https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2333-7666
Abstract
While female ejaculation is viewed as a potential enhancer of women’s sexual experiences and their relationships with their sexual partners, existing studies to date emphasize the need for further exploration of the squirting phenomenon.
The study sought to explore experiences and perceptions about the phenomenon of squirting in young adult women.
A descriptive qualitative study was conducted. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted between December 2022 and March 2023. Seventeen young adult women who experienced squirting were recruited using a convenience and snowball sampling. ATLAS.ti v.9 software was used for a thematic analysis of the interview data. The study adhered to the recommendations for reporting qualitative research (Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research).
The outcomes included (1) exploring factors influencing initial squirting experiences, (2) insights gained through squirting experiences, (3) communication as the cornerstone in sexual relationships, and (4) resources and sources for knowledge on the squirting phenomenon.
After the analysis of the results, the following subthemes emerged: (1) first perceptions on squirting, (2) facilitating factors, (3) physical sensations and psychological aspects in squirting experience, (4) sources of information about squirting and (5) addressing squirting in comprehensive sex education.
Frontline healthcare providers should undergo specific training to address anxiety related to squirting among certain individuals and enhance societal awareness while offering emotional support for diverse sexual response variations.
Acknowledging limitations in our study of young women’s experiences with squirting, a more diverse sample could provide alternative insights. Despite this, our findings contribute valuable knowledge, suggesting avenues for professional training to promote sexual and reproductive health in a more realistic and sensitive manner.
This study explored the emotional and psychological effects of squirting on women’s sexual experiences, ranging from heightened arousal to feelings of humiliation and embarrassment. It emphasized the importance of a partner’s reaction in interpreting the event and the limited understanding of squirting, often influenced by pornography.
Introduction
During sexual arousal and orgasm, women experience the expulsion of various fluids. Although there is still some controversy and no clear consensus regarding the distinct components and the classification of the different fluids emitted during sexual activity,1 its composition bears resemblance to that of urine, containing varying concentrations of urea, creatinine, and uric.2 These fluids vary in terms of volume, nature, and composition, depending on the anatomical and physiological structures involved.2,3 In this vein, there has been considerable debate surrounding the concept of ejaculation orgasm, particularly concerning the existence of female ejaculation; for instance, renowned sex researchers dismissed the idea of female ejaculation in the early 1990s, stating that, contrary to common belief, women do not ejaculate during orgasm.4 Despite being a phenomenon described for over 2000 years, the existing literature on this subject remains rather limited.5,6 Until 2011, no clear distinction was made between them, and they were collectively referred to as female ejaculation.7 As for female ejaculation, its expulsion has been described as a strong sensation of release, wetness, and overall well-being, with a prevalence ranging from approximately 10% to 54% in the female population.8
Among the various fluids expelled, many women report the release of a copious fluid through the urethra, a phenomenon commonly referred to as squirting.9 Squirting is defined as the natural and involuntary expulsion of transurethral liquid originating from the urinary bladder before, during, or after orgasm.5 The volume of this translucent liquid expelled can range from tens to hundreds of milliliters (15-110 mL).10 Previous studies estimated its prevalence to be approximately 5%; nevertheless, these data remain questionable, as no extensive studies have been conducted to substantiate this figure.11 Likewise, its origin and nature remain uncertain, with significant controversy surrounding the anatomical structures involved in the expulsion of this fluid.5 Recent studies suggest its origin in the urinary bladder, implying it as involuntary urine expulsion during sexual activity, albeit with the fluid being contaminated by secretions from the Skene’s glands’ prostatic fluid.5,9,12
While female ejaculation could be a potential enhancer of women’s sexual experiences and their relationships with their sexual partners,13 the existing studies to date underscore the necessity for more in-depth research into the phenomenon of squirting.2,5 The limited research on this subject creates some uncertainty regarding its existence, associated symptoms, and the regularity with which it occurs,14 resulting in the general population obtaining biased information. This often portrays squirting as a frequent manifestation of female sexual arousal or orgasm,15 which may lead to significant frustration, particularly among young women, as sexual partners of women experiencing squirting may develop unrealistic expectations, anticipating them to conform to established sexual norms.7,16 In this sense, individuals at an age of emerging sexuality that may present distinctive particularities compared with older, more sexually experienced individuals, such as unique challenges in terms of sexual functioning, orgasm occurrence, inaccurate assumptions about partners’ sexual experiences, among others.17 To our knowledge, moreover, few studies to date have qualitatively explored the perspectives of women who experience squirting, particularly on young individuals.11,17 This research gap could be of great value to frontline healthcare providers, including general nursing practitioners or midwives, as well as other allied healthcare professionals, such as sexologists or psychologists, in order to provide tailored information, address identified needs, and promote a healthy and responsible sexuality.
Methods
Aim
The purpose of this study was to explore experiences and perceptions about the phenomenon of squirting in young adult women.
