Marginal costing is a technique used for managerial decision making that differentiates between fixed and variable costs. It involves calculating contribution as the difference between selling price and variable costs, and profit as contribution minus fixed costs. Absorption costing values inventory at total cost while marginal costing values it at variable cost only. Marginal costing focuses on selling and pricing while absorption costing focuses on production. Formulas are used to calculate contribution, profit volume ratio, breakeven point, and margin of safety. An example shows calculating BEP, profit, and the effects of a labor efficiency decrease on both.
The document discusses various methods and concepts in cost accounting, including:
1. Different types of costing methods like unit costing, job costing, contract costing, batch costing, operating costing, process costing, and multiple/uniform costing.
2. The need to reconcile cost and financial accounts when they are maintained separately, to check for differences in reported profit/loss.
3. Key aspects of cost sheets like classifying cost components, ascertaining product costs, fixing selling prices, and aiding cost control and management decisions.
The document discusses funds flow statements and their preparation. It provides definitions of key terms like working capital and flow of funds. It explains that a funds flow statement depicts changes in working capital between two balance sheet dates by analyzing changes in current assets and current liabilities. The summary also shows how to prepare schedules of changes in working capital and sources and uses of funds statements to analyze the flow of funds.
Meaning of management accounting & it objectivesDr. Ravneet Kaur
Management accounting is the study of accounting aspects that help management make decisions. It provides tools to help management plan, organize, direct, and control operations. Management accounting modifies and rearranges accounting data to be more useful for decision making through techniques like budgeting, standard costing, and reporting. Its main objectives are to help management perform functions efficiently and make effective decisions.
introduction of cost accounting , classification, cost sheet , tender sheet, etc. this ppt is prepared for all commerce and management students of all universities specifically for RTM Nagpur University. this ppt will gives basic insight about costing , cost acoun ting, cost accountancy, cost control, cost reduction.
This document discusses the concept of indirect taxes. It defines indirect taxes as taxes whose burden can be shifted to others, in part or wholly, through higher prices. Examples given are excise duties, sales tax, service tax, customs duty, and taxes on transportation fares. The objectives of indirect taxes include revenue generation, reducing income inequality, social welfare programs, earning foreign exchange, and regional development. Key features outlined are burden shifting, taxation of commodities/services, and indirect determination of taxpayer ability. Advantages include convenience, disguise of tax effect, difficulty evading, broad tax base, and potential for forced savings. Disadvantages involve regressivity, high collection costs, inflationary effects, and lack of educative value
This document discusses the reconciliation of cost accounts and financial accounts. When these two sets of accounts are maintained separately, the profits or losses reported may differ. A reconciliation statement is prepared to identify reasons for any differences. Common reasons for differences include items recorded in one set of accounts but not the other, different valuation methods for inventory, and over- or under-absorption of overhead costs. The reconciliation statement calculates the adjustments needed to make the profit/loss figures reported by the two sets of accounts agree.
Capital and revenue expenditures and receipts must be distinguished to determine which items appear in which financial statements. Capital items appear on the balance sheet, while revenue items appear on the profit and loss account. This distinction is also important for determining net profit, which equals revenue receipts minus revenue expenses. Capital receipts include contributions of capital and loans, while revenue receipts are generated from a firm's regular activities like sales. Capital expenditures acquire or improve long-term assets, increasing earning capacity, while revenue expenditures maintain assets and earnings over a single accounting period.
- Process costing is used to determine average costs for standardized goods produced through continuous processes. It involves allocating costs for multiple processes to the finished goods.
- The key steps are: recording costs by process, calculating production quantities, determining normal losses, and allocating costs between processes and finished goods using weighted average or FIFO methods.
- Process costing is common in industries like manufacturing, mining, chemicals where standardized goods are produced through sequential processes and normal losses are inherent.
This document defines and explains the concept of marginal costing. It begins by defining marginal costing as the change in aggregate costs from increasing or decreasing output by one unit. It then explains that marginal costing classifies costs into fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs remain constant regardless of output, while variable costs change directly with output. Marginal costing only considers variable costs to calculate the cost per unit of a product. It is useful for cost control, pricing decisions, determining profits, and other analyses. The document provides examples and formulas to illustrate key aspects of marginal costing.
