This document outlines the steps for performing an abdominal assessment. It details inspecting and palpating the abdomen, including the skin, umbilicus, contour, movement, auscultating bowel sounds and vascular sounds, percussing the liver and spleen, and performing tests for masses, tenderness, shifting dullness and fluid waves. Specific tests are described to check for appendicitis, including rebound tenderness, Rovsing's sign, Psoas sign and Obturator sign, as well as Murphy's sign to check for cholecystitis.
This document provides an overview of benign breast diseases. It begins with the anatomy of the breast and describes common benign breast conditions. It then discusses the aims of triple assessment, which includes clinical examination, imaging like mammography, and pathology to accurately diagnose breast problems. The document outlines various diagnostic modalities like physical examination, mammography, ultrasound and their role in evaluating breast abnormalities. It emphasizes that the goal of diagnosing benign breast diseases is to exclude cancer and treat any remaining symptoms.
This document provides information on examining the breasts, axillae, and abdomen. It begins with the objectives of the examination, then describes the anatomy and lymphatic drainage of the breasts. It outlines the process of history taking and physical examination, including inspection techniques like specific positions and maneuvers to evaluate for abnormalities. Palpation methods are described for systematically examining the breasts and axillae. Signs of breast cancer and how to perform breast self-examination are also reviewed.
This document summarizes a lecture on the mammary gland given by Dr. Abdul Waheed Ansari. The lecture covers the gross anatomy, histology, development, and clinical importance of the breast. Specific learning outcomes include identifying the location and structure of the breast, distinguishing normal breast histology, analyzing lymphatic drainage, correlating development, and interpreting mammograms. The lecture discusses the location, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, development, histology of lactating and non-lactating breasts, and clinical significance including metastasis routes. Key clinical points are made about skin dimpling, cancer spread routes, and abnormal mammogram findings.
This document outlines the process for conducting a full musculoskeletal assessment. It details inspecting and palpating each body part including the spine, shoulders, elbows, wrists, hands, hips, knees, ankles and feet. Range of motion tests are performed for the joints in each area. Potential tests for specific conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome are also described. The assessment concludes with analyzing the findings to identify nursing diagnoses, problems and necessary referrals.
Benign diseases of the breast, ANDI conditionsmusayansa
This document provides an overview of benign breast diseases. It begins with breast anatomy, including the lobules, ducts, Cooper's ligaments, blood and lymph supply. It then discusses various benign conditions such as congenital disorders (amazia, supernumerary breasts), injuries (hematoma, fat necrosis), infections (mastitis, tuberculosis), and abnormalities of development/involution (cysts, fibroadenoma, duct ectasia). Specific conditions like mastitis of infants, diffuse hypertrophy, and Mondor's disease are also described. The document emphasizes that most breast symptoms in women are benign in nature.
Female reproductive system Presentation (5) Rahul.pptxRahul Yadav
The mammary gland, or breast, is the secondary sexual organ of the female reproductive system. It is present in pairs on the chest wall and its primary function is to secrete milk. The breast is cone shaped and extends from the 2nd to 6th ribs. It is divided into four quadrants. The nipple is located in the center and contains 15-20 lactiferous ducts. The aerola is pigmented skin surrounding the nipple. The parenchyma is the glandular tissue composed of lobules that secrete milk into the ducts. Breast cancer develops from the cells of the lobules or ducts and can spread through the lymphatic system. Regular breast self-exams are important
This document provides objectives and content for a lecture on assessing the breast and axillae. The objectives cover defining related terms, discussing anatomy and physiology, identifying purposes of assessment, preparing clients, examining methods, and noting significant findings. Content includes anatomy, lymph drainage, clinical value, inspection techniques, palpation methods, and considerations for different ages. The goal is for students to understand breast and axillae assessment procedures and findings.
This document provides information on physically assessing the breasts and axilla. It describes the anatomy of the female breast and its extension into the axilla. It details examining the breasts through inspection and palpation to evaluate for size, symmetry, masses, tenderness, and nipple discharge. Lymphatic drainage and the four groups of axillary nodes are also outlined. The summary examines the breasts and axilla for abnormalities and assesses the lymph nodes for masses.
Breast cancer occurs in the cells of the breast and is one of the most common cancers among women. It usually begins in the lobules or ducts and spreads through the lymph nodes. Diagnosis involves physical examination, mammography, ultrasound or MRI to detect abnormalities. Biopsies of suspicious areas help determine if cancer is present. Hormone receptor status and genomic assays provide further information on prognosis and treatment options.
This document provides an overview of radiology and imaging of the mammary gland. It describes the normal anatomy of the breast including lobes, ducts, connective tissue, fat, lymph nodes, veins and arteries. It discusses mammography techniques including standard views, compression, magnification and localization. It outlines indications for screening and diagnostic mammography and patient preparation.
Seek medical help immediately.
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
63
Bruises
- Bruises are caused by broken blood vessels under the skin.
