With a rapid increase in size and complexity of software today, the scope of software testing is also expanding. The efficiency of software testing needs to be improved in order to ensure the appropriate delivery deadline and cost of software development. For improving efficiency of software testing, the test needs to be designed in a way that the number of test cases is sufficient and appropriate in quantity. Test analysis is the activity to refine Application Under Test (AUT) into proper size that test design techniques can be applied to. It is for designing the test properly. However, the classification for proper size depends on individual’s own judgments. This paper proposes a test analysis method for the black box testing using a test category that is the classification based on fault and AUT knowledge.
Software quality assurance involves testing software to find errors and ensure correct execution. There are various types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, and system testing. Testers define test cases to verify program behaviors meet specifications. Test cases are designed using techniques like equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, and branch testing. The objective is to thoroughly test software and uncover defects before final deployment.
This document provides an overview of software testing techniques and their maturation over time. It examines the major research results that have contributed to the growth of testing as an area. The document defines testing goals and categories, including functional vs structural testing and static vs dynamic analysis. It also discusses testing at different stages of the software lifecycle from unit to system level. The technology maturation model and research paradigms framework are used to analyze how testing techniques have evolved from initial ideas to broader solutions and changes in research questions and strategies over time.
As testers, we know that we can define many more test cases than we will ever have time to design, execute, and report. The key problem in testing is choosing a small, “smart” subset from the almost infinite number of tests available that will find a large percentage of the defects. Join Lee Copeland to discover how to design test cases using formal black-box techniques, including equivalence class testing, boundary value testing, decision tables, and state-transition diagrams. Explore examples of each of these techniques in action. Don’t just pick test cases at random. Rather, learn to selectively choose a set of test cases that maximizes your effectiveness and efficiency to find more defects in less time. Then, learn how to use the test results to evaluate the quality of both your products and your testing. Discover the test design techniques that will make your testing more productive.
In this session you will learn:
Test Case Design and Techniques
Black-box: Three major approaches
Steps for drawing cause-Effect Diagram:
Behavior Testing
Random Testing
White Box Techniques
Path Testing
Statement Coverage
Data Flow Testing
For more information: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/quality-assurance/qa-software-testing-training-for-beginners/
Introduction to specification based test design techniquesYogindernath Gupta
Specification-based test techniques involve deriving test cases from requirements specifications rather than source code. These techniques include equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, decision tables, state transition testing, all-pairs testing, classification trees, and use case testing. Coverage criteria measure things like the percentage of partitions or boundaries covered. Specification-based techniques help ensure requirements are thoroughly tested before code is written.
Code coverage based test case selection and prioritizationijseajournal
This document describes an approach for code coverage based test case selection and prioritization. It presents algorithms for test case selection (TCS) and test case prioritization (TCP) that aim to select a minimal set of test cases that achieve maximum code coverage. The TCS algorithm analyzes test cases and statements to cluster them into outdated, required and surplus test cases. The TCP algorithm then prioritizes the required test cases based on their individual statement coverage to achieve full code coverage with as few test cases as possible. An example application of the algorithms on a sample program is provided, demonstrating a reduction in test suite size.
The document summarizes various software testing techniques, including:
- White-box testing techniques like cyclomatic complexity and control flow graph analysis to derive test cases.
- Black-box techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis to design test cases based on valid and invalid input conditions.
- The goal of testing is to systematically uncover errors by executing all independent paths and boundary values through a program.
This document discusses software testing techniques. It covers white box and black box testing approaches. White box testing focuses on internal workings and all paths through code. Black box testing verifies functionality and interfaces without knowing internal workings. The document also discusses techniques like basis path testing, cyclomatic complexity, equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis to derive targeted test cases.
The paper presents a new language called UDITA for describing tests. UDITA is a Java-based language that includes non-deterministic choice operators and an interface for generating linked data structures. This allows for more efficient and effective test generation compared to previous approaches. The language aims to make test specification easier while generating tests that are faster, of higher quality, and less complex than traditional manually written or randomly generated tests.
The document discusses various black-box testing techniques. It introduces testing, verification, and validation. It then describes black-box and white-box testing. Various types of testing like unit, integration, functional, system, acceptance, regression, and beta testing are explained. Strategies for writing test cases like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are provided. The document emphasizes the importance of planning testing early in the development process.
1) The document provides an overview of different test case design techniques including specification based testing, input domain testing, risk based testing, and scenario testing.
2) Specification based testing techniques discussed include analyzing specifications for gaps or contradictions, gathering additional information from developers, and using the 5W1H technique to derive test cases.
3) Input domain testing techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are covered to avoid redundant test cases around inputs.
4) Risk based testing involves imagining how a program could fail, assessing the likelihood and impact of failures, and designing test cases to expose potential failures.
5) Scenario testing uses real user personas and examples of how the software will be used to further
This document discusses various software testing strategies and methodologies, including black box testing and white box testing. It provides details on specific techniques for each, such as unit testing, path testing, branch testing, and loop testing. The document also provides an example of constructing test cases to test a program that identifies triangle types based on side lengths.
Black boxtestingmethodsforsoftwarecomponentsAstrid yolanda
This document discusses black-box testing methods for software components. It begins by defining black-box testing as testing that ignores internal mechanisms and focuses on inputs and outputs. It notes that for black-box testing of components, specifications, interfaces, customizations, and source code availability must be considered. Various black-box testing techniques are then described, including random testing, partition testing, boundary value testing, decision tables testing, and mutation testing. The document provides details on how each technique is applied to test software components.