Management accounting provides essential financial information and analysis to management for planning, decision-making, and controlling business operations. It includes collecting and reporting data on cost accounting, budgeting, financial performance, taxation, and internal controls. The management accountant modifies and presents this information in a way that helps management evaluate alternatives, communicate goals to different departments, monitor performance, and take corrective actions to maximize profits.
Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis is used to determine how changes in costs and sales volume affect a company's profits. It requires identifying all costs as either variable or fixed. CVP analysis explores the relationship between costs, revenues, and activity level to measure how costs and profits vary with sales volume. It is used for forecasting profits, budget planning, pricing decisions, determining sales mix, and more. The three elements of CVP are costs, volume, and profit. The break-even point is the sales volume where total revenue equals total costs. Relevant costs must differ between alternatives and affect the decision. Sunk costs do not affect decisions as they cannot be changed.
This document provides an overview of depreciation accounting. It defines depreciation and related terms like depletion, amortization, and obsolescence. It discusses the causes and objectives of charging depreciation. The document also explains factors affecting depreciation amounts and relevant accounting principles. Finally, it describes the straight line and written down value methods for allocating depreciation over the useful life of an asset.
Business forecasting involves systematically estimating future events based on analysis of past and present data in order to provide a basis for planning. Forecasting aims to understand uncertainties and reduce areas of uncertainty for management decision making. Various techniques are used for business forecasting including survey methods, index numbers, time series analysis, regression analysis, expert opinions, and econometric models. Forecasting is important for effective planning, decision making, implementation of projects, coordination, control, and overall business success.
MARGINAL COSTING AS A TOOL FOR DECISION MAKINGShubham Boni
DON'T FORGET TO LIKE AND SHARE THE PRESENTATION.
MARGINAL COST:-
“Marginal cost is the additional cost of producing an additional unit of product.”
MARGINAL COSTING:-
“In Marginal costing technique, only variable costs are charged as product costs and included in inventory valuation.”
MARGINAL COSTING HELPS IN DECISION MAKING:-
1.Fixation of Selling Price.
2.Exploring New markets.
3.Make or buy decisions.
4.Product mix
5.Operate plant or shut down.
CASE STUDY 1:-
MAKE OR BUY DECISION.
CASE STUDY 2:-
PRODUCT MIX.
Management Accounting - Meaning, Definition and CharacteristicsRajaKrishnan M
Management accounting provides accounting information to assist management in policymaking and day-to-day operations. It links accounting information to management decision making. Management accounting is defined as the system for collecting and presenting relevant economic information for planning, controlling, and decision making. It has both scientific and artistic aspects, quantifying and summarizing financial data while also interpreting the information. The scope of management accounting includes financial accounting, cost accounting, budgeting, inventory control, statistical analysis, and data analysis to aid objectives such as planning, control, and organization.
The elements of cost include material cost, labor cost, and expenses. Material cost refers to the cost of materials used in production and includes direct material costs which can be traced to a product and indirect material costs which cannot. Labor cost is the cost of employee wages and salaries, including direct labor costs of employees involved in production and indirect labor costs of support staff. Expenses include direct expenses which can be associated with a product and indirect expenses or overheads which cannot, such as factory overhead, administrative overhead, and selling/distribution overhead. Understanding the elements of cost facilitates cost analysis and provides manufacturers with cost information.
The document discusses the objectives of cost accounting. It lists the main objectives as ascertaining costs, fixing selling prices, proper recording and presentation of cost data to management. Some key specific objectives mentioned include:
- Ascertaining the cost per unit of different products and providing a correct analysis of costs by process, operations, and elements.
- Disclosing sources of wastage and preparing reports to control wastage.
- Providing data to guide price fixing and ascertain profitability of products.
- Exercising effective cost control of stocks and revealing sources of economy through cost control of labor, overheads, and materials.
The document discusses marginal costing and cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis techniques for decision making. It defines marginal costing as the separation of total costs into fixed and variable costs to understand the effect of changes in output on profit. The key assumptions and terminologies of marginal costing like contribution, break-even point, profit-volume ratio, and margin of safety are explained. CVP analysis expresses the relationship between sales volume, costs, and profits and can be used to answer questions about break-even revenues, effects of price and cost changes, and achieving budgeted profit levels.
