - 1198) on his thought. The first part is historically-philologically oriented and contains neglected material where it presents a new approach to Leo Strauss's work. The second part discusses Strauss's reaction towards the crisis of modernity, stimulated by Islamic philosophy, as well as his nomic understanding of religion as the essential features of his political philosophy. Since Alfarabi is the Muslim Philosopher who had the greatest influence on Strauss's thought, his philosophy will also be analysed. This book offers the opportunity to discover an interesting aspect of the encounter of cultures, and contribute to a modern reception of Islamic philosophy.
Zum Verhältnis von arabischer und aristotelischer Urteils-, Konsequenz- und Schlußlehre
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From its beginning in the 8th century Islamic dialectical theology (kalām) was increasingly influenced by Peripatetical Logic. The ‘orthodox’ solutions of the main problems of Muslim theology are the result of centuries of dispute between scholars arguing on the basis of grammatical and logical arguments. This volume offers a new approach in the problems of Islamic hermeneutics and the understanding of Quraʾnic exegesis, Muslim theology and the appropriation of Peripatetical logic in the Arabic world.
Subjects included are the problems of name (ism) and qualification (waṣf), condition (šarṭ) and consequence (ğazāʾ), the whole (kull) and the part (baʿḍ), the general (ʿāmm) and the special (ḫāṣṣ), expression (lafẓ) and matter (mādda), signification by expression (dalīl al-lafẓ) and signification by inference (dalīl al-ʿaql).
Subjects included are the problems of name (ism) and qualification (waṣf), condition (šarṭ) and consequence (ğazāʾ), the whole (kull) and the part (baʿḍ), the general (ʿāmm) and the special (ḫāṣṣ), expression (lafẓ) and matter (mādda), signification by expression (dalīl al-lafẓ) and signification by inference (dalīl al-ʿaql).
Die Sizilianischen Fragen des Ibn Sabٴ īn
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This study of the Sicilian Questions of the philosopher and mystic Ibn Sabٴ īn of Murcia (ca. 1217-1270) reads the text, allegedly composed as an answer to questions sent by Frederick II as a reflection of intellectual life in the late Almohad Arab West.
The first part of the book is dedicated to the author, his political and intellectual context and his impact. The second part analyses the structure and method of the text and relates it to Islamic and Jewish philosophical and mystical traditions in the Arab West. Furthermore, its literary category, context of composition and readership are discussed. The third part deals with the sources of the Sicilian Questions and their position in the Arab West.
The appendix consists of a German translation of the Sicilian Questions including detailed philological and philosophical notes as well as a revised edition of the Arabic text.
The first part of the book is dedicated to the author, his political and intellectual context and his impact. The second part analyses the structure and method of the text and relates it to Islamic and Jewish philosophical and mystical traditions in the Arab West. Furthermore, its literary category, context of composition and readership are discussed. The third part deals with the sources of the Sicilian Questions and their position in the Arab West.
The appendix consists of a German translation of the Sicilian Questions including detailed philological and philosophical notes as well as a revised edition of the Arabic text.
Together with the Medieval Latin Translation of Adelard of Bath
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Abū Ma‘šar (787-886, in Western Europe known as Albumasar) was the best known astrologer of the Middle Ages in both the Islamic world and the Christian West. His master-work was the Great Introduction to astrology, which was copied into numerous Arabic manuscripts, translated twice into Latin, and printed in the Renaissance. However, he himself made an abbreviation of this work, which summarised the astrological information in the larger work in a convenient way. This abbreviation survives in two Arabic manuscripts and a Latin translation made by Adelard of Bath in the early twelfth century.
The Abbreviation of the Introduction to Astrology contains the first edition of the Abbreviation and the Latin translation, with English translations of both texts and several indexes. As well as being of interest to cultural historians it should serve as a useful introduction to medieval astrology.