Design
The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with the aim of providing a first depiction of the squirting phenomenon through the different experiences and perceptions of young women who encounter it during their sexual practices.18 The study was conducted from December 2022 to June 2023.
Participants
Eligible participants were recruited using a convenience and snowball sampling. This approach was chosen to facilitate the inclusion of individuals who met the specific criteria of interest, while also leveraging existing networks to access a diverse range of potential participants. Participation in the study was entirely voluntary, and the selection criteria included (1) women, (2) women who experienced squirting at least once, (3) women who were between 18 and 30 years of age, and (4) women who completed and submitted the informed consent form before participating in the study. Initial recruitment was conducted at the University of Almería (Andalusia, Spain) among the students of the Master's program in Sexology Sciences, employing the accessibility and convenience of this location to identify prospective participants. Convenience sampling allowed for the swift identification and recruitment of individuals who met the stipulated criteria, thereby expediting the data collection process. Subsequent to the initial recruitment phase, snowball sampling techniques were employed to broaden the participant pool. Participants who met the study’s eligibility criteria were encouraged to refer other eligible individuals within their social networks. This iterative process facilitated the inclusion of participants who may not have been directly accessible through traditional recruitment methods. Table 1 depicts sociodemographic characteristics of the study sample.
Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants.
| Characteristic | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Age | ||
| 22 y | 3 | 17.65 |
| 23 y | 5 | 29.41 |
| 24 y | 3 | 17.65 |
| 25 y | 1 | 5.88 |
| 26 y | 5 | 29.41 |
| Assigned sex at birth | ||
| Female | 17 | 100 |
| Gender identity | ||
| Cisgender | 16 | 94.12 |
| Nonbinary | 1 | 5.88 |
| Sexual orientation | ||
| Heterosexual | 8 | 47.06 |
| Homosexual | 1 | 5.88 |
| Bisexual | 8 | 47.06 |
| Race or ethnicity | ||
| White European | 15 | 88.24 |
| Latin American | 2 | 11.76 |
| Characteristic | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Age | ||
| 22 y | 3 | 17.65 |
| 23 y | 5 | 29.41 |
| 24 y | 3 | 17.65 |
| 25 y | 1 | 5.88 |
| 26 y | 5 | 29.41 |
| Assigned sex at birth | ||
| Female | 17 | 100 |
| Gender identity | ||
| Cisgender | 16 | 94.12 |
| Nonbinary | 1 | 5.88 |
| Sexual orientation | ||
| Heterosexual | 8 | 47.06 |
| Homosexual | 1 | 5.88 |
| Bisexual | 8 | 47.06 |
| Race or ethnicity | ||
| White European | 15 | 88.24 |
| Latin American | 2 | 11.76 |
Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants.
| Characteristic | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Age | ||
| 22 y | 3 | 17.65 |
| 23 y | 5 | 29.41 |
| 24 y | 3 | 17.65 |
| 25 y | 1 | 5.88 |
| 26 y | 5 | 29.41 |
| Assigned sex at birth | ||
| Female | 17 | 100 |
| Gender identity | ||
| Cisgender | 16 | 94.12 |
| Nonbinary | 1 | 5.88 |
| Sexual orientation | ||
| Heterosexual | 8 | 47.06 |
| Homosexual | 1 | 5.88 |
| Bisexual | 8 | 47.06 |
| Race or ethnicity | ||
| White European | 15 | 88.24 |
| Latin American | 2 | 11.76 |
| Characteristic | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Age | ||
| 22 y | 3 | 17.65 |
| 23 y | 5 | 29.41 |
| 24 y | 3 | 17.65 |
| 25 y | 1 | 5.88 |
| 26 y | 5 | 29.41 |
| Assigned sex at birth | ||
| Female | 17 | 100 |
| Gender identity | ||
| Cisgender | 16 | 94.12 |
| Nonbinary | 1 | 5.88 |
| Sexual orientation | ||
| Heterosexual | 8 | 47.06 |
| Homosexual | 1 | 5.88 |
| Bisexual | 8 | 47.06 |
| Race or ethnicity | ||
| White European | 15 | 88.24 |
| Latin American | 2 | 11.76 |
Data collection
Qualitative research offers rich and compelling insights into the real worlds, experiences, and perspectives of patients and healthcare professionals.19 For this purpose, a semi-structured interview protocol was developed based on a review of the scientific literature, encompassing the most relevant topics of interest for investigation (see Supplementary Table S1). Interviews were conducted with individuals who met the inclusion criteria and provided duly completed informed consent forms. The principal investigator contacted and conducted a total of 17 interviews. Each interview, lasting between 30 and 40 minutes, was digitally recorded, and data confidentiality was strictly maintained. To ensure the anonymity of the participants in the transcription of the interviews, the letter “P” (participants) was employed, along with the participant number. Participants were given the opportunity to review transcriptions from the audio recordings before commencing data analysis. The data collection process employed an approach informed by the concept of information power, prioritizing the depth and richness of insights over the notion of reaching a predetermined point of saturation.20 Furthermore, the data were collected between December and March of 2023.