This document provides information on consumption, investment, and savings functions. It defines consumption as the use of goods and services by households. Investment is expenditures on capital goods for future income generation. Savings are disposable income left over after consumption expenditures. The key concepts of consumption, investment, savings, and their determinants are introduced. Formulas for the consumption function C=a+bY and investment function are shown. Factors influencing consumption, investment, and savings are discussed such as income, interest rates, and demographic trends. Case studies compare consumption functions in India and Iran.
Absorption Costing and Marginal Costing pptVaseemParry
Marginal costing and absorption costing are two different costing methods. Absorption costing treats all manufacturing costs, including both fixed and variable costs, as product costs. Marginal costing only treats variable manufacturing costs as product costs and treats fixed costs as period costs. Absorption costing results in higher inventory valuations as it includes fixed overhead costs in product costs. Marginal costing is useful for decision making as it focuses only on variable costs relevant to production changes. While marginal costing is simpler, absorption costing follows accounting standards by fully allocating costs.
This document provides an overview of marginal costing. It defines marginal costing as a technique that differentiates between fixed and variable costs to determine the effect of changes in volume or output on profit. Marginal cost is defined as the additional cost of producing one more unit. The key features, assumptions, and advantages of marginal costing are outlined, including how it is used for decision making, cost control, and determining profitability. Formulas for calculating break-even point, margin of safety, and other metrics using marginal costing are also presented.
The document discusses marginal costing and profit planning concepts. It defines key terms like marginal cost, fixed cost, variable cost, and contribution margin. It provides the formulas to calculate break-even point in units and sales revenue. It also explains how to use contribution margin ratio and profit-volume analysis to determine break-even sales and the impact of changes in price, costs or sales on profits.
The document discusses marginal costing, which involves differentiating total costs into fixed and variable costs. It defines marginal cost as the change in total cost from producing one additional unit of output. It also discusses the advantages of marginal costing, including that it provides better information for decision making by separating fixed and variable costs. Finally, it provides formulas for calculating break-even point, contribution, and profit using marginal costing techniques.
Marginal costing is used to determine the cost of producing one extra unit of output. It involves separating total costs into fixed and variable components. Marginal cost is equal to variable cost and includes direct materials, direct labor, direct expenses, and variable overheads. Marginal costing is helpful for industries for profit planning, cost control, and decision-making. Key terms include contribution, which is sales minus variable cost, and P/V ratio, which expresses the relationship between contribution and sales as a percentage. The break-even point is the level of output where total revenue equals total cost, indicating no profit or loss.
Marginal costing considers fixed costs as period costs and does not apportion them. It reduces total period costs from total contribution to arrive at net profit. The results are the same as total costing, only the presentation differs. Semi-variable costs have fixed and variable components. Marginal costing is defined as accounting that charges variable costs to cost units and writes off fixed costs against aggregate contribution. Contribution is sales minus marginal costs. Profit-volume ratio measures profitability as contribution over sales. Break-even point is when contribution equals fixed costs. Marginal costing supports managerial decision making by evaluating a concern's position.
This document provides an overview of management accounting. It defines management accounting as accounting that assists management in creating policy and day-to-day operations. The key functions of management accounting are to provide, modify, analyze, and interpret accounting data to facilitate management control and decision-making. Management accounting furnishes both financial and qualitative information to managers.
Marginal costing is a technique that differentiates between fixed and variable costs. It involves ascertaining marginal cost by focusing only on the variable costs associated with increasing or decreasing output by one unit. Some key benefits of marginal costing include providing clearer insights into the impact of sales fluctuations on profitability and the relative profitability of different products. Marginal costing is useful for managerial decisions related to pricing, order acceptance, make-or-buy analysis, product mix selection, and other areas.
Marginal costing is an accounting technique that separates total costs into fixed and variable components. It only includes variable costs when determining the cost of producing an additional unit. This helps management compare costs between time periods and determine profitability. CVP (cost-volume-profit) analysis studies the relationships between selling price, costs, volume, and profits. It shows how costs and profits change with volume and can help with decision making, budgeting, and performance evaluation. While useful for short-term analysis, marginal costing has limitations such as difficulty separating fixed and variable costs.