Signs and Symptoms:
- Pain, swelling, discoloration of the skin (black, blue, purple, green, yellow)
Treatment:
- Apply cold compress or ice pack wrapped in a towel for 15-20 minutes.
- Elevate the injured area.
- Take pain reliever if needed.
- See a doctor if bruise is large, severe pain or swelling persists.
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
64
Sprains
- In
The document summarizes the anatomy of the male and female breast. It notes that while the anatomy is slightly different between sexes, both can develop breast cancer. Specifically:
- Female breasts contain milk ducts and glandular tissue to aid breastfeeding, while male breasts have less developed glandular tissue. However, the nipple has many nerves in both sexes.
- Women are more prone to benign breast conditions and have a higher risk of breast cancer than men. Cancer can affect any gender.
- A thorough breast exam involves inspection for signs of cancer like lumps, followed by palpation of the lymph nodes and breasts while noting any abnormalities detected.
1. The document discusses the evaluation, diagnosis and management of breast masses. It covers the anatomy, epidemiology, clinical presentation, investigations and treatment of common benign and malignant breast conditions.
2. Investigations discussed include mammography, ultrasound, MRI and pathology tests. Malignant features on imaging include irregular masses and microcalcifications. Biopsy is needed to confirm malignancy.
3. Treatment depends on the diagnosis but includes aspiration for cysts, excision for fibroadenomas and tumors, and antibiotics for infections. Surgery is recommended for confirmed malignancies along with hormone therapy and chemotherapy.
USMLE ENDOCRINE 04 Mammary glands breast ANATOMY MEDICAL .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
Surgery plays a crucial role in the management of various breast conditions, including both benign and malignant disorders. Understanding the surgical options for breast conditions is essential for breast surgeons, oncologists, and other healthcare professionals involved in breast care.
The choice of surgery depends on the specific diagnosis, patient preferences, and the overall treatment plan.
Surgical interventions aim to address the underlying condition, restore aesthetics when relevant, and contribute to the overall well-being of individuals with breast-related health concerns.
This document summarizes the development, physiology, and common conditions of the breast. It discusses:
1) Breast development during adolescence and the changes that occur with pregnancy, lactation, and after birth.
2) Common benign breast conditions like fibrocystic changes, breast cysts, fibroadenomas, galactoceles, and milk engorgement. It also discusses phyllodes tumors and mastitis.
3) Diagnostic procedures for evaluating breast abnormalities including mammography, ultrasound, MRI, fine needle aspiration, and biopsy.
Detailed explanatory lecture on the treatment of breast cancerPreslenePeter
may become infected. If this happens, one treatment option is a tonsillectomy.
A tonsillectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the tonsils. Tonsils are two small glands located in the back of your throat. Tonsils house white blood cells to help you fight infection, but sometimes the tonsils themselves become infected.
Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils that can make your tonsils swell and give you a sore throat. Frequent episodes of tonsillitis might be a reason you need to have a tonsillectomy. Other symptoms of tonsillitis include fever, trouble swallowing, and swollen glands around your neck. Your doctor may notice that your throat is red and your tonsils are covered in a whitish or yellow coating. Sometimes, the swelling can go away on its own. In other cases, antibiotics or a tonsillectomy might be necessary.
A tonsillectomy can also be a treatment for breathing problems like heavy snoring and sleep apnea.
The document provides guidance on examining a patient's breasts and axillae. It describes the anatomy and outlines the procedure which involves inspection and palpation. Inspection involves examining the breasts visually for signs of abnormalities while palpation involves thoroughly feeling the breasts using a systematic approach to identify any masses or irregularities. Any findings should be carefully documented including location, size, shape, consistency and characteristics. The exam also includes inspecting and palpating the axillae and nipple areas.
This document discusses the management of adnexal masses during pregnancy. It notes that the incidence of detecting adnexal masses increases with routine ultrasound screening in early pregnancy. The majority of adnexal masses detected during pregnancy are benign cysts that often regress spontaneously without intervention. For larger or complex masses, observation with serial ultrasound is recommended. Surgery is considered if there is a risk of complications like rupture or torsion, or if malignancy cannot be ruled out. The optimal timing for surgery is after 14 weeks to minimize risks to the pregnancy.
Similar to HEALTH ASSESSMENT-BREAST AND AXILLA.pptx (20)
The document discusses programs run by the Philippines Department of Health (DOH) related to family planning. It describes the DOH's Family Health Office, which operates health programs to improve family health. These include the National Safe Motherhood Program, Family Planning Program, Child Health Program, and others. It provides details on objectives, components, and services offered by the National Safe Motherhood Program and National Family Planning Program, which aim to improve maternal and child health and allow individuals to plan family size.