Data analysis
An inductive thematic analysis of the data was conducted using ATLAS.ti 9 software (ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development), following the phases outlined by Braun and Clarke20: (1) familiarization with the data, involving an initial reading of transcriptions and the creation of general sense notes; (2) systematic coding of the data, categorizing transcriptions with meaningful codes; (3) theme generation, grouping codes from the previous phase into potential themes representing shared meanings; (4) theme development and review to ensure consistency among codes grouped under themes; (5) refining the analysis, fine tuning theme definitions and names; and (6) report writing. The inductive approach is effective for exploring unknown terrain, and although a preconceived conceptual framework was not imposed on the data, some deductive reasoning was incorporated into the analysis to guarantee the relevance of the generated themes with the aim of the study.21 Representative or illustrative quotes were selected, and the analysis was ultimately related to the research question. Data analysis was based on semantic coding.22 A conceptual map was developed, encompassing the 4 main themes that represent the experiences of young women in squirting experience (Figure 1).
Conceptual map based on young women’s experiences of squirting.
Ethical considerations
The study was conducted following the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the research proposal was submitted for approval to the Ethics Committee of the Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy, and Medicine at the University of Almeria on December 22, 2022 (EFM 228/2022). Voluntary participation was always ensured, with complete freedom to respond or decline any questions and the option to withdraw from the study at any point. Anonymity and confidentiality were rigorously maintained throughout data collection and analysis. Prior to participating, all individuals provided informed consent, granting exclusive access to the main researchers.
Rigor
The methodology and results of the study were conducted based on the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research.23 Trustworthiness of the study was maintained by adhering to the Lincoln and Guba criteria.24 To ensure transferability, a detailed description of the methodology and data collection process was provided, as well as direct quotes when presenting the findings. The opinions of the participants were verified at the end of each interview to ensure accurate reflections. Conformability was achieved by having both of the first authors (S. C-B. and C. R-P.) independently analyze transcripts before meeting together to compare, correlate, and discuss the emerging themes. In case of any discrepancy, a third researcher (M. R-A.) was consulted to ensure reliability and congruence in the collected data. All researchers agreed with the results.
Results
Characteristics of the participants
A total of 17 interviews were conducted. Of the participants, 94.12% (n = 16) identified as cisgender women and 5.88% (n = 1) identified as nonbinary. Regarding sexual orientation, 47.06% (n = 8) of the participants identified as heterosexual, 47.06% (n = 8) as bisexual, and 5.88% (n = 1) as homosexual. The average age was 24 ± 2 years, ranging from 22 to 26 years. In relation to ethnicity, 88.23% (n = 15) of the interviewees identified as White European and 11.77% (n = 2) identified as Latino American. From the data analysis, 4 main themes emerged representing the squirting experiences of young women (Table 2).
Themes, subthemes, and representative quotes.
| Theme | Subtheme | Representative quotes |
|---|---|---|
| Exploring factors influencing initial squirting experiences | First perceptions on squirting | “When it happened [the squirting] I felt embarrassed and afraid of my partner’s reaction and because I had no idea what it was or what to do. My partner didn’t know what it was either, but calmed me by saying that we’d look up information to find out.” (P8) |
| “I was really surprised and a bit confused because I didn’t expect that I could do that. I had no idea that I could release such a large amount of liquid. I was surprised, but it was a good experience, something positive, something novel. And the other person felt the same.” (P10) | ||
| Facilitating factors | “I have experienced [squirting] with different partners, and I believe that when I’m calm, without the pressure of ‘come on, I’m going to achieve it’, I like it much more and I’m more likely to succeed. When I approach it with the idea of ‘I’m going to accomplish it with this person’, it becomes extremely challenging, and I don’t succeed.” (P9) | |
| Insights gained through squirting experiences | Physical sensations and psychological aspects in squirting experience | “In my case, when I squirt, I reach a peak of excitement, and I feel a tingling sensation in my legs, like the urge to urinate, and then it happens. Once I’ve done it, I feel very calm and relaxed.” (P14) |
| Partner’s reactions and societal-related expectations | “The three people with whom it has happened to me [squirting], they liked it. In fact, since they know that, it’s like they seek it because they enjoy it” (P2) | |
| “My main concern is putting the other person first while pushing myself to squirt more frequently. That frustrates me because I’m constantly thinking about the other person instead of me, wondering if they are having fun.” (P2) | ||
| Communication as the cornerstone in sexual relationships | “[…] I have a good sexual self-esteem because I feel desired and listened. We have a great communication, which improves our sexual relationships and keeps our sexual life healthy.” (P7) | |
| Resources and sources for knowledge on the squirting phenomenon | Sources of information about squirting | “As of today, I’m still not sure what squirting is. I have seen it in porn, Instagram and other websites, but they don’t explain you what it is, where it comes from, or how to understand it.” (P13) |
