This document provides a technical datasheet for the 37 km pipeline of the Ogabiri Gas Gathering Project in Nigeria. It includes dimensions, quantities, anti-corrosion specifications, and results from detailed design engineering. Simulations were conducted using PIPESIM and HYSIS to model gas and water flows between five flow stations - Ibugben, Ogabiri-1, Ogabiri-2, Rumokun-1 and Rumokun-2. The pipelines will transport treated gas from the stations to the Escravos-Lagos Pipeline System. The datasheet provides pipeline dimensions, material specifications, and confirmation that the design meets ISO, ASME and ASTM standards.
This document discusses the selection of metallic pipes and fittings for process piping systems according to ASME B31.3. It covers establishing design conditions and material selection criteria such as pressure class, reliability, corrosion resistance and cost. Key factors in pipe and fitting selection include material of construction, pressure-temperature ratings, joint types, fluid compatibility and standards compliance. The document provides guidance on pipe manufacturing methods and examples of pipe and fitting standards.
Subsea pipelines are the arteries of the offshore industry, and around the world more than 18,000km are in service. Part of almost every project, they often form a large component of project cost. This course will provide a complete and up-to-date overview of the area of Subsea Pipeline Engineering, taking delegates through the pre-design phase, design, construction, installation, operation and maintenance.
It will give a complete picture of the work of design engineers and pipeline construction companies, using actual case studies from around the world to highlight the topics discussed. While the course requires no previous experience, this is not a superficial overview. The lecturers bring to the course a long experience of industry projects, in many parts of the world and under varied conditions. The technology is far from being static, and the trainers will discuss new developments and ideas for the future.
This document outlines the proposed methodology for installing an offshore pipeline including 5 key stages: 1) Onshore pipeline installation, 2) Shore approach construction, 3) Offshore pipelaying using a pipelay barge, 4) Riser installation at an offshore platform, and 5) Post-lay trenching of the subsea pipeline. The document provides details on the pipeline route, scope of work, project schedule, management team, pipelay barge specifications, and methodology for each construction stage.
PIPELINE DESIGN, INTEGRITY AND RELIABILITY REPORTRAPHAEL AGORUA
This document provides a detailed pipeline design report for a 38-inch x 9-kilometer pipeline connecting an Ibugben Flow Station to an Ogabiri-1 Manifold. It includes background information on the Ogabiri Gas Gathering Project, the scope of work, acknowledgements, and design interface. The report then outlines the gas pipe design criteria considering factors like velocity, corrosion, applicable industry guidelines/standards, material selection, and frequently used ASTM grades. System descriptions, design parameters, and technical field data are presented. Simulation results from Hysis and Pipesim are referenced. The conclusion recommends the 38-inch pipe design for the specified pipeline.
This document provides standards for piping design, layout, and stress analysis. It covers topics such as design and layout considerations including numbering systems, safety, clearance, pipe routing, valves, equipment piping, and stress analysis criteria. The standards are intended to replace individual company specifications and be used in existing and future offshore oil and gas developments. It references other NORSOK and international standards and does not cover all instrument control piping, risers, sanitary piping, or GRP piping.
Overview of main components of subsea production / injection systems, including:
Wellhead
Subsea tree (Vertical, Horizontal, or Drill-thru)
Structural foundation / Template / Manifold /Jumpers
Subsea processing equipment
Chemical injection system
Umbilical with electrical power and signal cables
Risers
Production Control and Monitoring System
The document provides an overview of process plant piping system design. It discusses key components of piping systems including pipe, fittings, flanges, gaskets, bolting, valves and supports. It describes design requirements according to the ASME B31.3 code and considerations for material selection such as strength, corrosion resistance, toughness and cost. Examples of stress analysis, flange rating determination and valve selection are also provided.
This document provides information on flange management including piping specifications, flanges, gaskets, and flange bolting. It discusses piping specifications, commonly used materials, pipe sizing standards, flange types, standards, pressure and temperature ratings, specifications, identification, installation guidelines, and gasket types. It emphasizes the importance of following piping specifications and using the correct materials for flanges and gaskets according to the service conditions.
This document summarizes ASME Section VIII Division 2 requirements for welding and non-destructive testing of welds. It outlines weld categories, fabrication requirements including repair of defects, welding identification markings, and acceptance standards for radiographic, penetrant, and ultrasonic testing of welds. Impact testing of welds is also addressed including testing of vessel test plates to qualify welding procedures for different weld categories.
A 1995-1998 project evaluated using coiled tubing for artificial lift applications. Shell successfully used coiled tubing to deploy an electric submersible pump offshore for the first time. Other applications of coiled tubing for artificial lift that were studied included gas lift, jet pumps, and deploying coiled tubing for well unloading and recompletions. Coiled tubing provided benefits over conventional artificial lift methods like reducing installation time and costs.
Process piping fundamentals, codes and standards module 1BHARAT BELLAD
This document provides an overview of process piping fundamentals, codes, and standards. It covers topics such as pipe sizes, schedules, dimensions, materials, pressure ratings, and applicable design codes. The document is the first module in a nine-part course that introduces piping engineering concepts. It is divided into three chapters that cover piping systems basics, definitions and terminology, and relevant codes and standards like ASME B31.
pipe stress analysis for piping engineeringYoga Sathish
This document provides information on pipe stress analysis, including why it is performed, what causes stress in pipes, and allowable stress limits. Pipe stress analysis is done to ensure stresses remain within safe limits due to various loads from pressure, weight, expansion, vibration and more. Stresses are evaluated separately for sustained loads and displacement loads to prevent damage. The document outlines stress analysis methods from piping codes including evaluating different load cases and calculating allowable stresses based on material properties. It also discusses stress intensification in fittings and provides the definition and calculation of stress intensification factors.
This document discusses different types of storage tanks used in refineries and chemical plants. It describes atmospheric storage tanks, which operate at approximately atmospheric pressure, including fixed-roof tanks, floating-roof tanks, and fixed-roof tanks with an internal floating roof. Low-temperature and low-pressure storage tanks are also discussed. Standards for storage tank design include API-650 for atmospheric tanks and API-620 for low-pressure tanks. Floating roof tanks are described as minimizing vapor losses by maintaining a small vapor space or eliminating it completely.
