The Challenges of Global Health

Presented By-
Name: Puneet Kour
Registration No.: 11909977
Course code: MGN-213
Section: B1904 (biomedical engineering)
Date: 12 November 2020
Title: The Challenges of Global
Health

Introduction To Global Health:
What is Global Health?
 Global health is the health of populations in
the global context;
 It has been defined as "the area of study, research and
practice that places a priority on improving health and
achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".
What is Health?
 Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-
being in which disease and infirmity are absent.

Goals (importance)of
Global Health:
Human Rights(and
the right to health)
Development
Security
&Diplomacy
Public
goods
Globalization

The 13 biggest health challenges for
the next decade : WHO
1. Climate crisis:
air pollution alone killing an estimated seven million people annually.
In addition, more than 25% of deaths from chronic respiratory disease,
heart attack, lung cancer, and stroke are attributed to the same
emissions responsible for global warming.
2. Health care delivery in areas of conflict and crisis:
WHO said it recorded a total of 978 attacks against health care workers
or facilities in 11 countries last year (2019), which resulted in 193
deaths.
3. Health care equity:
WHO said it is working to address disparities in health equity by
improving "child and maternal care, nutrition, gender equality,
mental health, and access to adequate water and sanitation" and
providing guidance on how countries can work to improve health care
equity.
4. Access to treatments:
about one-third of people across the world lack access to essential health
products such as diagnostic tools, medicines, and vaccines. Limited

5. Infectious disease prevention:
HIV, sexually transmitted infections, viral hepatitis and other
infectious diseases will kill an estimated four million people this
year, accord to WHO.
6. Epidemic preparedness:
unprepared for highly infectious virus pandemic when another
pandemic strikes and potentially threatens the lives of millions of
people, according to WHO.
7. Unsafe products:
one-third of today's global disease burden is attributed to a lack of
food, unsafe food, and unhealthy diets, according to WHO.
8. Underinvestment in health workers:
There is a shortage of health workers around the world because of
low pay and chronic underinvestment in health workers' education
and employment, WHO said.
9. Adolescent safety:
Each year, more than one million adolescents ages 10 to 19 die,
with road injuries, HIV, suicide, lower respiratory infections, and
interpersonal violence leading as causes of death among teens.

10. Improving public trust of health care workers:
The spread of misinformation, coupled with weakening trust of
public institutions, is playing an increasing role in the health
decisions patients make, according to WHO.
11. Capitalizing on technological advancements:
Breakthroughs in technology have revolutionized disease
diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, WHO said, and genome
editing, digital health technologies, and synthetic biology have the
potential to solve a number of health problems.
12. Threat of anti-microbial resistance and other medicines:
Anti-microbial resistance (AMR) has the potential to undo
decades of medical advancements and has increased due to a
number of factors, including limited access to quality and low-cost
medications, the unregulated prescription and use of antibiotics,
poor infection control, and more, WHO said.
13. Health care sanitation:
Billions of people across the world live in communities without
adequate sanitation services or potable water, which are major
causes of disease.
WHO and its partners are working with low- and middle-income

Burden of disease: what is it and why is it
important for safer food?
 What is ‘burden of disease’?
Burden of disease is concept that was developed in the 1990s by the
Harvard School of Public Health, the World Bank and the WHO to
describe death and loss of health due to diseases, injuries and risk
factors for all regions of the world.
 Why is it important to estimate burden of disease?
1. Health data from routine statistics or epidemiological
studies may be fragmented, concentrate on fatal health
outcomes, or only be partially available.
2. Studies which investigate particular conditions may
overestimate mortality, largely because several coexisting
diseases may contribute to and compete for the cause of
death.

Measurement of disease burden: (3
ALY’s)
 The three main units of measurement are "ALYs":
1. DALY (Year of Life for Disability):is often used as a
measure of the burden of disease. The World Health
Organization (WHO) uses DALY estimates to compare the
lifespan and life expectancy of various countries.
2. QALY (Year of Transformed Quality of Life): is a measure
of the burden of disease that causes both the quality of life
associated with the life that a person is predicted to
receive, and the length of life.
3. HALY (Year of Adjusted Health): includes DALYs and
QALYs to define number of illnesses and deaths by
number and is often used to measure the burden of
disease and to compare the impact of specific diseases /
health conditions on communities.

Solutions to the Challenges :
 For prevention of infectious diseases:
1. Vaccination or Immunization is a successful and cost-
effective public health strategy that saves millions of
lives each year.
2. Controlling vectors of disease(malaria,etc)
3. Isolating infected person by Screening individuals to
determine if they have been infected with or exposed to
an infectious disease is a core public health strategy
4. Global strategies for controlling infectious diseases
advise against placing heavy reliance on criminal laws
and penalties.
5. HIV and AIDS education and information as a health
care service.

SOLUTIONS:
 For prevention of non-communicable diseases(NCD):
1. Ban all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion, and
sponsorship.
2. Restrictions on the availability of retailed alcohol.
3. Replacement of trans fats with polyunsaturated fats.
4. Scale-up early detection and coverage starting with very cost-
effective, high-impact interventions.
5. Lifestyle interventions for preventing type 2 diabetes.
6. The early detection of diabetic retinopathy by regular dilated
eye examination followed by appropriate laser
photocoagulation therapy to prevent blindness.
7. Prevention of liver cancer through hepatitis B immunization.
8. Population-based breast cancer mammography screening
(50–70 years) linked with timely treatment.
9. Access to improved stoves and cleaner fuels to reduce indoor

CONCLUSION:
 Global health plays a vital role in the global safety and security. It is
also important to understand the link between health, education,
development, poverty and equality. The rise of health systems should
be guided by the principles and practices of primary health care,
tailored to a rapidly changing state of health.
 Global health thus introduces a global perspective on public health
problems, raises common issues around the world and works together
to try and address and manage these problems.
 Global health practices can respond to some of the major health
responsibilities such as non-communicable diseases (heart disease,
diabetes, cancer and chronic respiratory diseases) or injuries that
occur in varying degrees in many countries, no matter how advanced.
 The guidelines set out the principles and practices that government
can look at when making laws and regulating food programs.
Inequality affects the health of the world.
 . At the same time, they will have to prioritize prevention and primary
care over high-cost tertiary and terminal care, if their health systems
are to successfully cope with the demands of multiple health burdens
in a resource-constrained situation.
 Future of global health is in risk and need urgent strategies .Also
technology is contributing in a vast pace to overcome the various

The Challenges of Global Health

The Challenges of Global Health

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