| “I believe that pornography affects very negatively because men consider that women must do it and they turn it into their purpose. In porn, it seems that squirting is associated with orgasm and pleasure, when the reality is not like that.” (P17) | ||
| Addressing squirting in comprehensive sex education | “I believe that the information society has about squirting is limited because all sexual conversations remain a taboo, but it could improve with better sex education and better trained professionals. It would be great if they focused more on women and their sexual experiences.” (P11) | |
| “Receiving information from a formal source such as well-trained nurses or others allied professionals would help to improve the information society has about squirting and reality far beyond porn.” (P1) | ||
| Theme | Subtheme | Representative quotes |
|---|---|---|
| Exploring factors influencing initial squirting experiences | First perceptions on squirting | “When it happened [the squirting] I felt embarrassed and afraid of my partner’s reaction and because I had no idea what it was or what to do. My partner didn’t know what it was either, but calmed me by saying that we’d look up information to find out.” (P8) |
| “I was really surprised and a bit confused because I didn’t expect that I could do that. I had no idea that I could release such a large amount of liquid. I was surprised, but it was a good experience, something positive, something novel. And the other person felt the same.” (P10) | ||
| Facilitating factors | “I have experienced [squirting] with different partners, and I believe that when I’m calm, without the pressure of ‘come on, I’m going to achieve it’, I like it much more and I’m more likely to succeed. When I approach it with the idea of ‘I’m going to accomplish it with this person’, it becomes extremely challenging, and I don’t succeed.” (P9) | |
| Insights gained through squirting experiences | Physical sensations and psychological aspects in squirting experience | “In my case, when I squirt, I reach a peak of excitement, and I feel a tingling sensation in my legs, like the urge to urinate, and then it happens. Once I’ve done it, I feel very calm and relaxed.” (P14) |
| Partner’s reactions and societal-related expectations | “The three people with whom it has happened to me [squirting], they liked it. In fact, since they know that, it’s like they seek it because they enjoy it” (P2) | |
| “My main concern is putting the other person first while pushing myself to squirt more frequently. That frustrates me because I’m constantly thinking about the other person instead of me, wondering if they are having fun.” (P2) | ||
| Communication as the cornerstone in sexual relationships | “[…] I have a good sexual self-esteem because I feel desired and listened. We have a great communication, which improves our sexual relationships and keeps our sexual life healthy.” (P7) | |
| Resources and sources for knowledge on the squirting phenomenon | Sources of information about squirting | “As of today, I’m still not sure what squirting is. I have seen it in porn, Instagram and other websites, but they don’t explain you what it is, where it comes from, or how to understand it.” (P13) |
| “I believe that pornography affects very negatively because men consider that women must do it and they turn it into their purpose. In porn, it seems that squirting is associated with orgasm and pleasure, when the reality is not like that.” (P17) | ||
| Addressing squirting in comprehensive sex education | “I believe that the information society has about squirting is limited because all sexual conversations remain a taboo, but it could improve with better sex education and better trained professionals. It would be great if they focused more on women and their sexual experiences.” (P11) | |
| “Receiving information from a formal source such as well-trained nurses or others allied professionals would help to improve the information society has about squirting and reality far beyond porn.” (P1) | ||
Themes, subthemes, and representative quotes.
| Theme | Subtheme | Representative quotes |
|---|---|---|
| Exploring factors influencing initial squirting experiences | First perceptions on squirting | “When it happened [the squirting] I felt embarrassed and afraid of my partner’s reaction and because I had no idea what it was or what to do. My partner didn’t know what it was either, but calmed me by saying that we’d look up information to find out.” (P8) |
| “I was really surprised and a bit confused because I didn’t expect that I could do that. I had no idea that I could release such a large amount of liquid. I was surprised, but it was a good experience, something positive, something novel. And the other person felt the same.” (P10) | ||
| Facilitating factors | “I have experienced [squirting] with different partners, and I believe that when I’m calm, without the pressure of ‘come on, I’m going to achieve it’, I like it much more and I’m more likely to succeed. When I approach it with the idea of ‘I’m going to accomplish it with this person’, it becomes extremely challenging, and I don’t succeed.” (P9) | |
| Insights gained through squirting experiences | Physical sensations and psychological aspects in squirting experience | “In my case, when I squirt, I reach a peak of excitement, and I feel a tingling sensation in my legs, like the urge to urinate, and then it happens. Once I’ve done it, I feel very calm and relaxed.” (P14) |
| Partner’s reactions and societal-related expectations | “The three people with whom it has happened to me [squirting], they liked it. In fact, since they know that, it’s like they seek it because they enjoy it” (P2) | |
| “My main concern is putting the other person first while pushing myself to squirt more frequently. That frustrates me because I’m constantly thinking about the other person instead of me, wondering if they are having fun.” (P2) | ||
| Communication as the cornerstone in sexual relationships | “[…] I have a good sexual self-esteem because I feel desired and listened. We have a great communication, which improves our sexual relationships and keeps our sexual life healthy.” (P7) | |