The Abbreviation of the Introduction to Astrology contains the first edition of the Abbreviation and the Latin translation, with English translations of both texts and several indexes. As well as being of interest to cultural historians it should serve as a useful introduction to medieval astrology.
Greek Theory and Islamic Practice
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Al-Fārābī and Aristotelian Syllogistics deals with an important chapter in the history of Aristotelian logic in early medieval Islam and offers a unique and comprehensive analysis of the writings of the outstanding Muslim philosopher Abū Nasr al-Fārābī (d. 950/51).
The first part focuses on a wide range of subjects relating to syllogistic theory proper; the second part deals with its application in the context of Islamic law and theology, and concludes with an in-depth analysis of the way in which Aristotelian logic came to be integrated into Muslim political thought.
The sections on syllogistic theory proper are especially important for those interested in the history of Arabic logic; the remaining sections are required reading for historians of Islamic law, theology, and Islamic political philosophy.
The first part focuses on a wide range of subjects relating to syllogistic theory proper; the second part deals with its application in the context of Islamic law and theology, and concludes with an in-depth analysis of the way in which Aristotelian logic came to be integrated into Muslim political thought.
The sections on syllogistic theory proper are especially important for those interested in the history of Arabic logic; the remaining sections are required reading for historians of Islamic law, theology, and Islamic political philosophy.
[Übersetzung aus dem Ungarischen von Johanna Till und Gábor Kerekes]
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Die Araber und die antike Wissenschaftstheorie discusses the history of the development of Aristotelian argumentation in the Alexandrian neoplatonic school and in Arab philosophy, focussing on the Tabula Porphyriana. It treats the ever present role of specific questions in the Greek and Arab scholarly tradition.
In the first part the three problems of the Eisagoge are explored: whether it is, what it is, how it is. The author shows that these questions were interpreted differently by various philosophical schools. The book then discusses another group of issues (whether it is, what it is, how and why it is), which determined the argumentation, the axiomatic ordering of the sciences, and concludes with a demonstration on the basis of concrete examples of how the fully-developed argumentation theory was employed in practice.
In the first part the three problems of the Eisagoge are explored: whether it is, what it is, how it is. The author shows that these questions were interpreted differently by various philosophical schools. The book then discusses another group of issues (whether it is, what it is, how and why it is), which determined the argumentation, the axiomatic ordering of the sciences, and concludes with a demonstration on the basis of concrete examples of how the fully-developed argumentation theory was employed in practice.
Ansätze zu einer Neubegründung des Rationalismus im Islam
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Prominent Arab intellectuals of our century, Christian, Muslim, secularist and fundamentalist, consider the disregard for the rationalism of Averroes (Ibn Rušd, 1126-1198), who once stirred Europe with his commentaries on Aristotle, to be a major reason for the decay of Islamic culture. They criticize both Islamic reform movements and mere westernization and try with Ibn Rušd's help to spread critical, rational and realistic thinking, in order to place the Arabs on a cultural par with the West.
This volume analyzes for the first time the different philosophical and historical approaches and social aims of authors like Faraḥ Anṭūn, Muḥammad ‘Ammāra, Muḥammad al-Ǧābirī, ḥasan ḥanafī and ṭayyib Tīzīnī within the framework of the Arabic reception of Ibn Rušd since the end of the 19th century.
This work was rewarded with the Ernst-Reuther-Preis for outstanding dissertations.
This volume analyzes for the first time the different philosophical and historical approaches and social aims of authors like Faraḥ Anṭūn, Muḥammad ‘Ammāra, Muḥammad al-Ǧābirī, ḥasan ḥanafī and ṭayyib Tīzīnī within the framework of the Arabic reception of Ibn Rušd since the end of the 19th century.
This work was rewarded with the Ernst-Reuther-Preis for outstanding dissertations.
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This book comprises a philological analysis and critical edition of an undated, anonymous Arabic pharmacopoeia, preserved in the form of a unique manuscript.