EXTRACTING THE MINIMIZED TEST SUITE FOR REVISED SIMULINK/STATEFLOW MODELijaia
Test case generation techniques are successfully employed to generate test cases from a formal model. A problem is that as the model evolves, test suites tend to grow in size, making it too costly to execute entire test suites. This paper aims to propose a practical approach to reduce the size of test suites for modified Simulink/Stateflow (SL/SF) model, which is popularly used for modeling software behavior in many industries like automobile manufacturers. The model for describing a system is frequently modified until it is fixed. The proposed technique is capable of extracting the minimized sized test suite in terms of test coverage, by taking into account both the modified and the affected portion of revised SL/SF model. Two real models for the ECUs deployed in a commercial car are used for an empirical study.
Boundary and equivalnce systematic test designIan McDonald
Equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are black box testing techniques. Equivalence partitioning involves dividing the input data for a system into partitions of data that are expected to be processed in the same way, and testing using representative values from each partition. Boundary value analysis involves testing just outside the boundaries of valid input ranges to check for errors. These techniques help test a system systematically with fewer test cases. The document provides examples and discusses when to use these black box testing techniques.
White box testing is a software testing method that tests the internal structure or workings of an application. It requires access to and an understanding of the application's source code. The document describes various white box testing techniques like path testing, statement coverage testing, branch coverage testing, and loop testing. It also covers the advantages of white box testing like checking code standards and optimizing code. The disadvantages include it requiring highly skilled testing and having a high complexity and cost.
The document discusses various techniques for test generation and test selection from requirements specifications. It describes equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, and category partition testing. Equivalence partitioning involves dividing the input domain into equivalence classes and selecting one representative test per class. Boundary value analysis focuses on boundary values in addition to representative values. Category partition testing is a systematic approach that involves analyzing requirements to identify testable units, input categories and choices for each category, and constraints to derive a test specification.
Software Testing Foundations Part 6 - Intuitive and Experience-based testingNikita Knysh
Intuitive testing and exploratory testing are techniques that rely on a tester's skills, experience, and knowledge to design test cases. Exploratory testing is useful when documentation is poor or time is limited. It involves exploring the system to determine test cases and allowing results to influence further testing. Checklist-based testing uses lists of items or rules to verify a product. Intuitive, exploratory, and checklist-based testing work best to supplement other techniques when documentation is limited or time is short, and when testers are experienced in the domain or technology.
Here are the rules for the supermarket loyalty scheme:
Rule 1: All customers are eligible for a loyalty card.
Rule 2: Loyalty cardholders get either additional discounts on all purchases or earn loyalty points.
Rule 3: Additional discounts are offered on all purchases to loyalty cardholders.
Rule 4: Loyalty cardholders can earn points which can be converted to vouchers or points with partner schemes.
Given:
- Customer has a loyalty card
- Made a purchase of £50
Test case: Loyalty cardholder who made a £50 purchase earns 50 loyalty points
Expected result: Valid (matches Rule 4)
DTADA: Distributed Trusted Agent Based Detection Approach For Doline And Sen...IOSR Journals
This document proposes a distributed trusted agent-based approach (DTADA) to detect and defend against cloning attacks and sinkhole attacks in wireless sensor networks. DTADA uses mobile agents that can move between nodes to detect attacks in a distributed manner without relying on a centralized authority. The mobile agents are programmed to identify inconsistencies that would indicate a cloning or sinkhole attack has occurred. The document reviews related work on centralized and local detection methods and their limitations. It then describes how DTADA uses mobile agents to efficiently detect attacks in a distributed way without high communication or energy costs.
An Overview of TRIZ Problem-Solving Methodology and its ApplicationsIOSR Journals
This document provides an overview of the TRIZ problem-solving methodology. It begins with an introduction to problem solving and lists common problem-solving steps. It then introduces TRIZ as a methodology developed in Russia to systematically solve problems by applying universal invention principles. The document describes the key components of TRIZ, including its laws of evolution, standard problem-solving approaches, and inventive principles. It compares the TRIZ methodology to the conventional structured problem-solving approach. The document then discusses various applications of TRIZ, including in computer-aided design and other engineering fields. It provides examples of how TRIZ tools like the contradiction matrix are used to generate solution principles for resolving contradictions in technical systems.
1) The document discusses the use of wind power generators as an alternative energy source for Nigeria given the inability of the national power company to meet demand.
2) It describes the basic principles of how wind power is converted to electrical power through a turbine that spins a generator, and discusses two main types of systems - constant speed constant frequency and variable speed constant frequency.
3) Potential sites in Nigeria for wind power generators are areas along beaches, some parts of Bauchi and Sokoto states where mean wind speeds are high, some highlands, and some riverine areas.
Modeling Of Carbon Deposit From Methane Gas On Zeolite Y Catalyst Activity In...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that models carbon deposit from methane gas on Zeolite Y catalyst activity in a packed bed reactor. The study developed two computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models: 1) The first model considered the influence of carbon deposition on catalyst activity over time. Results showed carbon deposition increased over time while methane decreased and hydrogen increased, indicating methane decomposition. 2) The second model investigated the effect of carbon deposits on fluid flow over both time and space. The study aims to provide insight into how carbon deposition affects catalyst activity and gas flow through the packed bed reactor.
Ormeloxifene is an effective and safe treatment for dysfunctional uterine bleeding. A study of 60 women found that ormeloxifene significantly reduced menstrual blood loss and increased hemoglobin levels after both 3 and 6 months of treatment. It also significantly decreased endometrial thickness. The majority of women reported marked improvement in symptoms and found ormeloxifene acceptable with minimal side effects. Ormeloxifene is thus a good alternative for managing dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Two Factor Authentication Using Smartphone Generated One Time PasswordIOSR Journals
This document proposes a two-factor authentication system that uses smartphones to generate one-time passwords (OTPs). It aims to improve security over traditional password-based systems while reducing costs compared to hardware token-based OTP systems. The proposed system would have client software on PCs and Android apps to generate OTPs using cryptographic algorithms and unique device identifiers. OTPs would be validated by the server to authenticate transactions. Future work could explore using images instead of OTPs for two-factor authentication via mobile apps.