Wellhead function, rating and selectionElsayed Amer
The document discusses various components of wellhead and Christmas tree equipment used in oil and gas wells. It describes the purpose and components of the wellhead assembly including the casing head, casing hangers, tubing head, and tubing hanger. It also discusses the tubing head adapter and its role in connecting the tubing head to the Christmas tree. Seals, valves, and other surface equipment used to control flow from the well are also covered.
This document discusses gas lift, a method of artificial lift used in oil production. It describes how gas lift works by injecting gas into the wellbore to reduce fluid density and allow the well to flow. The key components of a gas lift system include the gasline, tubing, packer, and gas lift valves. Continuous and intermittent gas lift methods are examined. Advantages include flexibility and ability to handle high production rates, while disadvantages include needing a gas source and potential high installation costs. Troubleshooting techniques and factors that influence gas lift design are also overviewed.
This document summarizes a student project to design a high temperature and pressure naphtha piping system. It includes the project members, objectives to understand piping design concepts and flexibility, and perform stress analysis manually and using CAESER II software. The problem statement is to design a 6" diameter pipe connecting a centrifugal pump and pressure vessel operating at 300°C and 21.4kg/cm2. The document outlines the design methodology, calculations, material selection, and references used.
This document discusses the design of drillstrings and bottom hole assemblies (BHAs). It covers the components of drillstrings including drill pipe, drill collars, heavy weight drill pipe, and stabilizers. It also discusses BHA configurations and the purpose and components of BHAs. The document provides information on selecting drill collars and drill pipe grades. It covers criteria for drillstring design including collapse pressure, tension loading, and dogleg severity analysis.
This document provides an overview of the oil and gas production and shipping industry, including exploration, upstream production facilities, midstream facilities, and transportation. It describes the key stages and facilities involved, from exploration and drilling to separation, processing, storage, pipelines and export. The upstream section involves wellheads, manifolds, separation and processing facilities. Midstream includes gas plants for processing, pipelines for transportation, and LNG facilities for liquefaction and regasification. Various offshore and onshore production structures are also outlined.
This presentation is a course a bout wellheads which includes the basic components of the well head and the advanced techniques.
helping students who are cared about petroleum industry to increase their knowledge about this tool that is important for both drilling and production.
For Further information, use the following LinkedIn account:
https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohamed-abdelshafy-abozeima-9b7589119/
This document provides an introduction and overview of piping design. It defines piping and piping systems, discusses international design standards like ASME B31.3, and covers key piping components such as pipes, fittings, flanges and valves. The document also outlines the stages of a piping design project from start to completion and summarizes important considerations like stress analysis, material selection and support spacing calculations.
This document provides an overview of a short course on marine pipeline engineering that will take place from January 12-14, 2014 in Tehran, Iran. The course will cover all phases of submarine pipeline projects from conceptual design to detail engineering. Specific topics that will be discussed include relevant codes and standards, route selection, material selection, installation considerations, stability analysis, and software tools for pipeline design. The instructor, Hadi Tahmasbi, has over 15 years of experience in offshore structural engineering for pipelines.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It states that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that make one feel happier and more relaxed and can have significant long-term effects on reducing symptoms of mental illnesses.
The document describes the design of an export pipeline that will transport sour fluids at high pressures and temperatures over 150 km. It specifies the pipeline will be made of X-65 carbon steel with a minimum inner diameter of 36 inches, outer diameter of 38 inches, and wall thickness of 1 inch. The pipeline is designed to withstand an uninhibited corrosion rate of up to 5 mm/year through the use of corrosion inhibitors at a concentration of 100 ppm, which can reduce the corrosion rate to 0.30 mm/year and provide 95% availability. Monitoring and inspection methods include the use of ER probes and risk-based inspection to check for corrosion and damage over the pipeline's 25 year design lifetime.
The document discusses the design of a natural gas pipeline from Farmington, New Mexico to Seattle, Washington. It outlines the key components of pipeline systems including pipes, compressor stations, metering stations, valves, and control systems. The document then describes the methodology used to design the pipeline, which included calculating pipe length and number of compressor stations needed based on flow equations, cities' distances and elevations. Finally, it presents the results of a cost analysis which recommended a 20-inch diameter pipeline with 6 compressor stations as the most economical solution.
over veiw on desighn of offshore pipelinesvinod kumar
The document discusses the safe installation of offshore pipelines over depressions. It covers several topics:
1. External and internal pressures on pipelines from waves, currents, and fluid flow can cause stresses.
2. Buckling is a failure mode that can occur if axial forces exceed the pipeline's buckling capacity. Upheaval buckling occurs when a pipeline vertically buckles upward.
3. Proper pipeline design considers collapse resistance from external pressure, burst containment from internal pressure, and local buckling from bending stresses. Wall thickness and steel grade selection affects the design.
02 pipeline systems engineering and routing considerationsalco345ua
This document provides an overview of subsea pipeline systems engineering and key factors in pipeline routing. It discusses the primary functions and key elements of pipeline systems. It also outlines the major phases of pipeline projects and the systematic approach used, including project execution plans, design basis, and auxiliary plans. Finally, it discusses many important considerations for pipeline route selection, including political, environmental, physical environment, and seabed characteristics factors.
The document discusses various modes of transportation. It describes pipelines as a unique mode that can transport large quantities of fluids over long distances at low cost. It provides an example of a successful pipeline project by Numaligarh Refinery Ltd in India that improved its profitability. It also describes intermodal transportation, which involves using multiple modes, and package carriers that deliver parcels and mail.
An offshore pipeline is used to transfer oil or gas from offshore platforms to onshore terminals. It is similar to an onshore pipeline but is laid underwater in a straight line or gentle curve. Offshore pipelines are concrete coated for protection and stability, use sacrificial anodes for cathodic protection, and do not require right-of-way or above-ground stringing like onshore pipelines. They transfer oil from offshore production platforms and subsea wells to shore.
A June 2016 update on proposed rule changes from PHMSA.
Source: phmsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/DownloadableFiles/Files/Gas_NPRM_slides_June_2_2016_All.pdf
The document summarizes the South Stream Pipeline project which will transport natural gas from Russia to Europe through the Black Sea. It will consist of an offshore pipeline section running through the Black Sea reaching depths of 2,200 meters, as well as several onshore sections connecting to countries in Southeastern Europe. The offshore pipeline is being developed by an international joint venture and will set new standards with its large transport capacity of 63 billion cubic meters of gas per year and ability to operate at great depths.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) involves cooling natural gas to liquid form for efficient storage and transport. This allows the development of a global gas market through LNG shipments. The document discusses the LNG process, which includes liquefaction at production sites, transport via specialized LNG tankers, and regasification at destination sites. It also outlines the key components of the LNG supply chain and various business models for LNG plants and operations.