A study of the manuscript showed that it represents the oldest hand-written witness of Arabic pharmacology known to date, and one of the earliest pharmacopoeias ever written in Arabic, viz. the small, and authentic version of an otherwise lost or, in the course of transmission, largely transmuted Aqrābādhīn originally composed by the Christian physician Sābūr b. Sahl (d. 255/869).
Following a brief introduction, the manuscript is described, analysed and illustrated by ten facsimiles. A biographical sketch of the author is followed by a critical edition of the manuscript. Philological observations, a glossary of technical terms, and indices are appended to the edition.
A study of the manuscript showed that it represents the oldest hand-written witness of Arabic pharmacology known to date, and one of the earliest pharmacopoeias ever written in Arabic, viz. the small, and authentic version of an otherwise lost or, in the course of transmission, largely transmuted Aqrābādhīn originally composed by the Christian physician Sābūr b. Sahl (d. 255/869).
Following a brief introduction, the manuscript is described, analysed and illustrated by ten facsimiles. A biographical sketch of the author is followed by a critical edition of the manuscript. Philological observations, a glossary of technical terms, and indices are appended to the edition.
A Translation with Introduction of Ibn Rushd's Commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics, Book Lām, by Ch. Genequand
Übersetzung aus dem Ungarischen von Johanna Till
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Das Buch geht von dem heute angenommenen Stand der Wissenschaft aus: die Peripatetiker brachten eine Terminuslogik zustande, während die stoische Logik eine Aussagenlogik war. Sie standen feindlich einandern gegenüber.
Der Verfasser, mit Hilfe eines Textes Avicennas, wo er die Lehre der hypothetischen Syllogismen behandelt, versucht zu beweisen, dass auch die Peripatetiker eine, von der Terminuslogik nicht in jedem Hinblick losgelöste Aussagenlogik hatten, und diese peripatetische Aussenlogik wurde under dem Namen "hypothetische Syllogismen" in den griechischen Quellen erwähnt. Die zerstreuten Bermerkungen der Griechen über die hypothetischen Syllogismen lassen sich im Lichte des Textes Avicennas in einem neuen Sinn deuten.
Die klassischen/griechischen und lateinischen/ Quellen, wenn wir sie richtig deuten, und wenn wir die versammelten Bruchstücke der Lehre richtig zusammenstellen, zeigten uns das ganze, von dem stoischen abweichende System der peripatetischen Aussagenlogik.
Man kann aber nicht nur die ganze Theorie rekonstruieren, sondern auch die Geschichte der peripatetischen Aussagenlogik, von Theophrast bis zu unserem Jahrhundert.
Der Verfasser, mit Hilfe eines Textes Avicennas, wo er die Lehre der hypothetischen Syllogismen behandelt, versucht zu beweisen, dass auch die Peripatetiker eine, von der Terminuslogik nicht in jedem Hinblick losgelöste Aussagenlogik hatten, und diese peripatetische Aussenlogik wurde under dem Namen "hypothetische Syllogismen" in den griechischen Quellen erwähnt. Die zerstreuten Bermerkungen der Griechen über die hypothetischen Syllogismen lassen sich im Lichte des Textes Avicennas in einem neuen Sinn deuten.
Die klassischen/griechischen und lateinischen/ Quellen, wenn wir sie richtig deuten, und wenn wir die versammelten Bruchstücke der Lehre richtig zusammenstellen, zeigten uns das ganze, von dem stoischen abweichende System der peripatetischen Aussagenlogik.
Man kann aber nicht nur die ganze Theorie rekonstruieren, sondern auch die Geschichte der peripatetischen Aussagenlogik, von Theophrast bis zu unserem Jahrhundert.
This volume deals with the history of optics in the IXth century as well as the transmission of Greek optics in Arabic. It contains the editio princeps and a French translation of the first books written in Arabic on optics and catoptrics, namely, the book On Rays and Rectification of Euclid's Optics, and other treatises written by philosopher and scientist Abū Ishāq al-Kindī. It also contains a new edition and French translation of Liber de causis diversitatum aspectus of al-Kindī.