This document discusses techniques for efficiently processing range aggregate queries when the query location is uncertain. It proposes two novel filtering techniques, statistical filtering and anchor point filtering, to address the limitations of existing probabilistic constrained region techniques. The statistical filtering technique has decent filtering power with minimal storage requirements, while anchor point filtering provides more flexibility to enhance filtering power by storing more pre-computed information. Extensive experiments demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed techniques for computing range aggregates over uncertain location-based queries.
This document describes the design and simulation of two types of micro ICCLMA (Inductively Coupled Capacitively Loaded monopole antenna) antennas - one with a rectangular patch and one with a circular patch. Both antennas were designed with the same dimensions of 3.393mm x 0.0474 mm to achieve higher gain. Simulation results showed that the micro ICCLMA with a circular patch provided higher gain of 46.03 dB compared to 45.2 dB for the rectangular patch design. The circular patch antenna also had a higher main lobe magnitude and lower S-parameter. Both antenna designs produced omnidirectional radiation patterns and operated within the 2-3 GHz frequency range, making them suitable for applications like mobile
The document discusses various software testing techniques including white box testing and black box testing. It provides details on test cases, test suites, and testing conventional applications. Specifically:
- It describes white box and black box testing techniques, and explains that white box tests the implementation while black box tests only the functionality.
- It defines what a test case is and lists typical parameters for a test case like ID, description, test data, expected results. It provides an example test case.
- It explains that a test suite is a container that holds a set of tests and can be in different states. A diagram shows the relationship between test plans, test suites and test cases.
- It discusses unit testing and
This document discusses software test documentation standards and processes. It describes the IEEE 829 standard for software test documentation, which includes a test planning and control process involving test plans, analysis and design involving test cases and procedures, implementation and execution involving bug reports and test procedures, and evaluation and reporting involving status reports and test logs. It provides details on various test documentation artifacts like test plans, test designs, test cases, test procedures, and reports. It explains the purpose, structure, and contents of each artifact to provide documentation at different stages of the testing process.
The document discusses strategies for designing effective test cases, including black box and white box testing approaches. It focuses on the black box strategy of equivalence class partitioning to guide test case selection. Equivalence class partitioning involves dividing the software's input domain into partitions (equivalence classes) based on interesting input conditions from the specification. Test cases are then developed to cover all the classes. This technique guides testers to select a representative subset of inputs that has a high probability of detecting defects, while covering a large domain with fewer test cases.
In this quality assurance training, you will learn Test Case Design and Technique. Topics covered in this session are:
• Test Case Design and Techniques
• Black-box: Three major approaches
• Steps for drawing cause-Effect Diagram:
• Behavior Testing
• Random Testing
• White Box Techniques
• Path Testing
• Statement Coverage
• Data Flow Testing
For more information, visit this link: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/quality-assurance/software-testing-training-beginners-and-intermediate-level/
Find out more about quality assurance training and specifically about Test Case Design and Techniques. Topics covered in this session are:
Test Case Design and Techniques
Black-box: Three major approaches
Steps for drawing cause-Effect Diagram:
Behavior Testing
Random Testing
White Box Techniques
Path Testing
Statement Coverage
Data Flow Testing
For more information, visit: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/quality-assurance/quality-assurance-training-learn-manual-and-automation-testing/
In this session you will learn:
Test Case Design and Techniques
Black-box: Three major approaches
Steps for drawing cause-Effect Diagram:
Behavior Testing
Random Testing
White Box Techniques
Path Testing
Statement Coverage
Data Flow Testing
For more information, click here:
https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/quality-assurance/software-testing-tutorial/
In this quality assurance training session, you will learn Test case design. Topics covered in this course are:
• Test Case Design and Techniques
• Black-box: Three major approaches
• Steps for drawing cause-Effect Diagram:
• Behavior Testing
• Random Testing
• White Box Techniques
• Path Testing
• Statement Coverage
• Data Flow Testing
To know more, visit this link: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/quality-assurance/software-testing-quality-assurance-qa-training-with-hands-on-exercises/
Basic Engineering Design (Part 6): Test and EvaluateDenise Wilson
The document describes the process of testing and evaluating components in the engineering design cycle. It emphasizes beginning with testing critical components, like sensors, in isolated and controlled environments to characterize performance before moving to more complex system-level testing. Testing should progress from controlled laboratory settings to realistic operating environments to verify functionality. Both critical and supporting components require testing to validate they meet design specifications.
Black Box Testing, also known as Behavioral Testing it is a method of software testing in which the internal structure/ design/ implementation of the item being tested is not known to the tester. These tests can be functional or non-functional, though usually functional. This method of test can be applied virtually to every level of software testing: unit, integration, system and acceptance. It typically comprises most if not all higher level testing, but can also embody unit testing
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts and best practices. It defines key terms like errors, defects, and failures. It describes different testing approaches like black box and white box testing. It also outlines different testing levels from unit to system testing. The document emphasizes that testing aims to find defects, but it's impossible to test all possibilities. It stresses the importance of test planning, test cases, defect reports, and regression testing with new versions.
Testing involves executing a program to find errors and is done at various stages - unit testing focuses on individual program modules, integration testing combines units and tests their interactions, and regression testing re-executes previous tests to ensure changes haven't caused errors. Key aspects of testing include white box testing which examines internal logic and black box testing which treats the program as a "black box" and focuses on inputs/outputs.
software testing unit 3 notes anna university 2017SathyaP56
The document discusses various levels of software testing including unit testing. It describes what a unit is, the need for unit test planning and preparation, how to design unit tests and test harnesses. It also covers running unit tests and recording results. The overall document provides an overview of different aspects of unit testing from defining a unit to executing and documenting test results.