| Resources and sources for knowledge on the squirting phenomenon | Sources of information about squirting | “As of today, I’m still not sure what squirting is. I have seen it in porn, Instagram and other websites, but they don’t explain you what it is, where it comes from, or how to understand it.” (P13) |
| “I believe that pornography affects very negatively because men consider that women must do it and they turn it into their purpose. In porn, it seems that squirting is associated with orgasm and pleasure, when the reality is not like that.” (P17) | ||
| Addressing squirting in comprehensive sex education | “I believe that the information society has about squirting is limited because all sexual conversations remain a taboo, but it could improve with better sex education and better trained professionals. It would be great if they focused more on women and their sexual experiences.” (P11) | |
| “Receiving information from a formal source such as well-trained nurses or others allied professionals would help to improve the information society has about squirting and reality far beyond porn.” (P1) | ||
| Theme | Subtheme | Representative quotes |
|---|---|---|
| Exploring factors influencing initial squirting experiences | First perceptions on squirting | “When it happened [the squirting] I felt embarrassed and afraid of my partner’s reaction and because I had no idea what it was or what to do. My partner didn’t know what it was either, but calmed me by saying that we’d look up information to find out.” (P8) |
| “I was really surprised and a bit confused because I didn’t expect that I could do that. I had no idea that I could release such a large amount of liquid. I was surprised, but it was a good experience, something positive, something novel. And the other person felt the same.” (P10) | ||
| Facilitating factors | “I have experienced [squirting] with different partners, and I believe that when I’m calm, without the pressure of ‘come on, I’m going to achieve it’, I like it much more and I’m more likely to succeed. When I approach it with the idea of ‘I’m going to accomplish it with this person’, it becomes extremely challenging, and I don’t succeed.” (P9) | |
| Insights gained through squirting experiences | Physical sensations and psychological aspects in squirting experience | “In my case, when I squirt, I reach a peak of excitement, and I feel a tingling sensation in my legs, like the urge to urinate, and then it happens. Once I’ve done it, I feel very calm and relaxed.” (P14) |
| Partner’s reactions and societal-related expectations | “The three people with whom it has happened to me [squirting], they liked it. In fact, since they know that, it’s like they seek it because they enjoy it” (P2) | |
| “My main concern is putting the other person first while pushing myself to squirt more frequently. That frustrates me because I’m constantly thinking about the other person instead of me, wondering if they are having fun.” (P2) | ||
| Communication as the cornerstone in sexual relationships | “[…] I have a good sexual self-esteem because I feel desired and listened. We have a great communication, which improves our sexual relationships and keeps our sexual life healthy.” (P7) | |
| Resources and sources for knowledge on the squirting phenomenon | Sources of information about squirting | “As of today, I’m still not sure what squirting is. I have seen it in porn, Instagram and other websites, but they don’t explain you what it is, where it comes from, or how to understand it.” (P13) |
| “I believe that pornography affects very negatively because men consider that women must do it and they turn it into their purpose. In porn, it seems that squirting is associated with orgasm and pleasure, when the reality is not like that.” (P17) | ||
| Addressing squirting in comprehensive sex education | “I believe that the information society has about squirting is limited because all sexual conversations remain a taboo, but it could improve with better sex education and better trained professionals. It would be great if they focused more on women and their sexual experiences.” (P11) | |
| “Receiving information from a formal source such as well-trained nurses or others allied professionals would help to improve the information society has about squirting and reality far beyond porn.” (P1) | ||
Theme 1. Exploring factors influencing initial squirting experiences
This theme focuses on the participants’ experiences in their first encounter with squirting, considering the influence of various factors. These factors include different emotions and physical sensations elicited, the information or prior knowledge about the phenomenon, and the precipitating factors considered by the participants that led to squirting.
Subtheme 1.1. First perceptions on squirting
One common aspect mentioned by participants was having no prior knowledge of this sexual practice, which led to feelings of fear, shame, and uncertainty. Additionally, several of them noted that even though they had some prior knowledge acquired through pornography, they did not associate their experiences with squirting, mainly due to its unrepresentative and unrealistic portrayal in such media.
The first time it happened and I saw that amount of fluids I scared myself because I didn’t know what was going on, but it was even worse due to my partner’s reaction; he was surprised, then I was ashamed of it because I didn’t know what he was thinking about it. (P5)
I had previously ejaculated in a different manner, but because I tied squirting with pornography, where it’s depicted as a forcibly exaggerated jet... Mine didn’t look anything like that. I didn't consider it could be squirting until later, when I was discussing with friends and we learned we'd had similar experiences. (P3)
Subtheme 1.2. Facilitating factors
In this vein, some participants reported the need for a comfortable, relaxed, and trusting environment to experience squirting during intercourse, emphasizing the importance of not feeling pressured in the process. Furthermore, they confirmed achieving squirting in a wide variety of sexual positions and practices, including the use of sex toys, external manual stimulation of the clitoris, or performing fellatio on their sexual partner, among other practices.