This second volume of Oeuvres philosophiques et scientifiques d'al-Kindī deals with the first metaphysical and cosmological writings in Islamic philosophy. It contains a new critical edition and French translation of six treatises due to al-Kindī, all devoted to these matters. It also contains fragments quoted by the Philosopher's successors. All those writings, rigorously edited and translated, brought together point out the true conception of philosophy of al-Kindī, philosopher and mathematician.
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This book describes Socrates as he was depicted in medieval Arabic literature. The body of anecdotes, sayings and evaluations of Socrates existent in Arabic literature leads one to search for an explanation for the popularity of this ancient, Greek, pagan philosopher.
The author argues that Socrates played a role of legitimizing authority in the religious controversies between Christians and Muslims on the one hand and between the more rationalistic minded Muslims and the more traditionalistic ones on the other hand.
Thus, three approaches are encountered: those belonging to the non-fundamentalistic stream in Islam refer to Socrates as a prophet, historians such as ibn Fātik or ibn Abī Usaib‘ah, who relate to Socrates as an exemplary personality with tacit Islamic qualities. The third approach is that of orthodox writers such as al-Ghazālī who attack Socrates as a non-believer.
The author argues that Socrates played a role of legitimizing authority in the religious controversies between Christians and Muslims on the one hand and between the more rationalistic minded Muslims and the more traditionalistic ones on the other hand.
Thus, three approaches are encountered: those belonging to the non-fundamentalistic stream in Islam refer to Socrates as a prophet, historians such as ibn Fātik or ibn Abī Usaib‘ah, who relate to Socrates as an exemplary personality with tacit Islamic qualities. The third approach is that of orthodox writers such as al-Ghazālī who attack Socrates as a non-believer.
Ein neuer Text aus dem 8. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Herausgegeben mit Übersetzung und Kommentar
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ʿIzz al-Dawla Ibn Kammūna (d. 683/1284) and His Writings
For a long time, the study of the life and work of the Jewish thinker ʿIzz al-Dawla Ibn Kammūna (d. 683/1284) remained limited to a very small number of texts. Interest in Ibn Kammūna in the Western Christian world dates back to the 17th century, when Barthélemy d’Herbelot (1624-1695) included information on two of Ibn Kammūna's works – his examination of the three faiths (Tanqīḥ al-abḥ��th li-l-milal al-thalāt), i.e. Judaism, Christianity and Islam, and his commentary on Avicenna’s al-Ishārāt wa l-tanbīhāt – in his Bibliothèque orientale. Subsequent generations of Western scholars were focused on Ibn Kammūna’s Tanqīḥ al-abḥāth , whereas his fame in the Eastern lands of Islam was based exclusively on his philosophical writings. These include a commentary on the Kitāb al-Talwīḥāt by the founder of Illumationist philosophy, Shihāb al-Dīn al-Suhrawardī (d. 587/1191) and numerous independent works on philosophy and logic. Since most of the manuscripts of Ibn Kammūna’s philosophical writings are located in the public and private libraries of Iran, Iraq, and Turkey, they were (and are) out of reach for the majority of Western scholars.
The volume gives a detailed account of the available data of Ibn Kammūna’s biography, provides an outline of his philosophcial thought and studies in detail the reception of his thought and his writings among later Muslim and Jewish philosophers. An inventory of his entire œuvre provides detailed information on the extant manuscripts. The volume furthermore includes editions of nine of his writings.
The volume gives a detailed account of the available data of Ibn Kammūna’s biography, provides an outline of his philosophcial thought and studies in detail the reception of his thought and his writings among later Muslim and Jewish philosophers. An inventory of his entire œuvre provides detailed information on the extant manuscripts. The volume furthermore includes editions of nine of his writings.