The document discusses different black box testing techniques, including equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, and state transition testing. Equivalence partitioning divides input domains into equivalence classes where members are expected to produce the same outputs. Boundary value analysis tests values at the boundaries of equivalence classes. State transition testing models a system as a finite state machine and aims to trigger all transitions by inputting events from each state. Together, these black box techniques structure black box testing around a system's specification without knowledge of its internal implementation.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on software testing. It discusses:
- The importance of testing in finding errors and making software more reliable
- How testing consumes the largest effort in software development
- The key concepts of testing including test cases, test suites, errors, and failures
- The different levels of testing like unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing
- Techniques for white box, black box, and grey box testing based on knowledge of the internal workings
- Software testing is usually carried out at different levels including unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing.
- Unit testing focuses on testing individual software components in isolation. Integration testing checks for defects in component interactions. System testing evaluates attributes of the entire system like usability, reliability, and performance. Acceptance testing shows that software meets client requirements.
- Testing object-oriented software requires strategies to test components and their interactions, as well as issues like inheritance. Testing procedural code focuses on generating input data to pass to functions.
Software Testing Foundations Part 4 - Black Box TestingNikita Knysh
The document discusses various black box testing techniques including:
- Equivalence class partitioning which involves testing representative values from valid and invalid equivalence classes
- Boundary value analysis which checks values at the boundaries of equivalence classes
- State transition testing which designs tests based on a system's state diagram
- Cause-effect graphing and decision tables which identify test cases based on input-output dependencies
- Use case testing which designs tests based on typical user interactions described in use case diagrams
The document provides examples and best practices for applying each technique. Black box testing verifies functionality but cannot detect faults in specifications or undocumented requirements.
This document discusses software testing. It defines key terms like failure, fault, and error. It describes different types of testing like black box testing and white box testing. Black box testing focuses on external functionality without seeing internal code, while white box testing uses internal design and code to derive test cases. Specific black box techniques discussed are boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning to systematically test different conditions. The goal of testing is to find errors so they can be debugged and fixed.
Problem Statement:One of the common concerns from the customers is that how to effectively optimize the testing given the
multiple integration points in a distributed/composite system environments, which does expose at least the below
pain points:
1. Avoid Exhausted testing
2. Meet all the boundary conditions
3. Limited time to execute 100% test execution
4. Include all the critical business functions
5. Efficient Regression Testing
and the list goes on...
Resolution: The solution is detailed in the attachment and have effectively implemented in various client places.
This document discusses various topics related to software testing including:
1. The objectives of software testing are to find errors and improve quality. Testing involves executing software under controlled conditions to evaluate results.
2. Test cases validate requirements and check for pass/fail outcomes. Test suites contain related test cases. Test scenarios ensure end-to-end business process flows are tested.
3. Testing principles include traceability to requirements, early planning, starting with small tests, and using independent third parties. Both manual and automation testing methods are discussed.
Similar to A Test Analysis Method for Black Box Testing Using AUT and Fault Knowledge. (20)
This document discusses the Japan Software Testing Qualifications Board (JSTQB). It includes information about the JSTQB certification program called CTFL2018, with exams offered in Japanese and English. Contact information and links to frequently asked questions are provided for the JSTQB organization.
Three available editions of Windows Servers crucial to your organization’s op...Q-Advise
Three available editions of Windows Servers crucial to your organization’s operations
Windows Server, Microsoft’s robust operating system, is the cornerstone of enterprise IT infrastructure, tailored for mission-critical operations. It helps in managing enterprise-level tasks, including data storage, applications, and communication.
Proper licensing of Windows Server is essential for both legal compliance and optimal functionality within business environments.
Windows Server comes in various edition and before any edition is used in your organization, it is required you license them appropriately. The licensing can be complex and capital demanding when you don’t know what you want or understand the licensing requirements.
Even if successfully licensed, there are various activities you can practice as an organization to make sure your Server is operating optimally and there is real value for money. This requires a deeper understanding of best practices and our team of cloud and licensing experts can be of support.
Send the team an email, info@q-advise.com let’s have a look at your needs, together with you decide which licensing model will best work in your case, assist you with savings options and share with you how pre-owned licensing can help you get licensed adequately also.
BitLocker Data Recovery | BLR Tools Data Recovery SolutionsAlina Tait
BLR Tools provides an advanced BitLocker Data Recovery Tool specifically engineered to recover lost or inaccessible data from BitLocker-encrypted drives. Whether you're dealing with accidental deletion, encryption key problems, or system crashes, our cutting-edge software guarantees a secure and efficient recovery process. Rely on BLR Tools for dependable BitLocker data recovery and effortlessly restore access to your essential files.
Old Tools, New Tricks: Unleashing the Power of Time-Tested Testing ToolsBenjamin Bischoff
In the rapidly evolving landscape of software development and testing, it is tempting to chase the latest tools and technologies. However, some of the most effective solutions have been in existence for decades. In this talk, we’ll delve into the enduring value of these timeless testing tools.
We’ll explore how established tools like Selenium, GNU Make, Maven, and Bash remain vital in today’s software development and testing toolkit even though they have been around for a long time (some were even invented before I was born). I’ll share examples of how these tools have addressed our testing and automation challenges, showcasing their adaptability, versatility, and reliability in various scenarios. I aim to demonstrate that sometimes, the “old” ways can indeed be the best ways.