ORTHOPEDIC NURSING: CARE OF THE CLIENT WITH MUSCULO-SKELETAL DISORDERRommel Luis III Israel
The document discusses orthopedic nursing and provides information on musculoskeletal anatomy and physiology. It describes the three types of muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones, joints, and other musculoskeletal structures. It then covers assessment of the musculoskeletal system through history, physical examination including gait, posture, and range of motion. Common laboratory procedures used to assess the musculoskeletal system are also outlined such as bone marrow aspiration, arthroscopy, bone scan, and DXA scan. The nursing management of common musculoskeletal problems like pain, impaired mobility, and self-care deficits are summarized. Modalities used including traction and casting are described. Finally, common musculoskeletal conditions like osteoporosis are briefly discussed.
This document discusses common laboratory procedures used to evaluate alterations in the endocrine system. It describes assays that measure hormone levels in the blood, including stimulation and suppression tests. It provides examples of how thyroid hormone levels can indicate hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Tests are also described for radioactive iodine uptake, thyroid scans, basal metabolic rate, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and glycosylated hemoglobin A1C. The purpose, procedure, and interpretation of results are covered for each test.
This document provides information about end of life care. It discusses key aspects of end of life care including physical and psychological manifestations at the end of life, the goals of end of life care which are to provide comfort, improve quality of remaining life, and ensure a dignified death. It also discusses variables that can affect end of life care like cultural and spiritual needs as well as nursing management of end of life care.
This document discusses cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, and hepatitis. It provides information on the causes of cirrhosis including alcohol, viral hepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Symptoms of cirrhosis include jaundice, fatigue, bruising, and abdominal swelling. The complications of cirrhosis are also examined, such as bleeding from varices and hepatic encephalopathy. Treatment focuses on preventing further liver damage, managing complications through medications and procedures, and potentially liver transplantation for severe cases.
This document discusses the components and process of nursing diagnosis. It begins by outlining the 5 components of the nursing process: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. It then focuses on the diagnostic phase, explaining the differences between medical and nursing diagnosis. It provides details on the types of nursing diagnoses according to client status, and how nursing diagnoses are formulated using NANDA terminology and diagnostic statement structures. Factors involved in analyzing data, determining strengths, and prioritizing diagnoses are also summarized.
The document discusses acute and chronic renal failure. It defines the key functions of the kidney system and describes important lab values used to assess renal function such as BUN and creatinine. It distinguishes between the different types and causes of acute renal failure including pre-renal, intra-renal, and post-renal. Medical management focuses on fluid balance, electrolyte control, and removing any obstructions. Chronic renal failure is typically irreversible and results from long-standing kidney damage from conditions like diabetes or hypertension.
The document discusses disorders of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It provides information on the functions of the liver and describes conditions such as jaundice, cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver tumors, and their signs and symptoms. Gallbladder disorders like cholelithiasis and cholecystitis are covered. Pancreatitis, both acute and chronic, as well as pancreatic cancer, are explained in terms of pathophysiology, assessment findings, and treatment. Nursing management is also addressed for various conditions.
This document discusses evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing. It defines EBP as integrating the best research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values and needs. The document outlines the history of EBP beginning in the 1980s and its focus on improving patient outcomes. It also discusses the skills needed for EBP, including critical thinking, information literacy, and communication skills. The five key steps of the EBP process are also summarized: formulating a clinical question, gathering evidence, appraising evidence, integrating evidence with expertise and patient preferences, and evaluating the practice change.
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was established in 1976 to provide routine childhood immunizations against six diseases: tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles. The program aims to reduce child mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases and has specific goals around immunizing children, maintaining polio-free status, eliminating measles, and controlling other diseases. The EPI follows principles of targeting eligible populations, focusing on epidemiology, and providing immunization as a basic health service. It utilizes a cold chain system to store and transport vaccines according to their temperature sensitivities.
The document discusses critical care nursing in the Philippines. It describes how critical care nursing deals with life-threatening illnesses and injuries. It outlines the responsibilities of critical care nurses to provide optimal care for critically ill patients and their families. It also discusses the development of critical care practice in the Philippines and the role of the Critical Care Nurses of the Philippines organization in promoting education and professional development in the field.
This document discusses various topics related to medication administration including:
- Types of medications and their purposes
- Therapeutic actions and effects of drugs
- Different types of doctors' orders and parts of prescriptions
- Routes of drug administration including their advantages and disadvantages
- The 11 rights of drug administration and importance of proper attitude when administering medications
The document provides information to help understand proper medication administration procedures and guidelines.
This document discusses several endocrine glands and their associated hormones, pathologies of overproduction and underproduction. It addresses the thyroid gland and hormones which can cause Graves' disease (overproduction) or Hashimoto's disease (underproduction). It also discusses the pancreas and diabetes mellitus caused by overproduction or underproduction of insulin. Finally, it reviews the anterior pituitary gland and disorders like acromegaly and gigantism from overproduction of growth hormone, or dwarfism from underproduction.