I believe that squirting is 95% psychological because I can’t do it with someone I don’t trust. I need to feel accepted by the other. (P9)
Normally, it happens with manual stimulation, either by myself or someone else inserting their fingers, but it has also occurred during masturbation, even while receiving spanks or performing fellatio; in other words, it doesn’t necessarily require vaginal stimulation. (P5)
Theme 2. Insights gained through squirting experiences
This second theme encompasses the participants’ perceptions about squirting experience, focusing on its impact on the women’s sexual life, as well as the knowledge and understanding acquired about this phenomenon through their experiences. In this manner, participants described some of the hurdles they faced due to social stereotypes and expectations about female sexuality.
Subtheme 2.1. Physical sensations and psychological aspects in squirting experience
Some participants emphasized the positive impact on their sexuality, considering squirting as an experience that brings diversity to their sexual relationships. Moreover, they mentioned experiencing a high level of arousal that gradually increased until reaching a heightened sense of pleasure, calmness, relaxation, and release during squirting.
What you basically feel at that moment is that your bladder starts to swell, and you feel pressure that makes you want to expel it. Usually, it comes suddenly while I’m having a lot of pleasure, and I expel it; and then I feel really at ease and calm. It’s like absolute relaxation. (P10)
Right now, if I have gotten the hang of it, I also enjoy it; it’s easier for me to relax, and I contract that area less, making it happen more easily. However, I don’t have complete control. It’s like, in certain positions, I’ve learned to relax and make it happen, but I can’t choose when it happens. (P6)
Subtheme 2.2. Partner’s reactions and societal-related expectations
Conversely, some participants stated receiving reactions of surprise, pleasure, and excitement from their sexual partners, seeing squirting as an achievement or goal to reach in their sexual encounters.
[…] It depends on whether it’s a man or a woman. In many cases, there’s usually a sense of fascination, as if they achieved something noteworthy. It tends to arouse the other person. In general, the reactions have been of surprise, pleasure, or even actively seeking it once they know I can do it. (P5)
My current partner loves it; he finds it super pleasurable because for him, there’s triple the lubrication, making those areas moister. I also think it excites them to see a person ejaculating in that way. (P6)
In contrast, several participants expressed a wide range of challenges and frustrations related to their body image and squirting, the level of desire associated with feminine stereotypes, and the portrayal of female roles in pornography, among others.
One of my sexual relationship frustrations is that I wish I could be more selfish in sex because, in the end, I adapt more than he does. However, as women, we have been socialized to prioritize pleasing others; and surely pornography has something to do with it, especially all related to squirting. (P12)
I have felt very frustrated and sometimes guilty for not having a socially established sexual desire that is lower than those of men. In this sense, I feel the stereotypes and the perceptions we all hold about our bodies and squirting cause significant harm. (P16)
Theme 3. Communication as the cornerstone in sexual relationships
This third theme highlights the importance of effective communication with partners as a crucial factor in fostering positive and satisfying squirting experiences and sexual relations. They stressed the importance of explicit communication in enhancing their sexual relationships and self-esteem, as it enables a more profound connection with their sexual partners and themselves.
My sexual self-esteem is improving with each passing day. I feel better with each new experience, and I’m currently feeling fantastic sexually. I’m getting to know myself better, as well as understanding and communicating what I enjoy and dislike. (P7)
I think I have a good self-esteem because I communicate what I feel, which I believe I have the right to do so. In the end, I believe communication is a key part to have healthy sexual encounters and avoid silly misunderstandings that my hurt our self-esteem. (P1)
Theme 4. Sources and resources for knowledge on the squirting phenomenon
This final theme gathers the different sources and resources of information that participants turn to in search of knowledge about the squirting phenomenon, exploring both informal and formal sources.
Subtheme 4.1. Sources of information about squirting
The majority of participants admitted not having a reliable source of information, although they mentioned obtaining their current knowledge through the internet, mainly using search engines or social media, or through pornography content. Moreover, some of them indicated seeking information from friends or sharing their own experiences in the process.
I usually get [the information] from the Internet or talking to a friend who has also experienced [squirting], but I reckon I don’t have much information, and I don’t know where to look for it. In the end, it is a topic that I believe everyone lacks sufficient information and education about. (P16)
As mentioned previously, the participants argued that pornography, further as a source of information, may have important implications on squirting experiences and sexual encounters. On one hand, it may benefit the visibility and normalization of this phenomenon. Yet, they likewise indicated not feeling represented by such content, creating false expectations in the collective imagination and potentially leading to frustration.