Marginal costing is a technique that involves classifying costs as either variable or fixed. Variable costs change with production volume, while fixed costs remain constant in total. Under marginal costing, only variable costs are considered in inventory valuation and income determination. The document discusses marginal costing concepts like contribution, break-even point, profit-volume ratio, and their importance in managerial decision making. It also provides examples of calculating these metrics from financial data.
Break-even analysis is a technique that allows businesses to determine the sales volume needed to break even. It involves classifying costs as fixed or variable and calculating the break-even point, which is where total revenue equals total costs. Break-even analysis can be used to understand how changes in output, price, or costs affect profits. While useful for planning, it has limitations as it assumes costs change linearly with volume and ignores factors like multiple products or price changes.
Break-even analysis is a technique that allows businesses to determine the sales volume needed to break even. It involves classifying costs as fixed or variable and calculating the break-even point, which is where total revenue equals total costs. Break-even analysis can be used to understand how changes in output, price, or costs affect profits. While useful for planning, it has limitations as it assumes costs change linearly with volume and ignores factors like multiple products or price changes.
This document provides an overview of marginal costing. It defines marginal costing as the additional cost incurred to produce one more unit of output, which is equal to the variable cost. It also notes that marginal costing is also known as variable costing. The document discusses how marginal cost is calculated and the assumptions of marginal costing. It outlines the advantages of marginal costing for management decisions. Finally, it explains key concepts of cost-volume-profit analysis including contribution, profit-volume ratio, break-even point, margin of safety, and differential costing.
Marginal costing is a technique that differentiates between fixed and variable costs. It considers only variable costs for decision making purposes. Some key points:
- Marginal cost is the cost of producing one additional unit of output and includes any additional variable costs.
- Marginal costing focuses on contribution, which is the amount of sales remaining after deducting variable costs. Contribution helps cover fixed costs and determine profit.
- Important ratios in marginal costing include contribution ratio, break-even point, and margin of safety. These ratios help management with decision making and performance evaluation.
- While marginal costing is useful for short-term decisions, it has limitations such as the difficulty in segreg
This document provides an overview of marginal costing. It begins with an introduction to marginal costing, defining it as a technique that differentiates between fixed and variable costs. It then covers key aspects of marginal costing including its meaning, features, advantages, and disadvantages. Examples of how marginal costing can be used for decision making are also provided. The document concludes with sections on absorption costing, the differences between marginal and absorption costing, contribution analysis, break-even analysis, and cost-volume-profit analysis.
The document provides an introduction to marginal costing. Some key points:
- Marginal costing distinguishes between fixed and variable costs. Variable costs are considered product costs, while fixed costs are treated as period costs.
- Contribution is calculated as sales revenue minus variable costs. Contributions from all products are summed and fixed costs are deducted from the total contribution to determine profit.
- Marginal costing focuses on variable costs and contributions to aid short-term decision making, while absorption costing allocates both fixed and variable costs.
2. Cost Volume Profit Analysis - a tool for decision makingSimmiAgrawal8
This document provides an overview of cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis. It defines key CVP terms like fixed costs, variable costs, contribution margin, break-even point, and margin of safety. It also shows examples of how to calculate these measures using numerical data. The purpose of CVP analysis is to understand how costs and profits are affected by changes in sales volume, price, or costs. Managers can use CVP to make decisions around pricing, marketing strategy, and product viability.
- The document discusses break-even analysis and cost control. It provides definitions of break-even point, fixed costs, variable costs, and the margin of safety.
- Formulas are given for calculating the break-even point in terms of physical units and sales value. An example problem demonstrates calculating BEP.
- Limitations of break-even analysis and uses of the technique are described. Standard costing and budgetary control are introduced as cost control techniques.
- A case study example calculates the break-even point in sales for a small business starting a cake making venture.
The document discusses break-even analysis, which determines the sales volume needed for a company to cover its total costs. It defines break-even point as the sales level where total revenue equals total costs, resulting in no profit or loss. The document provides examples of calculating break-even point using tables and charts. It also outlines the assumptions and limitations of break-even analysis, and explains its uses for management decision making like determining a target profit level or the effect of a price change.
Cost, volume, profit Analysis. for decision makingHAFIDHISAIDI1
Part 1 discusses different cost behaviors such as fixed, variable, and semi-variable costs. It also covers topics like direct vs indirect costs, marginal costing, and operational gearing.
