Programming languages
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The document summarizes different types of programming languages: - Machine languages and assembly languages were early languages that mapped directly to computer hardware. They were inefficient for programmers. - High-level languages like procedural languages made programming easier by using English-like syntax but were less efficient. Problem-oriented languages focused on solving specific problems. - Compilers convert an entire program to machine code while interpreters convert each statement, making compilers generally more efficient once converted.
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Programming languages
- 1. The Presentation On Programming Languages Project Work 2008 Presented By: Archana Maharjan Bishnu Rajbhandari Manish Tamrakar Ranju Silwal BE Computer, III rd Semester, Group-3 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
- 2. INTRODUCTION an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer. used to facilitate communication about the task of organizing and manipulating information to express algorithms precisely
- 3. Programming Languages Machine Languages/First generation Assemble Languages/Second generation Procedural Languages/Third generation Problem Oriented languages/Fourth Natural Languages/Fifth
- 4. Machine Languages Uses binary system 0s and 1s for electricity on / off 0s is off and 1s on Alphabet A as 1000001 To convert decimal to binary 24 divided by 2 11000 Early age machines like ENIAC uses vacuum tubes where tubes lit up or unlit which corresponds 10 binary state Early age there was no software, they uses switches, 3000 switches where they used to on and off for one program they used to take one week. Machine code has one advantages as its runs fast and efficient as it is machine language itself. Disadvantages : There is no one standard machine language
- 5. Assembly Languages For more standardization, assembly languages developed Also known as symbolic languages Machine languages 11110010 01110011 11010010 00010000 01110000 00101011 Assembly languages Pack 210(8,13), 02B(4,7) Pack 218(8,13), 02F(4,7) MP 212(G,13), 21D(3,13) Multiply hours worked by pay rate In order to execute assemble languages need to change into machine language. 15 assemble statement need to translate 15 machine standard. Advantages More standardize and easier than machine languages Operate efficiently not so efficient than machine languages Easy to debug programs Disadvantages Very long Complex Dependant with machine languages
- 6. High Level Languages More Standard Language in text like “Calculate gross Pay” Types of High level languages Procedural-Oriented Languages Problem Oriented languages Natural or fifth generation
- 7. Procedural Oriented languages General purpose programming languages are called procedural languages or third generation languages e.g.. Pascal, Cobol, Fortran, Basic etc. Advantages Statements are in English, easy to work English language so it takes less time to program Once coded easy to understand and modify Languages are machine independent Disadvantages Execute slow Less efficient
- 8. Problem Oriented Languages & Application It is designed to solve specific problems or develop specific application by enabling what you want rather than step by step procedures It is fourth generation language Application tools Personal computer application software: word-process, spreadsheet, database, PowerPoint etc. Query languages and report generators: QBE, SQL, answer/database QMF, RPGIII etc. Decision support systems and financial planning languages: Express, FCS, IFPD, System W etc.
- 9. Natural language Still in development stage It is the natural more human like Allow the computer to become smarter Most popular natural language are LISP and Prolog.
- 10. Difference between 3 GLs and 4 GLs Third GLs Intended for use by professional programmers Requires specification of how to perform task All alternatives must be specified Require large number of procedural instructions Code may be difficult to read, understand and maintain. Language developed for batch operations Can be difficult to learn Difficult to debug Typically file oriented Fourth GLs May be used by a non programming end user as well as a professional programmer. Requires specification of what task is to be performed (system determines how to perform the task) Default alternatives are built in; an end user need not specify these alternatives Require far fewer instructions Code is easy to understand and maintain because of English-like commands Language developed primarily for on line user Easy to learn Easy to debug Typically database-oriented
- 11. Compilers and Interpreters There are two types of translators. Compilers Interpreters High level languages are called compiler language or interpreters language Compiler language A translation program is run to convert the programmer’s entire high-level program, which is called the source code, into a machine language. It is called compilation Machine code is called object code and can be saved and either run immediately or later. E.g.. COBOL, C, C++, FORTRAN etc. Interpreters A translation program converts each program statement into machine code just before the program statement is to be executed. Translation and execution occur immediately. One after another and one statement at a time. Compiler languages are better than interpreted languages as they can be executed faster and more efficiently once the object code has been obtained.
- 12. CONCLUSION Consolidation and growth Measuring language usage Taxonomies
- 13. REFERENCE Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2007 Computer Concepts httpprogramminglanguages
- 14. THANK YOU
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