The document provides an overview of documentation submitted for the Bertam Field Development Project offshore Malaysia. It includes background on the Bertam field, the development concept involving a wellhead platform and FPSO, general arrangement drawings, and the project schedule. It also reviews Lundin's compliance with Malaysian regulatory documentation requirements for pipeline and transportation installations, addressing items like piping and instrumentation diagrams, specifications, procedures, and quality control documentation for the flexible jumper hoses connecting the wellhead platform and FPSO.
Pipelines construction phase begin after the route selection, environmental permitting, surveying, preparing the right of way, stringing the pipe, easements negotiations, and other pre construction phase have been accomplished.
This document is a guide created by the Oil & Gas Accountability Project (OGAP) to help landowners understand oil and gas development processes and impacts. It outlines the typical stages of development including exploration, field organization, production, and site abandonment. It also describes common extraction methods like seismic testing, drilling, fracturing and discusses associated environmental and community issues. The guide aims to inform landowners of their rights and responsibilities regarding mineral leases and development on their property.
Sachin Gupta has over 7 years of experience as an offshore and onshore pipeline engineer. He has worked on projects in India and the United Arab Emirates involving major clients such as ONGC, MRPL, and Saudi Aramco. Gupta has experience with the full life cycle of pipeline systems including conceptual design, detailed design review, installation engineering, and integrity management. Notable projects he has worked on include the SARB 3 Field Development Project in Abu Dhabi and the MHNRD Phase-3 Pipeline Project in India. Gupta holds a B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering from IIT BHU and is pursuing an MBA in Oil and Gas Management.
This document discusses components and valves used in pipelines for chemical and pharmaceutical industries. It describes the advantages of using borosilicate glass for these components, including resistance to corrosion and chemicals, transparency for monitoring processes, and suitability for vacuum use. It then provides specifications for various pipe sections, fittings, valves, bends, and crosses made of borosilicate glass and PTFE. Dimensions and part numbers are listed for each item.
This document presents the design of an optimized water pipeline to transport water between two reservoirs located 415 km apart with a change in elevation from 300m to 500m. The optimized design uses a twinned 0.9m diameter pipe for the first 384 km to reduce head losses, and a single 0.9m pipe for the remaining distance. This design, with 7 pumps rather than 8, lowers total costs by $3.2 million compared to the initial single pipeline design. The optimized solution meets all design requirements to deliver 1m3/s of water while minimizing expenditures.
The document describes OPIMsoft's OFFPIPE Assistant Toolbox software for offshore pipeline S-lay design. It allows users to build detailed laybarge and stinger models, run finite element analyses to optimize pipeline bending radius and tension for minimum stress, and output optimized parameters, analysis results and charts. The toolbox includes modules for model building, analysis, parameter optimization, converting stress-strain curves and simulating wave spectra. It aims to improve on traditional manual S-lay design methods.
IRJET- Applications of Alternative Fuels in Maritime IndustryIRJET Journal
This document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in the maritime industry to reduce emissions and fuel costs. It focuses on natural gas and hydrogen. Natural gas produces fewer emissions than coal or diesel and is cheaper than crude oil. It can be used on ships in liquid (LNG) or compressed gas form. Hydrogen is abundant but requires energy to extract from water or other sources. The effects of using natural gas and hydrogen in gas turbines were modeled, finding a small reduction in efficiency but lower fuel consumption and emissions compared to diesel. Natural gas was identified as a promising near-term alternative fuel for ships, while hydrogen requires more technological developments.
This document provides an overview of major carbon capture technologies, including post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture, and oxy-combustion. It discusses the technology readiness levels of different approaches, advantages and challenges of each type of capture, and the need for large-scale commercial demonstrations of integrated carbon capture and storage technologies. Key points covered include a description of different capture technologies, the importance of improving power plant efficiency to reduce carbon emissions, current status of different technologies in terms of readiness levels, and factors important for commercial deployment of carbon capture systems.
Apec workshop 2 presentation 12 lh ci cinco presidentes-pemex-apec workshop 2Global CCS Institute
This document outlines a life cycle assessment of CO2 emissions from a CO2-EOR project in southern Mexico. It describes the goal of understanding environmental impacts from a life cycle perspective and estimating CO2 emissions associated with various steps of the project. The methodology estimates emissions using activity data and emission factors. Results found that CO2 emissions from the offshore platform to refinery via the EOR project were 5.41 tCO2eq per ton of CO2 injected, and the project reduced greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impacts compared to business as usual.
This document presents a proposal for a waste to energy plant in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It discusses the background and milestones of the project, including agreements signed in 2005, 2007, and 2008. It then outlines the benefits of the project, such as improving environmental standards, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from landfills, and promoting renewable energy. The document provides an overview of the proposed gasification technology and its multi-stage integrated process to convert waste into syngas and then electricity. It compares the advanced thermal process system technology favorably to incineration in terms of energy recovery, emissions, and footprint. The presentation aims to gain approval for the waste to energy plant project.
The document discusses the Office of Clean Coal's goals and vision to support research, development and demonstration of technologies to ensure availability of clean, affordable energy from coal and fossil resources. It outlines 5 goals, including demonstrating near-zero emission fossil-based technologies and driving international collaboration and acceptance of carbon capture and storage technologies. It also provides an overview of major carbon capture and storage demonstration projects in the US, including their locations, costs, funding sources and intended storage methods (enhanced oil recovery or saline aquifer storage).
The document discusses carbon capture technologies that are likely to appear in future phases of carbon capture and storage (CCS) deployment. It provides information on various carbon capture technologies including post-combustion capture using solvents like amines, pre-combustion capture through integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants, and oxy-fuel combustion. Examples of large-scale CCS projects currently in operation or development are also mentioned, such as the Kemper County energy facility and White Rose CCS project.
This document summarizes a study examining the use of alumina-supported nickel catalysts promoted with zirconia, ceria, and magnesia for dry reforming of methane. Dry reforming of methane is presented as an environmentally friendly process for producing synthesis gas. Nickel catalysts are commonly used but are prone to deactivation from carbon deposition; the study investigated how promoter oxides could improve catalyst activity and stability. Catalysts with 10% nickel loading promoted with 5% zirconia showed the highest methane conversion, while 5% ceria promotion led to the best stability based on characterization of fresh and used catalysts.