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system, including its major glands and hormones. It discusses the classical endocrine glands like the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenals. It explains how the hypothalamus regulates the pituitary which in turn regulates other glands. The pituitary is divided into the anterior and posterior portions. Hormones communicate between organs through negative feedback loops or by binding to target cells. The functions and mechanisms of several key hormones are reviewed like growth hormone, thyroid hormones, and parathyroid hormone.
This document discusses breathing and breathing exercises. It begins by defining breathing and describing the organs involved. It then discusses the goals and principles of breathing exercises, which are used to treat patients with pulmonary diseases or injuries. Various types of breathing exercises are described in detail, including diaphragmatic breathing, glossopharyngeal breathing, and pursed lip breathing. Guidelines for teaching patients and precautions are provided.
Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a therapeutic approach that helps individuals find the motivation to make positive behavioral changes. By fostering a collaborative, empathetic, and non-judgmental dialogue, MI empowers clients to explore their ambivalence about change and strengthen their commitment to personal goals. This method is effective in various settings, including addiction treatment, health behavior change, and mental health.
TEST BANK For Carolyn Jarvis, Physical Examination and Health Assessment 4th ...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Carolyn Jarvis, Physical Examination and Health Assessment 4th Canadian Edition 2024 Verified Chapters 1 - 31.pdf
TEST BANK For Carolyn Jarvis, Physical Examination and Health Assessment 4th Canadian Edition 2024 Verified Chapters 1 - 31.pdf
TEST BANK For Carolyn Jarvis, Physical Examination and Health Assessment 4th Canadian Edition 2024 Verified Chapters 1 - 31.pdf
Trump vance 2024 t shirts Trump vance 2024 t shirtsexgf28
Trump vance 2024 t shirts
https://www.pinterest.com/youngtshirt/trump-vance-2024-t-shirts/
Trump Vance Make America Great Again 2024 shirt,Trump vance 2024 t shirts,Trump vance 2024 shirt,Trump vance 2024 sweatshirts Grabs yours today. tag and share who loves it.
A price that is appropriate for massage therapy enables cost-effective healthcare access. If such treatments cost is low, it would provide more individuals with an opportunity to enjoy frequent massages which are crucial in relieving anxiety and pain. Because it is cheap, individuals may incorporate such treatments in their healthcare lifestyles without having to be concerned about how much they spend on themselves. At Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman, we are providing all types of massage services @ 99 AED. Visit us today.
BURNS, CALCULATION OF BURNS, CALCULATION OF FLUID REQUIREMENT AND MANAGEMENT.pdfDolisha Warbi
Nursing assessment of burns, Rule of nine,calculation of fluid by Parkland formula, Brooke formula and Evan's formula, Definition of Burns, causes of burns, classification of burns, pathophysiology of burns, clinical manifestation, Diagnostic evaluation, medical management, surgical management, nursing diagnosis, nursing management, phase of burn care, first aid, complication of burns.
Week 8 Case of Tiana-DIAGNOSIS OF FEEDING AND EATING DISORDERS CASE STUDY.pdfReliable Assignments Help
Struggling with your assignment on the diagnosis of feeding and eating disorders? Look no further! At Reliableassignmentshelp.com, we provide comprehensive support to help you navigate and complete your assignment with ease. Feeding and eating disorders are complex and require a nuanced understanding, and our expert assistance ensures you grasp these complexities effectively.
Why Choose Us?
1. Expert Writers:
Our team is composed of experienced professionals in the fields of psychology, mental health, and medical sciences. They bring a wealth of knowledge and practical insights, ensuring your assignment is handled with the highest level of expertise. Our writers stay updated with the latest research and developments in diagnosing feeding and eating disorders.
2. Comprehensive Support:
We cover a broad spectrum of feeding and eating disorders, including but not limited to:
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge-Eating Disorder
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED)
Pica and Rumination Disorder
Our assistance extends to understanding the diagnostic criteria outlined in the DSM-5, recognizing the symptoms, and exploring various treatment modalities.
3. Tailored Solutions:
Each assignment we handle is customized to meet your specific requirements and academic standards. We ensure that the content is relevant, accurate, and aligned with your educational goals. Whether you need help with an essay, research paper, case study, or any other assignment type, we provide solutions that are tailored to your needs.
4. Plagiarism-Free Content:
Academic integrity is paramount. We guarantee 100% original work, with proper citations and references. Our content is thoroughly checked for plagiarism to ensure authenticity and originality. You can be confident that your assignment will stand up to scrutiny.
5. Timely Delivery:
We understand the importance of deadlines. Our efficient process ensures that your assignment is completed and delivered on time, without compromising on quality. We offer flexible timelines to accommodate urgent requests as well.
Our Services Include:
1. Detailed Analysis:
We provide an in-depth exploration of various feeding and eating disorders. This includes a comprehensive review of the symptoms, diagnostic criteria, risk factors, and treatment options for each disorder. Our detailed analysis helps you understand the nuances and complexities involved in diagnosing these disorders.
2. Case Studies:
We incorporate real-life examples and case studies to illustrate the variations and intricacies in diagnosing feeding and eating disorders. These case studies enhance your understanding by providing practical, real-world applications of theoretical knowledge.