Fix Production Bugs Quickly - The Power of Structured Logging in Ruby on Rail...John Gallagher
Rails apps can be a black box. Have you ever tried to fix a bug where you just can’t understand what’s going on? This talk will give you practical steps to improve the observability of your Rails app, taking the time to understand and fix defects from hours or days to minutes. Rails 8 will bring an exciting new feature: built-in structured logging. This talk will delve into the transformative impact of structured logging on fixing bugs and saving engineers time. Structured logging, as a cornerstone of observability, offers a powerful way to handle logs compared to traditional text-based logs. This session will guide you through the nuances of structured logging in Rails, demonstrating how it can be used to gain better insights into your application’s behavior. This talk will be a practical, technical deep dive into how to make structured logging work with an existing Rails app.
I talk about the Steps to Observable Software - a practical five step process for improving the observability of your Rails app.
Predicting Test Results without Execution (FSE 2024)Andre Hora
As software systems grow, test suites may become complex, making it challenging to run the tests frequently and locally. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have been adopted in multiple software engineering tasks. It has demonstrated great results in code generation, however, it is not yet clear whether these models understand code execution. Particularly, it is unclear whether LLMs can be used to predict test results, and, potentially, overcome the issues of running real-world tests. To shed some light on this problem, in this paper, we explore the capability of LLMs to predict test results without execution. We evaluate the performance of the state-of-the-art GPT-4 in predicting the execution of 200 test cases of the Python Standard Library. Among these 200 test cases, 100 are passing and 100 are failing ones. Overall, we find that GPT-4 has a precision of 88.8%, recall of 71%, and accuracy of 81% in the test result prediction. However, the results vary depending on the test complexity: GPT-4 presented better precision and recall when predicting simpler tests (93.2% and 82%) than complex ones (83.3% and 60%). We also find differences among the analyzed test suites, with the precision ranging from 77.8% to 94.7% and recall between 60% and 90%. Our findings suggest that GPT-4 still needs significant progress in predicting test results.
The code is written and the tests pass. I just have to commit this last round of changes to my branch. Wait, why does that say committed to main? Did I commit all those changes to main? Arghh! I can’t redo all of this!
Committing changes to the wrong branch, forgetting files, misspelling the commit message, and needing to undo commits are some of the “advanced” features of Git that we normal people run into way too often and need help with. The fixes are often easy – once you know what they are. But in the heat of the moment, with the deadline (or Friday afternoon) approaching, it isn’t always easy to figure out what magic spell to cast to get Git to do what you need.
We’ll spend some time looking at typical Git situations people get themselves into, and then we’ll demonstrate how to get out of them. This isn’t about Git internals or a Git master’s class – this real-world Git when things aren’t going right. And there will be plenty of time for questions, so bring your “best” Git nightmare scenarios so we can figure out how to recover.
Literals - A Machine Independent Feature21h16charis
Introduction to Literals, A machine independent feature. The presentation is based on the prescribed textbook for System Software and Compiler Design, Computer Science and Engineering - System Software by Leland. L. Beck,
D Manjula.
How to Secure Your Kubernetes Software Supply Chain at ScaleAnchore
Achieving comprehensive security visibility in Kubernetes environments is essential for maintaining robust and compliant cloud-native applications. In this exclusive webinar, Anchore and Spectro Cloud team up to showcase how to enhance your Kubernetes security posture with SBOM (Software Bill of Materials) management and vulnerability scanning.
Join Cornelia Davis, VP of Product, Spectro Cloud and Alan Pope, Director of Developer Relations, Anchore to learn how to elevate your Kubernetes security visibility and protect your cloud-native applications effectively.
—Discover how Anchore can be integrated with Spectro Cloud Palette to take SBOM scanning to the next level, delivering fully automated software compliance
—Gain valuable insights into best practices for securing your Kubernetes workloads, ensuring compliance, and improving your DevSecOps processes.
Crowd Strike\Windows Update Issue: Overview and Current Statusramaganesan0504
Crowd Strike\Windows Update Issue: Overview and Current Status
Discover the latest on the CrowdStrike Windows update issue, including an overview, current status, and support steps for affected customers. Learn about the identified defect, its impact on Windows hosts, and CrowdStrike's committed actions to ensure ongoing security and stability.
What is CrowdStrike?
CrowdStrike is a prominent cybersecurity technology company that specializes in providing advanced threat intelligence and endpoint protection solutions. Founded in 2011 by George Kurtz, Dmitri Alperovitch, and Gregg Marston, CrowdStrike has quickly established itself as a leader in the cybersecurity industry. Here are some key aspects of
Monitoring the Execution of 14K Tests: Methods Tend to Have One Path that Is ...Andre Hora
The literature has provided evidence that developers are likely to test some behaviors of the program and avoid other ones. Despite this observation, we still lack empirical evidence from real-world systems. In this paper, we propose to automatically identify the tested paths of a method as a way to detect the method’s behaviors. Then, we provide an empirical study to assess the tested paths quantitatively. We monitor the execution of 14,177 tests from 25 real-world Python systems and assess 11,425 tested paths from 2,357 methods. Overall, our empirical study shows that one tested path is prevalent and receives most of the calls, while others are significantly less executed. We find that the most frequently executed tested path of a method has 4x more calls than the second one. Based on these findings, we discuss practical implications for practitioners and researchers and future research directions.
2. 2
Agenda
1. Introduction
2. Issues of Test Analysis in Black Box Testing
3. An Approach of Test Analysis Based on Test Categories
4. Comparison of Test Condition Derivation Result by Test Categories
Practical Use Existence
5. conclusion
3. 3
1. Introduction
With a rapid increase in size and complexity of software today,
the scope of software testing is also expanding.
Testing
increaseinsize
increasecomplexity
Testing
Development
・Requirement
・Specification
・Design
・CodeDevelopment
・Requirement
・Specification
・Design
・Code
The efficiency of software testing
needs to be improved in order to ensure
the appropriate delivery deadline and
cost of software development.