PRODUCTION & LOGISTICS FOR AN IN-MARKET FRAC SAND SUPPLYiQHub
This document discusses plans by Hog Lick Aggregates LLC to develop a zero emissions frac sand and aggregates production facility. It proposes 5 components: 1) sourcing frac sand from local deposits to reduce transport emissions; 2) using electric equipment powered by an on-site biomass plant; 3) drying frac sand with steam rather than natural gas; 4) producing hydrogen on-site to fuel vehicles and equipment; and 5) capturing and storing carbon emissions. Economic analyses show the biomass plant and steam drying would save on energy costs and pay for themselves within a few years. The company is also pursuing funding to establish a regional hydrogen production hub.
This document describes a study evaluating different steam cycle designs to provide heat and power for a CO2 capture system on an offshore oil and gas installation. Three steam cycle configurations were modeled - an extraction condensing turbine, backpressure turbine, and combination cycle. The backpressure cycle was found to provide all necessary steam and power for CO2 capture and compression with some excess capacity. Weight relationships for major equipment were developed to estimate how cycle components would scale with changes in gas turbine exhaust flow. The study aims to identify the best steam cycle design for offshore CO2 capture applications.
The Global CCS Institute presented a workshop at the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) ‘Carbon Management Technology Conference’ in Alexandria, Virginia on 20 October 2013.
This document summarizes a presentation on utilizing wasted flare gas resources for mobile CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR). It notes that significant amounts of flare gas are wasted in North Dakota and Alberta that could potentially be used for CO2-EOR. A portable system called PERT is described that can generate CO2 from flare gas on-site for CO2-EOR or other uses. Analyses estimate the CO2 emissions reductions from displacing other fuels and sequestering CO2 from flare gas in oil reservoirs through CO2-EOR. Higher emissions reductions are estimated if more advanced CO2 injection strategies are also utilized.
Benefits and Challenges of Implementing Carbon Capture and Sequestration Tech...theijes
This paper reviews the state of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the potential benefits and challenges of
implementing Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technology in Nigeria as a means of mitigating the
threat posed in emitting CO2. In 2010 Nigeria was ranked 44th by the International Energy Agency (IEA) for
emitting about 80.51 million metric tons of CO2 annually. In this paper, the three different stages that constitute
carbon capture and sequestration are discussed individually, and then the potential for their integration into a
commercial scale CCS process is considered. CCS technology shows promising possibility for application in
plants that emit large amounts of CO2 and also considered are some technological improvements to capture
CO2 from air, as the technology can be applied for removing CO2 directly from the atmosphere and thus
reducing the effect of emissions from vehicles and other moving sources. The development and deployment of
CCS in Nigeria will be very significant in ensuring that we are able to meet increasing energy demand and keep
the lights on whilst minimizing the environmental damage. The market for CCS in Nigeria is likely to be
measured in $billions with the potential of creating over 100,000 jobs.
Advanced Fossil Energy Technologies: Presentation by the US Dept of Energy Of...atlanticcouncil
This document discusses the goals and activities of the US Department of Energy's Office of Clean Coal, including its vision of enabling the environmentally-sound use of coal and fossil fuels through research into carbon capture and storage technologies. It outlines four goals: demonstrating near-zero emission fossil technologies; gaining public and regulatory acceptance of CO2 storage; conducting high-risk R&D on advanced coal technologies; and driving international collaboration on CCS. It also provides an overview of the office's major CCS demonstration projects currently underway or planned, which involve capturing and storing millions of tons of CO2 annually through techniques like pre- and post-combustion capture at coal power plants and industrial facilities.
1. The document analyzes the role of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) in decarbonizing heavy industry through long-term energy system modeling.
2. It finds that CCUS faces strong competition from hydrogen in steel but is essential in cement. Carbon capture could help produce clean fuels through utilization but clean production routes may be more important than more capture units for deep decarbonization.
3. An 80% industry decarbonization policy has twice the total annual cost as pathways aligned with the Paris Agreement goals.
Anup.Shepati_1B.pdf green hydrogen storage and productionmoazrezk507
This document discusses green hydrogen storage and transportation. It begins with an introduction to green hydrogen and the history of hydrogen usage. It then discusses the different colors of hydrogen production methods and outlines the ecosystem required to maintain green hydrogen's status. The document identifies challenges around hydrogen storage, transportation, and safety. It provides examples of INOX's liquid hydrogen equipment offerings and applications. In closing, it outlines the status of INOX's development of a liquid hydrogen fueling station.
This document discusses engineering considerations for the surface facilities of a candidate carbon capture and storage demonstration project in Japan. It considers four main technical issues:
1) Transporting captured CO2 100km via tanker trucks, which is found to be superior to pipelines due to shorter construction time, lower cost, and greater local acceptance.
2) Removing impurities from the CO2 stream prior to liquefaction using adsorption. The most economical removal sequence is mercury, hydrogen sulfide, BTX, then water.
3) Using a heat pump to heat liquefied CO2, reducing CO2 emissions by 70% compared to conventional heating methods.
4) Selecting a centrifugal pump with an
Renewable Energy From Municipal Solid Waste And Automobile Shredder ResiduesJaapaz
A chemical process which utilizes CO2 and CO to oxidize carbon contained in waste to a coal equivalent form of fuel. This exothermic reaction preserves the metals contained and prevents the formation of harmful pollutants such as dioxins and furans.
This document summarizes a life cycle assessment of carbon capture applications in Thailand's natural gas power and cement industries. It finds that oxyfuel combustion provides the best balance of economic and environmental impacts for both industries. Specifically:
1. Oxyfuel combustion reduces CO2 emissions by 70-85% with a 6-10% increase in other environmental impacts and costs.
2. Significant financial support is needed due to the high costs of carbon capture technologies.
3. Oxyfuel combustion is recommended for both the natural gas power and cement industries in Thailand based on balancing economic and environmental factors.
4. Future technological advancements could help make carbon capture more viable.
I presented at Argus Methanol Forum yesterday. Talked about methanol as a renewable liquid fuel option that can offer efficient vehicle for large scale utilization and monetization of renewable energy resources.
This document summarizes a report by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) on technologies that can reduce freshwater use in hydraulic fracturing and thermoelectric power generation. It finds that while some technologies exist to use less water in fracturing, such as using gases instead of water, they are not widely applicable and their main benefit is increased production. For power plants, dry and hybrid cooling systems use less water but are more expensive, and emerging technologies are still uncertain. The regional distribution of power plants reflects water stress to some degree, but switching technologies has limitations.