3. Research Assistance:
Our experts assist you in finding and analyzing relevant academic sources. We help you identify credible research articles, books, and journals that support your assignment.
Understanding Behavioral changes in Mental Distress.pdfAdetayo Kaife
Sometime ago, I had the privilege of hosting a LinkedIn webinar focused on understanding behavioral changes in individuals experiencing mental distress. I broke down this complex topic into easily understandable segments, and the positive feedback was overwhelming. Many attendees found the information incredibly valuable and requested access to the presentation slides.
I’m pleased to announce that I’ve now made these slides available for free on SlideShare. Whether you're in the medical field or not, these resources can help you better understand and support someone going through a mental health crisis.
You don’t need to be a healthcare professional to make a difference.
World Health Organization Guidelines on Nutrition .pptxMopideviSravani
WHO is the directing and coordinating authority for health. It is responsible for providing
leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and
standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries
and monitoring and assessing health trends.
WHO guidelines on Nutrition:
1. Guideline: iron and folic acid supplementation in menstruating women
2. Guideline: iron supplementation in preschool and school-age children
3. Guideline: Neonatal vitamin A supplementation
4. Guideline: Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for reducing the risk of mother-tochild transmission of HIV
5. Guideline: Vitamin A supplementation for infants 1-5 months of age
6. Guideline: Vitamin A supplementation in postpartum women
August 2024. Smart hospitals use advanced technologies like the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), AI, ML, NLP, and blockchain to improve efficiency, sustainability, and patient experience. Smart hospital applications include electronic health records (EHR), telemedicine, and MHealth. Smart and sustainable hospitals offer many benefits, like enhanced care, cost savings, and pollution reduction. However, challenges like high electricity consumption and cyberattack vulnerability exist. To overcome these, smart hospitals must adopt energy-efficient technologies, use renewable energy, and enhance cybersecurity. In this slideshow, you will learn about the definition, benefits, challenges, sustainability strategies, UN policy, and global statistics of smart hospitals and smart healthcare.
Innovations in Hair Loss Treatment: The Role of R3 Stem CellR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cell is revolutionizing hair loss treatment with cutting-edge regenerative medicine. By harnessing the power of stem cells, R3 Stem Cell offers a novel approach to hair restoration that rejuvenates and regenerates hair follicles. This minimally invasive treatment involves extracting a patient’s own stem cells, processing them, and injecting them into the scalp to stimulate natural hair growth and improve scalp health. Patients experience significant improvements in hair density and thickness, making R3 Stem Cell a leader in effective and natural hair loss solutions.
BED MAKINGIt is the techniques of preparing different types of bed in making assuser3155141
DEFINITION
It is the techniques of preparing different types of bed in making a patients\clients comfortable or his\her position suitable for a particular condition.
Benefits:
The joined thumbs accentuate
all the manifestations of the fire
element within your body and mind,
and accelerate their effects, improving
eyesight and digestion, among other
things.
At the same time, the pressure applied to the backs of the fingers serves to decrease the effects of the air and space elements.
Cost-Effective Hospital Marketing Strategies Maximize your reach without Brea...HMS Advisors Pvt Ltd
In today's competitive healthcare landscape, effective marketing is essential for attracting and retaining patients, but budget constraints can make extensive campaigns challenging. This article explores affordable marketing solutions to help healthcare providers maximize their reach without breaking the bank.
Management of materials and finance hospital pharmacysibirajpharmdoff
Definition:
It is concerned with the planning, organizing & controlling the flow of materials from their initial purchase through internal operations to the service point through distribution
Aims of material management:
The right quality
Right quality of supplies
At the right time
At the right place
For the right cost
6. ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY
• Divided into four quadrants based on
horizontal and vertical lines crossing
at the nipple
• Axillary tail of breast tissue extends
toward the anterior axillary fold
• Findings can be localized as the
time on the face of a clock (e.g.
3o’clock) and the distance in
centimeters from the nipple
After assessing the breast of a female
client, the nurse should explain to the
client that most breast tumors occurs in
the
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
6
8. • The breast is hormonally sensitive
tissue, responsive to the changes
of monthly cycling and aging.
• Glandular tissue: secretory
tubualveolar ducts, lobules –
drains into the nipples or arreola
• Fibrous connective tissue: support
• Adipose tissue: varies with age, the
general state of nutrition,
pregnancy, exogenous hormone, ad
other factor.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
8
10. -
e
r
L
o e
r i n n e r A
q u a d r a n t
81r e a s q u a d r a n t s . T h e u p p e r o u t e r q u a d r a n t i s
o s t a r g e t e d b y b r e a s t c a n c e r .
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
10
14. ADVANTAGES OF BSE:
Women can use BSE to assess their
breast
When they perform BSE properly and
regularly, they can note any changes in
their breast and seek further evaluation
Examination should be done every
month and at the end of menses in all
menstruating women.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
14
15. However, breast self-exams help
you familiarize yourself with the
shape, size, and texture of your
breasts.