Part 2 is about cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis. It discusses how CVP is used to determine the break-even point and analyze how costs and profits are affected by changes in sales volume. The assumptions of CVP analysis and formulas for calculating the break-even point in terms of units and sales volume are also presented.
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2. INTRODUCTION
Marginal costing is a technique of costing fully oriented towards managerial decision
making and control. Marginal costing is not a method of cost ascertainment like job or process
or operating costing. Marginal costing, being a technique, can be used in conjunction with any
method of cost ascertainment. It can also be used in combination with other techniques such
as budgeting and standard costing.
The emphasis is on behaviour of the costs and their impact on profitability.
MEANING
It is the additional cost of producing and additional unit of the products.
EX: If the cost of producing 10 units is Rs.1000 and the total cost of producing 11 units
DEFINITION
Marginal costing is defined by I.C.M.A. as “the ascertainment of marginal costs and of the
effect on profit of changes in volume or type of output by differentiating between fixed costs
and variable costs.
3. SALIENT FEATURES OF MARGINAL COSTING
Marginal costing is a
technique of control or
decision making.
Under marginal costing
the total cost is classified
as fixed and variable
costs.
Contribution is
ascertained by reducing
the marginal cost or
variable cost from the
selling price.
Profit is ascertained by
reducing the fixed cost
from the contribution of
all the products or
departments or processes
or divisions, etc.
The profitability of various
levels of activity is
ascertained by
calculating cost-volume-
profit relationship.
4. ADVANTAGES OF MARGINAL COSTING
Simplicity
Stock
valuation
Meaningful
reporting
Profit
planning
Cost control
and cost
reduction
6. ABSORPTION COSTING
Fixed costs form part of total costs of
production and distribution.
Stocks and work-in-progress are valued at
both fixed and variable costs i.e., total cost.
When there is no sales the entire stock is
carried forward and there is no trading profit
or loss.
Abnormal costing lays emphasis on
production.
MARGINAL COSTING
Variable costs alone form part of cost production,
and sales whereas fixed costs are charged against
contribution for determination of profit.
Stocks are valued at variable cost only.
If there is no sales, the fixed overhead will be
treated as loss in the absence of contribution. It is
not carried forward as part of stock value.
Marginal costing emphasis selling and pricing
aspects.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MARGINAL COSTING AND ABSORPTION COSTING
8. 3) Breakeven Point
Breakeven Point (in units) = Fixed cost
___________________
Contribution per unit
Breakeven Point (in Rupees) = Fixed Cost
______________________
Profit Volume Ratio
4) Margin of Safety (MOS)
MOS = Actual Sales – Breakeven Sales
MOS (in units) = Profit/Contribution per unit
MOS (in rupees) = Profit/Profit Volume Ratio
9. ILLUSTRATION 12
The p/v ratio of a firm dealing in precision instruments is 50% and MOS is 40%. You are required to work-
out BEP and the net profit if the sales volume is Rs. 50,00,000. If 25% of variable cost is labour cost, what
will be the effect on BEP and profit when labour efficiency decreases by 5%?
SOLUTION
1) CALCULATION OF BEP
Margin of safety is 40% of sales
MOS = 50,00,000*40/100
= Rs.20,00,000
BEP = sales – MOS
= 50,00,000 – 20,00,000
= Rs.30,00,000
Calculation of fixed cost
BEP = Fixed cost
______________
P/V Ratio
Fixed cost = BEP * P/V Ratio
= 30,00,000 * 50/100
= Rs.15,00,000
10. 2) CONTRIBUTION OF PROFIT
Contribution = Sales * P/V Ratio
= 50,00,000 * 50/100
= Rs.25,00,000
Net Profit = Contribution – Fixed Cost
= 25,00,000 – 15,00,000
= Rs. 10,00,000
3) EFFECTIVE OF DECREASE IN LABOUR EFFICIENCY BY 5%
Variable cost = Sales – Contribution
= 50,00,000 – 25,00,000
= Rs. 25,00,000
Labour cost = 25,00,000 * 25/100
= Rs. 6,25,000
New labour cost when labour efficiency decreases by 5%
= 6,25,000 * 100/95
= Rs. 6,57,895
Increase in labour cost= 6,57,895 – 6,25,000
= Rs. 32,895
New variable cost = 25,00,000 – 32,895
= Rs. 25,32,895