Online airline reservation system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Airline Reservation System is software which is helpful for ticketing manager as
well as the customers. In the later system all the activities were done manually. It was
very time consuming and costly. Our Airline Reservation System deals with the various
activities related to the Flights.
There are mainly 3 modules in this software
1. Flight Reservation module
2. Flight Cancellation Module
3. Flight Postpone Module
In the Software only user with the legal username and password can sign in. A
ticketing manager can book, cancel or postpone any flight for any customer. Flights are
booked through Flight Reservation Module in which all the details regarding customer
and his flight are entered. A receipt no. is provide to every customer which is unique for
each customer and with the help of which cancellation and postpone of flight can be
done.
Online toll plaza booking system project report.doc.pdfKamal Acharya
In day to day life, Millions of drivers pass through the toll booth to pay toll tax. Manual
process is too much time consuming, so we go for electronic toll plaza. Toll Plaza Management
system is a web based application that can provide all the information related to toll plazas and the
passenger checks in either online or on a mobile device and pays the amount, then the passenger
will be provided a receipt. With this receipt the passenger can leave the toll booth without waiting
for any verification call. If the user selects a place from source to destination, the number of toll
gates in between will be displayed with the specified amount. The user pays the payment via online
payment gateway. This system explains the implantation of automation in toll plaza which is a
step towards improving the user to pay the amount for travelling in predetermined routes.
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a logical numeric address that is assigned to every single computer, printer, switch, router, tablets, smartphones or any other device that is part of a TCP/IP-based network.
Types of IP address-
Dynamic means "constantly changing “ .dynamic IP addresses aren't more powerful, but they can change.
Static means staying the same. Static. Stand. Stable. Yes, static IP addresses don't change.
Most IP addresses assigned today by Internet Service Providers are dynamic IP addresses. It's more cost effective for the ISP and you.
FINE-TUNING OF SMALL/MEDIUM LLMS FOR BUSINESS QA ON STRUCTURED DATAkevig
Enabling business users to directly query their data sources is a significant advantage for organisations.
The majority of enterprise data is housed within databases, requiring extensive procedures that involve
intermediary layers for reporting and its related customization. The concept of enabling natural language
queries, where a chatbot can interpret user questions into database queries and promptly return results,
holds promise for expediting decision-making and enhancing business responsiveness. This approach
empowers experienced users to swiftly obtain data-driven insights. The integration of Text-to-SQL and
Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities represents a solution to this challenge, offering businesses a
powerful tool for query automation. However, security concerns prevent organizations from granting direct
database access akin to platforms like OpenAI. To address this limitation, this Paper proposes developing
fine-tuned small/medium LLMs tailored to specific domains like retail and supply chain.These models
would be trained on domain-specific questions and Queries that answer these questions based on the
database table structures to ensure efficacy and security. A pilot study is undertaken to bridge this gap by
fine-tuning selected LLMs to handle business-related queries and associated database structures, focusing
on sales and supply chain domains. The research endeavours to experiment with zero-shot and fine-tuning
techniques to identify the optimal model. Notably, a new dataset is curated for fine-tuning, comprising
business-specific questions pertinent to the sales and supply chain sectors. This experimental framework
aims to evaluate the readiness of LLMs to meet the demands for business query automation within these
specific domains. The study contributes to the progression of natural language query processing and
database interaction within the realm of business intelligence applications.
Natural Is The Best: Model-Agnostic Code Simplification for Pre-trained Large...YanKing2
Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLM) have achieved remarkable successes in several domains. However, code-oriented LLMs are often heavy in computational complexity, and quadratically with the length of the input code sequence. Toward simplifying the input program of an LLM, the state-of-the-art approach has the strategies to filter the input code tokens based on the attention scores given by the LLM. The decision to simplify the input program should not rely on the attention patterns of an LLM, as these patterns are influenced by both the model architecture and the pre-training dataset. Since the model and dataset are part of the solution domain, not the problem domain where the input program belongs, the outcome may differ when the model is trained on a different dataset. We propose SlimCode, a model-agnostic code simplification solution for LLMs that depends on the nature of input code tokens. As an empirical study on the LLMs including CodeBERT, CodeT5, and GPT-4 for two main tasks: code search and summarization. We reported that 1) the reduction ratio of code has a linear-like relation with the saving ratio on training time, 2) the impact of categorized tokens on code simplification can vary significantly, 3) the impact of categorized tokens on code simplification is task-specific but model-agnostic, and 4) the above findings hold for the paradigm–prompt engineering and interactive in-context learning and this study can save reduce the cost of invoking GPT-4 by 24%per API query. Importantly, SlimCode simplifies the input code with its greedy strategy and can obtain at most 133 times faster than the state-of-the-art technique with a significant improvement. This paper calls for a new direction on code-based, model-agnostic code simplification solutions to further empower LLMs.
Natural Is The Best: Model-Agnostic Code Simplification for Pre-trained Large...
Pipeline Design
1. FIELD ENGINEERING LIMITED
PROSERVE
OGABIRI GAS GATHERING PROJECT.
THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF
OGABIRI GATHERING PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER: PROS/OGBR/PIP/RPT/151003
RO2 01/12/2015 IFR A.R.O. A.M. E.C.U.
RO1 04/11/2015 IDC A.R.O. A.M. E.C.U.
Revision Date: Status: Issued by Checked by Approved by
COMPANY
Approval
2. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 2 of 19
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
List of Illustrations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
List of Tables --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
List of Abbreviations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
1.0 INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
1.1 BACKGROUND ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
1.2 SCOPE OF WORK --------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
1.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -------------------------------------------------------------- 7
1.4 DESIGN INTERFACE ------------------------------------------------------------------ 8
2.0 FORWARD ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
3.0 TECHNICAL DATA FOR OGABIRI GAS GATHERING PROJECT ---------- 11
3.1 DIMENSION FOR PIPELINES -------------------------------------------------------- 11
3.2 QUANTITIES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
3.3 ANTICORROSION --------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
3.4 RESULTS OF DETAILED DESIGN AND ENGINEERING --------------------- 14
4.0 CONCLUSION -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
REFERENCE DOCUMENT-----------------------------------------------------------------------------17
DOCUMENT HIERARCHY-----------------------------------------------------------------------------17
LIST OF ILLUSTRATION
Fig.1.0 Map Outlay of Ogabiri Gas Gathering Project------------------------------------------------ 6
Fig.1.1 Pipesim Simulation Network of the Ogabiri Gas Gathering Project-----------------------8
3. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 3 of 19
Fig.1.2 Hysis Simulation Network of the Ogabiri Gas Gathering Project----------------------9
LIST OF TABLES
Table.3.1. Dimension for Pipelines -------------------------------------------------------------------8
Table.3.2.Quantities ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
Table.3.3.Anti-corrosion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
Table.3.4. Result of Detailed Design and Engineering --------------------------------------------14
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS
ASME– American Society of Mechanical Engineering.