This is important because it can
help you determine if what you are
feeling is normal or abnormal.
Any time you feel an abnormality in
your breast, tell your doctor.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
15
16. Barriers to BSE
Lack of confidence
Lack of knowledge and
awareness
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
16
18. ASSESSMENT SKILLS:
Preparation prior to assessment
1. Gather equipment:
Centimeter Ruler
Small pillow
Gloves
Clients handout for Breast Self-
Examination
Slide for specimen (if there is any)
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
18
19. 2. EXPLAIN THE PROCEDURE TO
THE
CLIENT
- what the steps of the examinations
are and the rationale for them.
Wash your hands
Warm your hand
Provide privacy.
3. Assist client to put on gown.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
19
20. FEMALE BREAST:
1. Inspect for
a. size and symmetry
b. color and texture
c. superficial venous patterns
d. areolas e. nipples
f. retraction and dimpling
g. bilaterally, note color, shape & texture of
areolas
g. bilaterally, note size &
direction of nipples
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
20
21. 2. PALPATES FOR:
a. texture and elasticity.
b.Tenderness and Temperature
(warmth or inflammation)
c. Masses
Note for location, size in centimeter,
shape mobility, consistency, and
tenderness.
Note the condition of skin over the mass
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
21
22. 3. Palpates nipples by compressing
nipple gently between thumb and index
finger; observe for discharge
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
22
23. 4.Palpates mastectomy or
lumpectomy site, if applicable
Observing the scar, and any
remaining breast or axillary tissue for
redness, lesion, lumps, swelling or
tenderness.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
23
26. Women who do not menstruate should
choose a certain day to perform the
exam, such as the first of each month.
You should also keep a journal of your
self-exams. This will help you track and
record any changes you have noticed in
your breasts.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
26
27. ASSESSMENT
PROCEDURE
FEMALE BREAST
1. Inspects breast for
A. SIZE AND SYMMETRY
Have the client disrobe and sit with arms
hanging freely. Explain what you are
observing to help ease client anxiety.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
27
33. Normal Findings:
Breasts can be a variety of sizes and are
somewhat round and pendulous; one
breast may be larger than the other.
The older client often has more pendulous,
less firm and saggy breasts.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
33
36. A pig skin like or orange peel/ peau
d’orange appearance results from edema,
which is seen in metastatic breast disease.
The edema is caused by blocked lymphatic
drainage.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
36
37. B. COLOR AND TEXTURE
Normal Findings:
Color varies depending on the client’s skin tone. Texture is
smooth with no edema.
Linear stretch marks may be seen during and after
pregnancy or with significant weight gain or loss
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
37
39. C. SUPERFICIAL VENOUS
PATTERNS OBSERVE VISIBILITY
AND PATTERNS OF BREAST
VEINS.
Normal Findings:
Veins radiate either horizontally
or and toward the axilla
(transverse) or vertically with a
lateral flare (longitudinal)
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
39
40. Abnormal Findings:
A prominent venous pattern may occur
as a result of increased circulation due
to a malignancy. An asymmetrical
venous pattern may be due to
malignancy
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
40
41. D. RETRACTION AND
DIMPLING
Ask the client to remain seated while performing
several different maneuvers. Ask the client to
raise her arms overhead, then press her hands
against her hips. Next ask her to press hands
together.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
41
42. NORMAL FINDINGS:
The client’s breasts should rise
symmetrically with no sign of dimpling
or retraction
Abnormal Findings:
Dimpling or retractions is usually caused by malignant
tumor that has fibrous strands attached to the breast
tissue and fascia of the muscles. As muscles contracts, it
draws the breast tissue and skin with it, causing dimpling
and
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
42
44. D. RETRACTION AND
DIMPLING (CONT..)
Finally, ask the
client to lean
forward from
waist. This is a
good position to
use in women
who have large
pendulous
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
44
45. NORMAL FINDINGS:
Breast should hang freely and
symmetrically.
Abnormal Findings:
Restricted movement of breast
or retraction of the skin or
nipple indicates fibrosis and
fixation of the underlying
tissues. This is usually due to an
underlying malignant tumor.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
45
47. D. Areolas
E. Nipples
F. Retraction and Dimpling
G.BILATERALLY, NOTE
COLOR, SIZE, SHAPE,
AND TEXTURE OF
AREOLAS
Normal Findings:
Areolas vary from dark
pink to dark brown
depending on the client’s
skin tones. They are round
and may vary in size.