I view squirting in pornography positively because it is at least brought to light, acknowledged, and visible. In a negative sense, it is greatly exaggerated, and males believe that women should squirt to enjoy pleasure. I believe that what is depicted in pornography is not the norm; they describe it as something that must occur, and if it does not, it is not acceptable. (P7)
[...] My concern is that I don’t have a verified and reliable source, and I don’t know any healthcare professional who may be specialized on this topic. I don’t have any substantial information, and whatever I have is from social media. (P9)
Subtheme 4.2. Addressing squirting in comprehensive sex education
Concerning this, the participants highlighted not having received any help from healthcare professionals regarding squirting phenomenon, considering their inner circle of friends and partners as the safest spaces for engaging in such conversations. In this regard, women considered that squirting should be addressed as part of comprehensive sex education in public educational centers with trained professionals, thereby achieving a broader understanding of healthier sexual lifestyles.
[…] Whether we like it or not, sex is still a taboo, especially when it comes to female sexuality. Among my circle of friends, I would say that I don’t have problems to talk about squirting, but it is something that I have never discussed in other groups, such as relatives or workmates. That’s why I believe comprehensive sex education is essential, but it should be delivered by professionals who are trained in this field. Often, nurses or physicians provide sex education talks without proper training; and I think it is necessary to be conducted by experts who know what to talk about and how to approach the subject. (P17)
Discussion
The aim of this study was to explore experiences and perceptions about the phenomenon of squirting in young adult women. According to the research findings, the first experiences with squirting were strongly influenced by a lack of prior knowledge of this phenomenon, with a number of triggering factors facilitating its occurrence and foremost leading to feelings of fear and uncertainty. Previous research has attempted to elucidate the mechanism of squirting and to detail sexual and orgasmic function in women.5,14 However, this study provides evidence that contributes to the understanding not only of the impact of squirting on women’s sexuality and self-esteem, but also of the perspectives from their sexual partners as well as the impact of other societal expectations as perceived by the participants. In line with earlier studies on female orgasm,17,25 our findings further bring new information to the current demand for formal resources on the squirting phenomenon, as well as for the specific training needs for professionals who may assist in promoting a healthier sexual life.
Regarding the first experiences with squirting, a significant number of participants reported feelings of pleasure, calmness, and relaxation, and also fear, shame, and discomfort. A possible explanation for these negative emotions could be related to the lack of awareness surrounding this phenomenon and the limited initiative to explore personal sexual expression beyond conventional norms, such as challenging traditional ideas of masculinity and femininity in relationships or exploring open communication during intimacy, among others.11,16,26 Enhancing the basic anatomical and physiological knowledge of our reproductive system, understanding physiological phenomena associated with sexual practices, exploring the potential emotional experiences that can be achieved, and also preparing for squirting by using waterproof pads or blankets before intimacy, for instance, can help prevent feelings of shame and enhance the overall sexual experience and perception.9,27
Besides its capacity to generate exceptional and novel feelings and experiences, squirting has been identified as a potential influence on women’s sexuality. Thus, a significant number of participants reported a quantitative and qualitative improvement in the pleasure experienced during their sexual encounters, and an increase in the diversity of their practices, defining squirting as a phenomenon of openness to their sexuality from their sexual experiences.13 It seems important to mention the role of squirting in other cultures such as non-Western cultural settings like Africa, where research conducted in contexts such as Rwanda, Kenya, and Ghana, highlights the significance of squirting in enhancing female pleasure and sexual practices. For instance, recent research on Kenyan technique known as “Kunyaza” or “making Lake Victoria” has proven positive results to stimulate periorgasmic fluid production,28 and has shown how squirting could be one of many sex-positive cultural features in a society.29,30 Nonetheless, the societal context and expectations placed upon this sexual experience significantly influence the individual characteristics of each sexual encounter. This external emphasis has repercussions on women’s psychological well-being, frequently resulting in frustration as it is associated with obtaining orgasm and is viewed as an end in itself.31 These findings support the idea that having high expectations and focusing on obtaining female pleasure and orgasm might lead to anticipatory anxiety and performance pressure, negatively influencing women’s sexual experiences.32,33 However, various studies have found contradicting results on the effects of anxiety on women’s sexual relations, with positive or negative impacts depending on the severity or individual characteristics of the person, among other factors, indicating the need for additional research into different types of stress and their impact on female sexuality.34–36
The impact of squirting on women’s sexuality is accompanied by changes in sexual self-esteem and a new perception of body image. Consistent with prior studies, one of the most significant reinforcing factors in our findings was the sexual partners’ response and communication, mostly involving understanding, normalization, and empathy.11 Surprisingly, many partners had more knowledge about squirting than the women experiencing it, often due to consuming pornography.37 The consumption of pornography has been associated with a direct impact on women’s and their sexual partners’ sexuality.38,39 Women, in particular, are more affected by the social rules and stereotypes portrayed in the pornographic industry.40 In this regard, our participants confirmed how pornography acquires a multidimensional character, as despite being a medium that makes visible and normalizes the existence and performance of squirting, it distorts the reality of this phenomenon by depicting it as an unrealistic, magnified, and exaggerated sexual practice.11,37