ASTM– American Society of Testing and Material.
13 Cr - 13-Chrome
16” - Twenty inches
o
C - Degrees Celsius
C/S – Cladded Steel
CFC – Chlorofluorocarbon
CO - Carbon monoxide
CO2 - Carbon dioxide
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
DSAW - Double Submerged Arc Welded
ELPS – Escravos Lagos Pipeline System.
ERW - Electric Resistance Welded
FBE - Fusion Bonded Epoxy.
FEED – Front End Engineering Drawing.
4. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 4 of 19
GHG – Greenhouse Gas.
GRE - Glass Reinforced Epoxy
HDPE - High Density Polyethylene
HCFC – Hydrochlorofluocarbon
ISO - International Standard Organization
M/F - Manifold
m/s - meter per second
NGC – Nigerian Gas Company.
NNPC – Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation.
NO2 - Nitrogen dioxide
N2O – Di-nitrogen oxide
NO- Nitrous oxide
NOx – Nitrogen-Oxygen compounds.
OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
PVC - Polyvinyl casing
ROW - Right of Way
RTP - Reinforced Thermoplastic
SCF – Standard Cubic Feet.
SPDC - Shell Petroleum Development Company
UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
NGS– Nigerian Gas Station.
API– American Petroleum Institute.
WAGC– West African Gas Company.
5. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 5 of 19
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The world as a global village is confronted presently with the threat of extinction as a result of incessant
emission of dangerous gases such as carbon dioxide(CO2), NOx (N2O,NO,NO2), Hydrogen Sulfide(H2S),
Halocarbons(CFCs and HCFCs), methane, HO radicals, etc. These are responsible for the destruction of
the stratospheric ozone layer, that protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation, also known as
Green House Gases (GHG), and has subjected the global community to a disastrous ecological imbalance
known as Ozone Layer Depletion, which resulted to a catastrophic phenomenon called Global Warming,
a precursor of climate change and other pandemic effects, such as the damaging of the DNA of plants and
animals, skin cancers, cataracts, etc.
These gases are mainly anthropogenic in nature (i.e. caused by human factors) and are mostly due to gas
flaring. No wander, the United Nations in the Frame Work Convention on climate change (UNFCCC)
known as Kyoto Protocol, declared the above gases as Green House Gases, and they are mainly caused by
gas flaring. This resulted in the United Nations resolution to stop gas flaring.
A recent data released from the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), that oil and gas
companies in Nigeria burn over $3.5 to $5 billion yearly from over 257 flow stations in the Niger Delta.
That specifically, the country flared about 17.15 per cent of the 95,471 metric tons of gas produced in
June 2015 alone. Also, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) stated in 2015
Statistical Report, that Nigeria produced 86,325.2 million standard cubic meters in 2014. Also, NNPC
disclosed that Nigeria lost up to $868.8 million, about =N=173.76 billion to gas flaring in 2014.Using the
Nigeria Gas Company’s(NGC) price of $3 per 1000 SCF of gas at the current exchange rate realities,, the
flaring of 289.6 billion SCF of gas translated to a loss of $868.8 million, an equivalent of =N=173.76
billion. Specifically, the oil and gas company produced 2.524 trillion SCF of gas, utilized 2.235 trillion
SCF and flared 289.6 billion SCF.
Against these backdrops and the likes of it, Nigeria came up with a legislation to stop gas flaring. This
gave birth to the present gas monetization process in Nigeria, for which Ogabiri Gas Gathering project is
the nucleus.
6. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 6 of 19
1.1 BACKGROUND
Fig.1.0 Map Outlay of Ogabiri Gas Gathering Project.
Ogabiri Gas Gathering Project is made up of five flow stations/facilities, thus: Ibugben, Ogabiri-1,
Ogabiri-2, Rumokun-1 and Rumokun-2, with the central gas gathering facility located at Ogabiri-1,
gathering gases from Ibugben, Rumokun-1 and 2 respectively, via gas pipelines, existing along the right
of way. Then, en Route Ogabiri-2, where the new Gas Treatment and Compression Facilities are to be
installed. Here, the gas will be treated according to the West African Gas Pipelines’ specification before
exiting to the NGC Excravos-Lagos Pipeline Systems (ELPS) via a 4.5km new right of way.
1.2 SCOPE OF WORK.
The Field Engineering Limited’s Ogabiri Gas Gathering Project contract scope of this work covers the
preparation of Pipelines Material Datasheets for the entire flow stations and their corresponding pipeline
connections, that made up the Ogabiri Gas Gathering Project. To achieve this, the entire Ogabiri Projects’
various streams’gas and water compositons and conditions were simulated using PIPESIM and HYSIS.
The design simulation of the various pipeline systems connecting the entire facilities en route the
7. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 7 of 19
Escravos- Lagos-Pipelines-System (ELPS), was done using PIPESIM and HYSIS simulations, as
presented in the tables below.
The design conditions, compositions, calculation results, codes, etc, of the high pressure gas line systems
of the entire project facilities as shown in the tables below. Pipeline testing is also included to ensure
compliance to ISO, ASME and ASTM specifications.
1.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
The contractor(our company), Field Engineering Limited, do hereby express their profound gratitude to
Shell Petroleum Development Company(SPDC), Nigeria, and their partner Nestoil Nigeria Limited, for
the opportunity to execute on their behalf, the Ogabiri Gas Gathering Project.
A contract project of this magnitude could not have been satisfactorily executed without the active
support, co-operation and understanding, as well as abiding patience of the SPDC and Nestoil staff that
are intimately connected with the project. In this regard, we sincerely thank Dr. Chris Ucheobi, the Head
of the K2S Engineering Department, Mr. Lovel Omoanreghan and Mrs. Roseline Uzuegbu, of Nestoil
Nigeria Limited, respectively. Also, Adedotun, Taiwo, Oladipo, facilitators of the training consultants to
Nestoil.