Small Montgomery
tubercles are present.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
47
48. ABNORMAL FINDINGS:
Peau d’orange skin, associated with
carcinoma
Red, scaly crusty areas
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
48
49. H. BILATERALLY, NOTE SIZE AND
DIRECTION OF NIPPLES
Normal Findings:
Nipples are nearly equal bilaterally in size
and are in the same location on each
breast. Nipples are usually everted but they
may be inverted or flat. Supernumerary
nipples may appear
The older client may have smaller, flatter
nipples that are less erectile on stimulation
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
49
53. Abnormal Findings:
A recently retracted nipple that
was previously everted suggests
malignancy. Discharges should
be referred for cystologic study
and further evaluation
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
53
54. UIDELINES FOR PALPATING THE
BREAST
Ask the client to lie down and to place
overhead the arm on the same side as the breast
being palpated. Place a small pillow or rolled towel
under the breast being palpated.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
54
55. Use the flat pads of three fingers to
palpate the client’s breast.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
55
56. Palpate the breast using one of three different patterns.
Circular/ clockwise
Wedge
Vertical strip
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
56
57. Be sure to palpate every
square inch of the breast
from the nipple to areola to
the periphery of the breast
tissue and up into the tail
of Spence. Vary the levels
of pressure as you palpate
Light- superficial
Medium- mid level
tissue
Firm- to the ribs
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
57
58. 2. PALPATES BREAST FOR
A. TEXTURE AND ELASTICITY
Normal Findings:
Smooth, firm , elastic tissue
Abnormal Findings:
Thickening of the tissues may occur with an
underlying malignant tumor.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
58
59. B. TENDERNESS AND
TEMPERATURE
Normal Findings:
A generalized increase in nodularity and
tenderness may be normal findings
associated with menstrual cycle or
hormonal medications. Breasts should
be a normal body temperature.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
59
60. ABNORMAL FINDINGS:
Painful breast may be indicative of
benign breast disease but can also
occur in malignant tumor
Heat in the breasts of women
who have not just given birth or
who are not lactating indicates
inflammation.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
60
61. C. MASSES: NOTING LOCATION, SIZE IN
CENTIMETERS, SHAPE, MOBILITY,
CONSISTENCY, AND
TENDERNESS.
Normal Findings:
No masses
Abnormal Findings:
Malignant tumors are most often found in the uppe
outer quadrant of the breast. They are unilateral,
with irregular, poorly delineated borders. Hard and
non-tender and fixed to underlying tissue
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
61
62. 3. PALPATES NIPPLES BY COMPRESSING NIPPLE
GENTLY BETWEEN THUMB AND INDEX FINGER;
OBSERVE FOR DISCHARGE
Ask client to lie down, raise right arm and
check the right breast, repeat procedure to
the left breast.
Wear gloves to compress the nipple gently with
your thumb and index finger. Note any discharge.
If spontaneous discharge occurs from the nipples,
a specimen must be applied to a slide and the
smear sent to the laboratory for cytologic
evaluation
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
62
64. Normal Findings:
The nipple may become erect
A milky discharge is usually present only during
pregnancy and lactation.
Abnormal Findings:
Discharge may be seen in endocrine disorders
and with certain medications ( anti hypertension,
estrogen)
Cancer of the breast, fibrocystic disease
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
64
65. 4. PALPATES MASTECTOMY
SITE /
LUMPECTOMY SITE, IF
APPLICABLE, OBSERVINGTHE
SCAR AND ANY REMAINING
BREAST OR AXILLARY TISSUE
FOR REDNESS, LESIONS,
LUMPS, SWELLING, OR
TENDERNESS
Ask client to sit down then
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
65
67. NORMAL FINDINGS:
Scar is whitish with no redness or swelling.
No lesions, lumps or tenderness noted
Abnormal Findings:
Redness, inflammation of the scar may indicate
infection
Any lesions, lumps or tenderness should be
referred for further evaluation.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
67
68. MALE BREAST
1. INSPECT THE BREASTS, AREOLAS,
AND NIPPLE FOR SWELLING,
NODULES, OR ULCERATIONS
Normal Findings:
No swelling or ulcerations
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
68
69. ABNORMAL FINDINGS:
Soft, fatty enlargement of the breast tissue
is seen in obesity. Gynecomastia, a smooth
firm movable disc of glandular tissue may
be seen in one breast in males during
puberty for a temporary at a time. Also
seen in hormonal imbalance, drug abuse,
leukemia
Irregularly shaped, hard nodules occur in
the breast
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
69
72. 2. PALPATES THE BREAST, AREOLAS,
AND NIPPLES FOR SWELLING,
NODULES, OR ULCERATIONS
Normal Findings:
No swelling , nodules/ ulceration
Abnormal Findings:
Hard nodules, swelling, presence of
ulcerations/ lesions
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
72
74. NORMAL FINDINGS:
No rash or infection noted
Abnormal Findings:
Redness and inflammation may be seen in
infection of the sweat gland.
Dark, velvety pigmentation of the axillae –
acanthosis nigricans, may indicate an
underlying malignancy
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
74
76. 2. HOLDS THE ELBOW WITH ONE HAND
AND USE THE THREE FINGER PADS OF YOUR
OTHER HAND TO PALPATE FIRMLY THE AXILLARY
LYMPH NODES.