4. 4
2.Issues of Test Analysis in Black Box Testing
Development Lifecycle and Test Process
• Software testing is performed in multiple verification levels during the
development life-cycle. These verification levels are depicted in the V model.
• This proposal will focus on the black box testing performed at the system-level
verification, enclosed in a red frame.
V model (Forsberg,1995 et.al)
Testing performed at
each level depicted in
the V model has a
process similar to the
development process.
5. 5
2.Issues of Test Analysis in Black Box Testing(Cont.)
Test development process and Test analysis
• Three activities, test analysis, test design, and test implementation in the
test process are also called Test development process.
Test analysis
An activity of selecting
and organizing items to be
covered by the test .
6. 6
2.Issues of Test Analysis in Black Box Testing(Cont.)
Issues of Test Analysis
ソフトウェア
テスト
・要件定義
・基本設計
・詳細設計
・コーディング
・Preventing defects in software
development
・Test needs to be designed in a
way that the number of test is
sufficient and appropriate in
quantity
・Test execution should be
automated
For improving efficiency of
software testing
.
.
.
White box testing
Analyzing the
structure of AUT
to cover by test
Test analysis for
White box
testing is
consistent in its
refinement
Black box testing
Analyzing the
spec of AUT to
cover by test
Test analysis for
black box testing
is often not
consistent in its
refinement
Some of the test cases are
often lacking or overlapping
Types of test desgin
7. 7
2.Issues of Test Analysis in Black Box Testing(Cont.)
Issues of Test Analysis in Black Box testing
• The test condition, which is an output of test analysis, is a generic term for
elements such as functions, transactions, quality characteristics, and structure
elements.
• Therefore it is necessary to structure in order to sort out relationships between
each element. That is also called test suite architecture.
• However, in research and practice, structuring of test conditions in the test
analysis stays just experiences and heuristics.
Examples of Table 1 contain the following issues.
• The category “Setting” appears both in Level 1 and Level 2.
• The number of levels is not constant, thus there is a variance in meaning of each level.
• The expected result is not indicated in the upper row.
• The same specification is written on both upper and lower rows.
8. 8
Structure of Test Condition
• Test condition can be considered as spec item from the testing point of view.
• Since black box testing is the method of the test design by external observation,
selection should be start from the feature is contained in test basis
• the test category, which is the classification defined using knowledge of AUT
and fault, is added to the structure.
The test analysis in alignment with a clear rule is attained by such
a classification and arrangement.
3.An Approach of Test Analysis Based on Test Categories
9. 9
3.An Approach of Test Analysis Based on Test Categories
(Cont.)
Test Category(1)
• A set of test categories is the classification that multilaterally captures a feature
to be tested without omission.
An logical structure of feature (Sakuhei Omura,2005 )
An logical structure of feature is
an abstract concept of a set of test categories.
10. 10
3.An Approach of Test Analysis Based on Test Categories
(Cont.)
Test Category(2)
• The test category needs to have a specific naming and a meaning specialized in
the scope of testing against an abstract concept.
• The knowledge of AUT and the fault experienced in the past is used for defining
the test categories.
Knowledge of AUT
Knowledge of faults
experienced in the past
11. 11
3.An Approach of Test Analysis Based on Test Categories
(Cont.)
Listing and Organizing Test Conditions Using Test Categories
• Spec items, expected results, and test parameters for testing the feature to be
tested, these are selected from test basis, are listed as shown in Table below.
Test categories can be used as a guide at the time of selecting spec
items for covering feature to be tested.
Same test categories are used
for all features to be tested.
12. 12
4. Comparison of Test Condition Derivation Result by Test
Categories Practical Use Existence
Execution Steps of Test Analysis
• In order to sequentially derive
test conditions, test analysis
activities are divided into
steps.
Comparison of test condition
derivation ware executed on
Step3
13. 13
4. Comparison of Test Condition Derivation Result by Test
Categories Practical Use Existence(Cont.)
Exercise Overview
Feature to be
tested
Test
categories
Spec items Expected
results
Test
Parameters
Feature to be
tested
Spec Item Expected
results
Test
Parameters
Test Basis
Results
were
classified
to test
categories
Analyze
Comparison
Spec items Expected results Test parameters
The team that use test categories
The team that didn’t use test categories
14. 14
4. Comparison of Test Condition Derivation Result by Test
Categories Practical Use Existence(Cont.)
Comparison of Spec Items Selection Percentage
• The result showed the rate of selecting spec items was higher by 22% for the
team that used test categories than for the team that did not use test
categories.
Inputadjustment
Management
InputA
ConvA
ConvB
SuppA
SuppB
OutputA
OutputB
StrageA
StrageB
ManagA
Func A 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 Suggested answers 9 100%
0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 NOT using test categories 5 56%
0 2 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 Using test categories 7 78%
Using test categories-NOT using test categories = 22%
Persentage
SpecitemTotal
Conversion
Support
Strage
Output
adjustment
Features tobe tested
Test categories
15. 15
4. Comparison of Test Condition Derivation Result by Test
Categories Practical Use Existence(Cont.)
Results of the selection of the number of expected results and test
parameters
• Although the ratio of the number of expect results without test categories to the
number of them with test categories is 43%, the number of test parameters is
1.5 times higher.