Our company’s appreciation and thanks go to the chiefs, community leaders and youths of the respective
communities involved directly or indirectly for the conducive atmosphere enjoyed during the execution of
this project. Our special gratitude also goes to the youth leaders of the respective communities involved,
for their invaluable maturity, assistance and roles towards a hitch-free execution of this project contract.
8. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 8 of 19
1.4 DESIGN INTERFACE.
Fig.1.1 Pipsim Simulation Network of the Ogabiri Gas Gathering Project.
9. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 9 of 19
Fig.1.2 Hysis Simulation Network of the Ogabiri Gas Gathering Project
10. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 10 of 19
The 37 km Ogabiri Gas Gathering Project via existing Right of Way (ROW), en route the bushy/swampy
terrain of the communities involved, thus; Ibugben, Rumokun and Ogabiri, connecting the Ogabiri Gas
Gathering Facility, from where the gas will be transported to NGS Excravos via ELPS pipeline route. The
pipeline will interface at the other end with a Pig Launcher/Receivers, as well as other tie-in integration
requirements.
Pipeline Design Teams will interface with these other teams: Process Engineering, Mechanical
Engineering, Piping, Civil/Structural Engineering as well as Electrical Engineering & Instrumentations
Engineering, for the success of the project and will during the course of this project, exchange inputs with
the afore-mentioned disciplines. The Pipeline teams will also interface with the project management team
for effective and timely delivery of the entire project.
2.0 FORWARD
This document shall be read along with the following documents:
Detailed Pipeline Design Report for Nine Kilometer Pipeline Connecting the Ibugben Flow
Station and Ogabiri-1 Manifold: No. PROS/OGBR/RPT/151/003 and other teams’ reports.
11. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 11 of 19
3.0 TECHNICAL DATA FOR THE GAS PIPELINES
3.1 DIMENSIONS FOR PIPELINES
Table 3.1 Dimension for Pipelines.
PARAMETERS. GAS REQUIREMENTS.
IBUGBEN
(Ibugben to
Ogabiri-1
M/F)
RUMOKU
N-1
(Rumokun-
1 to
Ogabiri-1
M/F)
RUMOKU
N-2
(Rumokun-
2 to
Ogabiri-1
M/F)
OGABIRI-1
M/F
(Ogabiri-1
M/F passing
through
{Ogabiri-2
M/F} to
CPF)
CPF to
ELPS.
NPS(INCH) 38 38 42 42 28
OUTSIDE DIAMETER(mm)
(B31.8)
1050.8 1000.7 1050.8 1067.3 701.0
WALL THICKNESS(mm) 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7
CORROSION
ALLOWANCE(mm)
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
DESIGN TEMPERATURE
MAXIMUM(0
C)
29.4 26.7 29.4 26.7 51.3
AVERAGE LENGHT OF
PIPE(M)
9,000.00 12,000.00 8,500.00 3000.00 4,500.00
JOINT FACTOR 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
DIMENSION STANDARD API 5L API 5L API 5L API 5L API 5L
MATERIAL DESCRIPTION API 5L X60 API 5L
X60
API 5L
X60
API 5L X60 API 5L
X60
12. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 12 of 19
3.2 QUANTITIES
Table 3.2 Quantities.
PLAIN END MASS(km) 298.26 298.26 298.26 330.21 218.7
1
PARAMETERS GAS REQIREMENTS
IBUGBEN
(Ibugben to
Ogabiri-1 M/F)
RUMOKUN-1
(Rumokun-1 to
Ogabiri-1 M/F)
RUMOKUN-2
(Rumokun-2 to
Ogabiri-1 M/F)
OGABIRI-1
M/F
(Ogabiri-1 M/F
passing through
Ogabiri-2
{M/F} to CPF)
CPF TO ELPS.
THICKNESS(mm) 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7
REQUIRED
LENGTH(mm)
9,000,000.00 12,000,000.00 8,500,000.00 3,000,000.00 4,500,000.00
ESCALATION
30%(mm)
2,700,000.00 3,600,000.00 2,550,000.00 900,000.00 1,350,000.00
TOTAL
LENGTH(mm)
11,700,000.00 15,600,000.00 11,050000.00 3,900,000.00 5,850,000.00
13. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 13 of 19
3.3 ANTI-CORROSION.
Table 3.3 Anti-corrosion.
PARAMETER PIPE
EXTERNAL COATING 3-LAYER POLYETHYLENE COATING
NOTES:
1. The average length of deliverable pipes shall be 12.0m, though a minimum of 90% of
Pipes between 11m and 12.5m may be allowed.
2. There should be end bevelling of an angle of 30o
for plain-end pipes, with respect to
API 5L specification.
3. The actual quantity is verifiable in the Results of Detailed Design and Engineering below.
4. The length given here represents the preliminary pipe length and bends
requirement. K2S Department of Nestoil Nigeria Limited shall confirm the above
ground, on-ground and underground pipes.
14. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 14 of 19
3.4 RESULTS OF DETAILED DESIGN AND ENGINEERING.
Table 3.4 Results of the Detailed Design and Engineering.
S/N PARAMETER
DESCRIPTION
DATA UNIT
1 PROCESS IBUGB
EN(Ibug
ben to
Ogabiri-
1 M/F)
RUMO
KUN-
1(Rumo
kun-1 to
Ogabiri-
1 M/F)
RUMOK
UN-
2(Rumok
un-2 to
Ogabiri-1
M/F)
OGABIRI
-
1(Ogabiri
-1 M/F
passing
through
Ogabiri-
2{M/F}
to CPF)
CPF TO
ELPS.
1.1 Gas Inlet Temperature. 29.44 26.67 29.44 26.67 51.27 O
C
1.2 Gas Inlet Pressure. 4000 4200 4000 3938 6000 KPa
1.3 Gas Inlet Molar Flow. 4.98 10.08 28.95 30.82 81.16 MMS
CFD
1.4 Pipeline Temperature
Change.
1.994 0.5568 0.8201 26.00 1.266 O
C
1.5 Pipeline Pressure
Drop.
4.785 2.778 62.42 3938 65.09 KPa
1.6 Pipeline Heat-loss. 2.172e+
004
234.3 3.059e+0
04
64.95 1.820e+
005
KJ/h
1.7 Gas Outlet
Temperature.