Normal Findings:
No palpable nodes or one to two small (less than 1 cm)
discrete, non-tender, movable nodes in the central area.
Abnormal Findings:
Enlarged greater than 1 cm lymph nodes may indicate
infection of the hand or arm.
Large nodes that are hard and well-fixed to the skin may
indicate malignancy
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
76
78. 3.Palpates high into the axillae,
moving downward against the ribs
to feel for the central nodes.
Continue down the posterior
axillae to feel for the posterior
nodes.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
78
79. u11119 11111 u1 u u 1
• •
- ~ " ' - - - - - - - -
he
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
79
80. USE BIMANUAL PALPATION TO FEEL FOR
THE
ANTERIOR AXILLARY NODES.
Palpate down The inner aspect of the upper arm.
If the client has large breast, support breast with your non dominant
hand, and use your dominant hand to palpate.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
80
82. 4. Ask the client to demonstrate how she
performs breast self- examination (BSE).
(This should be offered as an option and
the client’s choice)
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
82
83. S E L F -
A R E A S S E L - T = - E X A M I N A -
O N
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
83
84. B R E A S T S E F -
E X A M I N A T I O N
1 . L i e d o w n a n d p u y o u r l e f t a r m u n d e r
y o u r h e a d . U s e y o u r r i g h t h a n d t o
e x a m i n e y o u r l e f t b r e a s t . V V i t h y o u r
3 m i d d l e f i n g e r s f l a t , m o v e g e n t r y i n
s m a l l c i r c u l a r m o t i o n s o v e r t h e e n t i r e
b r e a s t , c h e c k i n g f o r a n y Iu
m
p h a r d
k n o t , o r t h i c k e n i n g . U s e d i f f e r e n t
l e v e l s o f p r e s s u r e - U g h t , m e d i u m , a n d
f i r m - o v e r e a c h a r e a o f y o u r b r e a s t .
C h e c k t h e w h o l e b r e a s t , f r o m y o u r
c o l l a r b o n e a b o v e y o u r b r e a s t d o w n o
t h e r i b s b e l o w y o u r b r e a s t . S w i t c h a r m s
a n d r e p e a t o n t h e o t h e r b r e a s t .
2 . L o o k a t y o u r b r e a s t s
w h i l e s t a n d i n g i n f r o n t
o f a m i r r o r w i t h y o u r
h a n d s o n y o u r h ip s .
L o o k f o r l u m p s . n e w
d i f f e r e n c e s i n s i z e a n d
s h a p e , a n d s w e l l i n g o r
d i m p 1 i n g o f t h e s k i n .
3 . R a i s e o n e a r m , . t h e n
t h e o th er , so you can
c h e c k u n d e r y o u r
a r m s f o r l u m p s .
4 . S q u e e z e t h e n f p p l e o f e a c h b r e a s t g e n U y
b e t w e e n y o u r t h u m b a n d i n d e x f i n g e r .
R e p o r t t o y o u r h e a l t h c a r e p r o v i d e r r i g h t
a w a y a n y d i s c h a r g e o r f l u i d f r o m t h e
n i p p l e s o r a n y l u m p s o r c h a n g e s i n y o u r
b r e a s t .
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
84
85. BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION
Lie down and place your right arm behind
the head. The exam is done while lying
down, and not standing up, because
when lying down the breast tissue
spreads evenly over the chest wall as
thinly as possible, making much easier to
feel all breast tissue.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
85
86. Use the finger pads of the three
middle fingers on your left hand to
feel for lumps in the right breast.
Use overlapping dime-sized
circular motions of the finger pads
to feel the breast tissue
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
86
87. Use three different levels of pressure to feel all the
breast tissue. Light pressure is needed to feel the
tissue closest to the skin; medium pressure to
feel a little deeper; and firm pressure to feel the
tissue closest to the chest and ribs. A firm ridge in
the lower curve of each breast is normal. If your
not sure how hard to press, talk with your doctor or
nurse. Use each pressure level to feel the breast
tissue before moving on to
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
87
88. Move around the breast in an up-and- down
pattern starting at an imaginary line drawn
straight down your side from the underarm and
moving across the breast to the middle of the
chest bone (sternum or breastbone). Be sure to
check the entire breast area going down until you
feel only ribs and up to the neck or collar bone
(clavicle).
There is some evidence to suggest that the
up-and-down pattern (sometimes called the
vertical pattern) is the most effective pattern
for covering the entire breast and not missing
any breast tissue.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
88
89. Repeat the exam on your left hand. While standing in front
of the mirror with your hands pressing firmly down on your
hips, look at your breasts for any changes of size, shape,
contour, or dimpling. (the pressing down on the hips
position contracts the chest wall muscles and enhances
any breasts changes).
Examine each underarm while sitting up or standing and
with your arm only slightly raised so you can easily feel in
this area. Raising your arm straight up tightens the tissue
in this area andmakes
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
89