<the team that did NOT use testing categories> <the team that use testing categories>
Features
to be tested Test categories Spec items
Number of
Expected Results
Number of
Test parameters
Features
to be tested Test categories Spec items
Number of
Expected Results
Number of
Test parameters
Func A InputA N/A N/A N/A Func A InputA N/A N/A N/A
ConvA Spec item1 1 5(3) ConvA Spec item1 1 N/A
Spec item2 N/A 1 Spec item2 1 N/A
ConvB Spec item3 N/A N/A ConvB Spec item3 N/A N/A
SuppA N/A N/A N/A SuppA N/A N/A N/A
SuppB Spec item4 N/A N/A SuppB Spec item4 1 2
Spec item5 N/A N/A Spec item5 1 2
OutputA Spec item6 1 N/A OutputA Spec item6 1 2
OutputB N/A N/A N/A OutputB N/A N/A N/A
StrageA Spec item7 1 3(1) StrageA Spec item7 1 2
StrageB N/A N/A N/A StrageB N/A N/A N/A
ManagA Spec item8 N/A 1 ManagA Spec item8 1 1
Spec item9 N/A N/A Spec item9 N/A N/A
Total 3 10(4) Total 7 9(0)
※() in the coloum of test parametrs is the number of test parametors for one spec item are written dispersedly throughout the test condition list.
Ratio by Number of expected results : NOT using test categories / Using test categories = 43%
Ratio by Number of test parameters : NOT using test categories / Using test categories = 156%
16. 16
4. Comparison of Test Condition Derivation Result by Test
Categories Practical Use Existence(Cont.)
Sum up
Feature to be
tested
Test
categories
Spec items Expected
results
Test
Parameters
Feature to be
tested
Spec Item Expected
results
Test
Parameters
Test Basis
Results
were
classified
to test
categories
exercise
Comparison
Spec items Expected results Test parameters
The team that didn’t use test
categories had a higher possibility
of designing duplicated test cases
at the time of a test design.
• 4 of all test parameters that can
possibly become test parameters
for the same spec item, had
addressed as another spec item,
when it was 0/9 for the team that
used test categories.
The team that
didn’t use
test categories
did not clearly
specify the
expected results
The team that didn’t use
test categories had a
higher possibility of
designing lacked test
cases at the time of a
test design.
• The rate of selecting
spec items is different
more than 20%.
17. 17
Conclusion
• Test analysis method based on the rule by organizing classifications of test
conditions, and knowledge for it is using the concept of test categories.
• To avoid lacks or duplications of test cases, which often results from a test
analysis and classifications of test conditions based on an individual’s own
judgments.
• In case of performing a test analysis using test categories…
• the rate of selecting spec items had increased more than 20%.
• the rate of spec items was improved when the expected results were also
selected.
• the variance in descriptions was alleviated.
18. 18
References
[1] IPA, Report of industry actual survey for Embedded Software in 2009: METI; 2009 (In Japanese).
[2] Myers, Glenford J., Corey Sandler, and Tom Badgett. The art of software testing.: Wiley; 2011.
[3] Forsberg, K., and H. Mooz. "The relationship of systems engineering to the project cycle. " Engineering
Management Journal 4.3 ;1992 p.36-43.
[4] Uetsuki Keiji, Tohru Matsuodani, and Kazuhiko Tsuda. "An efficient software testing method by decision
table verification." International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology 46.1 ; 2013, p.54-64.
[5] ISTQB FLWG. "Foundation Level Syllabus Version 2011. ": International Software Testing Qualifications
Board ; 2011.
[6] Nishi, Yasuharu. "Viewpoint-based Test Architecture Design." Software Security and Reliability Companion
(SERE-C), 2012 IEEE Sixth International Conference on. IEEE; 2012, p.194- 197.
[7] Kang, Kyo C., et al. "Feature-oriented domain analysis (FODA) feasibility study. No. CMU/SEI-90-TR-21. ":
CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INST; 1990.
[8] IEEE ."IEEE standard for software test documentation ", IEEE829. 2008.; 2008.
[9] Tsuyoshi Yumoto,Tohru Matsuodani,Kazuhiko Tsuda. "A practical Using Method for Efficent Design of
Functionai Testing": 75th National Convention of IPSJ; 2013 , paper#5B-4 (In Japanese).
[10] Sakuhei Omura. Phenomenology of general system: gohodoshoppan; 2005 (In Japanese).
[11] Rasiel, E. M. The McKinsey Way. McGraw-Hill; 1999.
[12] Haimes, Yacov Y., Stan Kaplan, and James H. Lambert. "Risk filtering, ranking, and management
framework using hierarchical holographic modeling." : Risk Analysis 22.2 ; 2002, p.383-397.
Editor's Notes
9月11日 10時30分~10時50分 18分、質問2分 10枚で1枚2分
Good morning everyone. My name is Tsuyoshi Yumoto.
Today, I am going to talk about [A Test analysis Method for black box testing]
And the key point of this method is using Knowledge of AUT, that means application under test, and Software Faults.
This is an agenda of this presentation.
First of all, I will explain the background, in short, I will talk about testing is the big challenge for software development.
Second of all, I will explain about position of testing in software development process, and test process as underlying premise(パーミス).
And then, I will explain about what is issues of Test Analysis in Black Box Testing.
After explanation of issues, I will propose an Approach of Test Analysis Based on Test Categories.
And I will talk about what is test categories and how to use it.
Next, I will introduce one survey about Comparison(コンパリスン) of Test Condition Derivation(デリベイション) Result by Test Categories Practical Use Existence(イグジスタンス).
And efficiency of this proposal can be confirmable from this survey result.
This slide, I will tell you the situation of software development today. As I wrote in this slide, With a rapid increase in size and complexity of software today, the scope of software testing is also expanding.
Actually, There is a survey that indicates 45% of development cost is spent on software testing.
Therefore, the efficiency of software testing needs to be improved in order to ensure the appropriate delivery deadline and cost of software development.
For improving efficiency of software testing, the test needs to be designed in a way that the number of test cases is sufficient and appropriate in quantity.
Before talking about issues of software testing, I would like to explain about position of testing activity in software development process.
V-model is really famous to depict it.
As V model is shown, software testing is performed in multiple verification levels during the development life-cycle.