27.45 28.89 25.85 25.12 50.00 O
C
1.8 Gas Outlet Pressure. 3995 4197 3938 3866 5935 KPa
1.9 Gas Outlet Molar
Flow.
4.980 0.2024 28.95 75.01 81.16 MMS
CFD
1.10 Design life 25 25 25 25 25 Yrs
1.11 Minimum Bend
Radius:
1.11.1 Cold Bending Radius 10508 10007 10508 10673 7005 MM
15. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 15 of 19
1.11.2 Hot Bending Radius 4203.2 4002.8 4203.2 4269.2 2802 MM
1.11.3 With Other Bending
Devices
2101.6 2001.4 2101.6 2134.6 1401 MM
1.12 Pipe outside diameter 1050.8 1000.7 1050.8 1067.3 701.0 MM
1.13 Pipe inside diameter 1025.4 975.3 1025.4 1041.9 675.1 MM
1.14 Pipe wall thickness
(Mainline seasonal
swamp/land) section
12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 MM
1.15 Pipe wall thickness
(mainline river/road
crossing) section
NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE MM
1.16 Pipe wall thickness
(Major barrels)
12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 MM
1.17 Pipe Grade API 5L
X60
API 5L
X60
API 5L
X60
API 5L
60
API 5L
60
NA
1.18 Flow Velocity Range 15.24 –
4.27
15.24 –
4.27
15.24 –
4.27
15.24 –
4.27
15.24 –
4.27
M/S
2 TOPOGRAPHICAL
2.1 Pipeline length 9.00 12.00 8.50 3.00 4.50 KM
2.2 River Crossings None None None None None None
2.3 Rivers Crossing Block
Valves
(Upstream/Down
stream of Rivers
Crossings)
None None None None None None
2.4 Creek crossing ≥ 20m None None None None None None
2.5 Creek crossing < 20m None None None None None None
2.6 Road crossing ≥ 15m None None None None None None
2.7 Road crossing < 15m None None None None None None
2.8 Burial depth
(underwater cover @
creeks) - below
mudline.
None None None None None M
2.9 Burial Depth
(underwater cover @
river crossing) – below
mud cut.
None None None None None M
2.10 Burial Depth
(minimum cover) –
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 M
16. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 16 of 19
Rural Road Crossing
by
2.11 Burial Depth
(Minimum cover
below undisturbed
ground surface) –
Major Road Crossing
by Thrust Bore
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 M
3. CORROSION
CONTROL
3.1 Corrosion Allowance 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 MM/
YR
3.2 External Concrete
Coating (Swamp/River
Sections)
80 80 80 80 80 MM
3.3 External Anti-
Corrosion Coating (3-
Layer Polyethylene)
3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 MM
3.4 Internal Coating None None None None None -NA-
3.5 Cathodic Protection
(By Impressed
Current)
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -NA-
3.6 Corrosion Monitoring
(By Intelligent Pig)
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -NA-
3.7 Electrical Insulation
(By Insulating Joints
@ above/below
ground
transitions)
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -NA-
3.8 Corrosion Inhibition
Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
4 ANCILLIARY
EQUIPMENT
4.1 Pig Launcher /
Receiver
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NO
4.2 Mixer Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NO
4.3 Slug Catcher Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NO
4.4 Water Splitter Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NO
4.5 Booster Compressor Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NO
5 ENVIRONMENTAL
17. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 17 of 19
5.1 Maximum Wind
Speed.
20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 M/S
5.2 Average Daily
Relative
Humidity(Maximum)
97 97 97 97 97 %
5.3 Average Daily
Relative
Humidity(Minimum)
83 83 83 83 83 %
5.4 Average Daily
Relative
Humidity(Mean)
72 72 72 72 72 %
5.5 Ambient temperature
(Maximum)
29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 0
C
5.6 Ambient Temperature
(Minimum)
18 18 18 18 18 0
C
5.7 Mean Maximum
Hourly Rainfall
100 100 100 100 MM
5.8 Mean Maximum
Monthly
Rainfall(occurs in
September)
355 355 355 355 355 MM
5.9 Average Annual
Rainfall
2800 2800 2800 2800 2800 MM
4.0 CONCLUSION
This project was carefully executed with enough up-to-date science and technology, which guaranteed
strict compliance and attainment to internationally accepted standards of pipeline for transportation of
hydrocarbon natural gas, without compromising the ecological sanctity of the concerned area, being
guided with the Environmental Impact Assessment(E.I.A), conducted before the take off of this project
execution.
REFERENCE DOCUMENTS.
18. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 18 of 19
The choice of material and equipment, design, construction, maintenance as well as repair of equipment
and facilities covered by the industry guidelines shall comply with the latest edition of the references
listed below, unless specifically noted.
DOCUMENT HIERARCHY.
Should there be any conflicts with respect to any/some of the documents used in this project, reference
should be made to the following listed documents arranged in an order of descending priority, thus:
1. Nigerian Law.
2. The contract.
3. Ogabiri FEED approved documents.
4. WAGC Guidelines and Standards.
5. WAGC Design and Engineering Practices.
6. Industry Guidelines and Standards.
7. SPDC’s Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe T/L Replacement EIA Report.
8. The Guardian: www.ngrguardiannews.com>Features>Weekend.
9. Requirements Concerning Pipes and Pressure Vessels.
- International Association of Classification Societies.
10.Welded Steel Pipe Design Manual 2007.
(Merits, Design Standards, Technical and References)
American Iron and Steel Institute.
Publication Number D631-0807-e
11.Gas Transmission System Design and Selection.
Session 3 Gas Transmission System Design Material Selection EP.
12.Guidelines for the Design of Buried Pipe.
American Life Alliance.
19. THIRTY-SEVEN KILOMETER PIPELINE MATERIAL DATASHEET OF OGABIRI GAS GATHERING
PROJECT.
DCC NUMBER
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151
003
Revision
: Y01
Status : IDC
DISCIPLINE : PIPELINE System/Subsystem : Document type: Philosophy
:DESIGN
Rev. Date :
PROS/OGBR/PPL/RPT/151003.
Page 19 of 19
July 2001(with added agenda through February 2005)
13.ASME B31.8: Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems.
49 CFR 192.619 (a) (1) (i)
14.Restoration of Right of Way
8, August 2008. < http://www.ngaa.org/cms/33/1339/65/84.aspx>
15.Trenching for New Pipelines.
8, August, 2008. <http:www.ngaa.org/cms/33/1339/65/73.aspx>
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