These findings provide relevant information for comprehensive sex education programs, including instruction on pornography from an early age. Because a major concern regarding youth exposure to pornography revolves around its potential to produce unrealistic sexual expectations, the findings from this study could aid in developing porn literacy skills that enable individuals to develop realistic porn-congruent sexual health beliefs and anticipate realistic sexual outcomes in their lives.41–45 Still, the information about squirting from healthcare and public education services has been and continues to be scarce, highlighting the lack of knowledge and comprehensive sex education approach for professionals in this area, as well as the absence of a comprehensive approach to human sexuality that sheds light on these matters.46 This can be explained by the fact that sexuality-related training for healthcare professionals, such as nurses or physicians and other allied professionals, is often conceived from a reductionist and biologically focused perspective.47 As a result, public health promotion plans related to sexual health often lack an integrative vision, ignoring the social and cultural factors, which are crucial for a broader understanding of human sexuality.48 Consequently, adopting a holistic view of the population’s sexuality in training programs for healthcare professionals would enable offering a formal source for knowledge and a variety of resources to support sexualities based on respect, understanding, and equality, as well as promoting individual sexual and reproductive health.49
While the origin and benefits of female ejaculation in women’s sexuality have been previously addressed,13,31 the scientific literature on squirting remains limited, giving rise to controversial results regarding the origin and composition of the fluid.8 It is important to highlight that existing studies do not often differentiate between female ejaculation and squirting, considering them as the same phenomenon on many occasions or even diagnosing squirting as coital incontinence.2,7,9 To the best of our knowledge, this study represents one of the first attempts to explore the experiences and perceptions of women who experience squirting from a qualitative approach, providing valuable insights into the implications and benefits that this phenomenon has on women’s sexuality. Furthermore, the study aligns with a broader, interdisciplinary approach to examining women’s sexual experiences through a positive sexuality lens perspective that aims to validate the different ways in which individuals express and experience their sexuality.50,51 The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of this phenomenon and offer valuable information for future research and education in the field of female sexuality and sexual health. As the scientific knowledge on squirting continues to evolve, it is crucial to consider the diverse experiences and perspectives of individuals involved to promote a more comprehensive and inclusive understanding of female sexual experiences.
Limitations
Overall, there are limitations to bear in mind when interpreting our results. The study sample consisted only of young women with some experiences with the phenomenon under study. A more heterogeneous sample, including women of different ages and men who participate in squirting, could provide a different perspective. However, the results of this study provide a valuable knowledge base to continue working in other areas, such as providing specific training for professionals who provide care to these women or developing reliable and accessible information systems. Additionally, conducting further research using a mixed-methods approach would allow for exploring both the experiences and knowledge of women, men, and other stakeholders involved in this phenomenon, from an intersectional perspective that considers the necessary care, with the purpose of increasing knowledge and promoting the visibility of this experience.
Conclusion
This study offers an insight for understanding the experiences of squirting in young adult women, showing the emotional and psychological implications in their sexual lives and the value that specific related training may have for frontline healthcare professionals, such as nurses or midwives, and other allied healthcare professionals, such as sexologists, to ensure a comprehensive sexual education and promote positive women’s self-esteem and body image. Aside the positive impacts perceived from squirting, our results highlight the need to address the negative emotions evoked because of unrealistic and misleading expectations and stereotypes from this phenomenon, such as fear, shame, or discomfort. In this manner, whereas existing studies do not often differentiate between female ejaculation and squirting, evidence-based education programs can provide an opportunity for healthcare professionals and other stakeholders to increase societal knowledge about squirting and to promote sexual and reproductive health in a more realistic and sensitive manner. Ultimately, this may help women understand their bodies and sexuality more deeply, leading to more fulfilling sexual experiences.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: M.R.-A., C.R.-P.; Data curation: S.C.-B., C.R.-G.; Formal analysis: S.C.-B., M.R.-A., C.R.-P.; Funding acquisition: P.R., M.R.-A.; Investigation: S.C.-B., C.R.-G., L.R.-R., C.R.-P., P.R., M.R.-A.; Methodology: S.C.-B., M.R.-A., C.R.-P.; Project administration: P.R., M.R.-A.; Resources: P.R., M.R.-A.; Software: C.R.-G., L.R.-R.; Supervision: M.R.-A., C.R.-P.; Validation: M.R.-A., C.R.-P.; Visualization: C.R.-G., M.R.-A., C.R.-P.; Roles/Writing – original draft: S.C.-B.; and Writing – review & editing: M.R.-A., C.R.-P.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Conflicts of interest
No conflict of interest has been declared by the authors.