This proposal will focus on the black box testing performed at the system-level verification, enclosed in a red frame.
Because the system-level is where the effects caused by the increase in size and complexity of software are greatest.
Testing performed at each level depicted in V model has a process similar to the development process, respectively .
In the testing process, the test planning is performed in parallel with the activities on left side of the V model.
Then, another activities of test process are performed in chronological(クロノロジカル) order.
In addition, three activities, test analysis, test design, and test implementation in the testing process are also called test development process.
Because these are main activities to derive tests for AUT.
Underlying specifications to test design for black box testing are artifacts on left side of the V model. These are called test basis.
When performing test design, it is necessary to refine the size of AUT .
In test development process, test basis is first input, and after analyzing the test basis, test condition is going to be output.
This activity is the test analysis.
As everybody know, the test design can be divided into a white box testing and a black box testing.
White box testing is based on structure of AUT such as the source code.
On the other hand, black box testing is based on a specification that describes the behavior and operating conditions of AUT.
But, test analysis for black box testing is often not consistent in its refinement.
Because, the specification documents are normally written for subsequent processes.
Therefore, the specification of one item that test design techniques are applied to, can be written dispersedly(ディスパーストゥリ) throughout the document.
Test analysis in black box testing is an activity of selecting and organizing items from the test basis that I described.
That’s why some of the test cases are often lacking or overlapping.
Please look at the example table of typical test analysis.
It is almost impossible to determine if there are lacks or duplications of test cases from the example.
Because test condition is a generic term for elements such as functions, transactions, quality characteristics, and structure elements.
So, if there is no structure in order to sort out relationships between each element, it is easy to be disorganized.
In fact, in research and practice, structuring of test conditions in the test analysis stays just experiences and heuristics.
In the approach of the test analysis method proposed in this paper, test condition ,as the ambiguity of the term, is eliminated(エリミネイテッド) by layering elements based on the test case structure.
Using this approach means that the test analysis in alignment with a clear rule is attained by such a classification and arrangement.
There are 3 key points in this structure of test condition.
1)layering elements based on the test case structure.
2)starting from the feature that is contained in test basis.
3)the test category, which is the classification defined using knowledge of AUT and fault, is added to the structure.
This aims to help selecting spec items without a lack or duplication by using the test category as a guide for test analysis.
In this slide, I want to explain about test category.
A test category is the classification that multilaterally(モーティラレラリィ) captures a feature to be tested without omission.
A feature is a conversion equipment that changes a certain input, and it adds value to the input and produces a new output.
Therefore, it is supposed that it has structure logical certainly as shown in this slide.
The spec items belonging to the feature for a test can be arranged to MECE based on the logical structure.
Actually, the spec items of feature to be tested often distribute to whole test basis.
Therefore, since it is also the cause of the omission in selection and duplication by test analysis, guiding by test categories become effective.
The test category needs to have a specific naming and a meaning specialized in the scope of testing against an abstract concept.
The knowledge of AUT and the fault experienced in the past is used for defining the test categories.
In this slide, UI input , operation, UI display and so on in a column “test categories” are specific names.
When you analyzing test basis, spec items, expected results, and test parameters, these are selected from test basis, are listed as shown in the table like this.
The column headings in this table are same as structure elements shown in structure of Test Condition.
Multiplicity(モーティプリシティ) is according to structure of Test Condition.
This is the way to avoid disorganized listing.
And, same test categories are used for all features to be tested.
It is the practical way that multilaterally(モーティラレラリィ) captures a feature to be tested without omission.
From now on, I would like to introduce an example to use test categories.
In order to sequentially derive test conditions, test analysis activities are divided into steps shown like this.
And Step3 is the target for an example.
I organized the workshop on test analysis. And its participants carry out an exercise on test analysis step 3.
This is for Comparison of test condition derivation between test categories in practical use and not in use.
This is the Exercise overview.
the participants were divided into 2 teams to carry out an exercise on test analysis step 3.
One team had listed spec items, expected results, and test parameters of AUT without using test categories, and another team had listed the same with using test categories.
All participants have knowledge in the theme of this exercise through past testing experiences.
The team that carried out an exercise with test categories used the same set of test categories as the workshop facilitator’s.
On the other hand, another team that undertook an exercise without using test categories. Then Results from this team classified to the test categories after the workshop by facilitator
And then Exercise results are compared.
This table in the slide shows the comparison result of the number of spec items being selected.
The numbers on the first row are suggested answers provided by the workshop facilitator.
The numbers on 2nd and 3rd rows are answers in the exercise by the participants during the workshop.
The result showed the rate of selecting spec items was higher by 22% for the team that used test categories than for the team that did not use test categories.
And then, this table in the slides shows the summary of the numbers of expected results and test parameters.
The ratio of the number of expect results without test categories to the number of them with test categories is 43%, although the number of test parameters is 1.5 times higher.
From these results, it is safe to sum up 3 points
1) The team that didn’t use test categories had a higher possibility of designing lacked test cases at the time of a test design.
Because, the rate of selecting spec items was different more than 20%.
2) The team also did not clearly specify the expected results.
Because the ratio of the number of expect results is 43% less.
3) The team also had a higher possibility of designing duplicated test cases at the time of a test design.
Because 4 test parameters had addressed as another spec items, Although that can possibly become test parameters for the same spec item.
So, I would like to conclude this presentation.
This proposal is test analysis method based on the rule by organizing classifications of test conditions and knowledge for it is using the concept of test categories.
Generally , classifications of test conditions often based on an individual’s own judgments.
Disorganized classifications cause lacks or duplications of test cases.
so this proposal is challenge to avoid lacks or duplications of test cases.
And through the survey in the workshop, efficiency is conformed between test analysis using test categories and not using test categories.
This is the end of my presentation.
Thank you very much.