Solar Storms (Geo Magnetic Storms) are the motion of accelerated charged particles in the solar environment with high velocities due to the coronal mass ejection (CME).
Earth’s magnetic field, called the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends from the earth’s interior out into space. When the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the sun, interacts with the earth’s magnetic field, most of them are trapped in the Van Allen radiation belt and protects the earth from the harmful charged particles and cosmic rays. The earth exhibits like a bar magnet in which the North geographic pole actually represents the South pole of the earth’s magnetic field, and conversely the South geographic pole corresponds to the North pole of the earth’s magnetic field. The scientists described the cause of the earth’s magnetism that the magnetic field is generated by electric currents due to the motion of convection currents from a mixture of molten iron and nickel in the earth’s outer core these convection currents are caused by heat escaping from the core, a natural process called a geodynamo. The circulating ions that are highly conducting in the outer core of the earth result in the formation of the current loops. These current loops are the reason behind the formation of the magnetic field. Then paleomagnetism is developed to measure the magnetism in rocks that was induced by the earth’s magnetic field. In this paper, cause of the earth’s magnetism is enlightened in a new way. The existence of molten iron and nickel in the earth’s outer core is incorrect because of this high temperature evolving in the outer core of the earth, the materials in other layers also melt. Actually the cause of the earth’s magnetism is the interaction of electric fields electric current induced by the solar wind coronal discharge and the movement of the earth including both rotations about its own axis and the sun as per Faraday and Lenz’s laws of electromagnetic induction. For this cause, all other planets and the satellites e.g., moon in the solar system are having magnetic field which obstructs the maximum high energy particles from the sun solar wind to discharge on their surfaces. Dr. Pijush Kanti Bhattacharjee "Identification Cause of Earth’s Magnetism" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49534.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49534/identification-cause-of-earth’s-magnetism/dr-pijush-kanti-bhattacharjee
The document discusses the sun and its impact on Earth. It provides background on the sun's lifespan, solar events like sunspots and flares, and how these events can impact systems on Earth like power grids, GPS, and satellites. High-resolution imaging of the sun is needed to better understand and predict solar activity and space weather in order to mitigate negative effects on life and technology on Earth.
The document discusses various cosmic events that pose dangers to life on Earth, including asteroids, comets, solar flares, supernovae, and gamma-ray bursts. These events have caused mass extinctions in the past and will continue to threaten life. Even relatively nearby occurrences of supernovae or gamma-ray bursts could damage the ozone layer and increase UV radiation, endangering life. Additionally, the Sun will gradually grow hotter over billions of years and eventually expand to engulf the Earth.
1) The universe is vast and dangerous, with our solar system and galaxy being relatively small parts of the larger universe.
2) Throughout Earth's history, there have been at least five mass extinctions caused by cosmic events like asteroids and comets. These events will continue to occur randomly in the future.
3) Other random cosmic events that can impact Earth include solar flares, supernovae, and gamma-ray bursts, with the latter having possibly contributed to a past mass extinction due to ozone depletion and increased UV radiation.
The solar wind is composed of charged particles released from the sun's corona that are accelerated along the sun's magnetic field lines. The solar wind consists mainly of electrons and protons but also contains some heavier ions. It travels through the solar system at speeds from 150-750 km/s. The solar wind interacts with Earth's magnetic field, protecting us from some cosmic rays but also posing risks during geomagnetic storms caused by coronal mass ejections. Spacecraft such as DSCOVR and SOHO monitor the solar wind and its effects.
This article aims to present possible strategies to save humanity from the consequences related to the cosmic rays that reach the planet Earth, especially the gamma rays emitted by supernovae, and those that threaten human beings in space travel.
A powerful geomagnetic storm caused by a coronal mass ejection from the sun struck Earth on March 13, 1989, resulting in a massive blackout in Quebec. The storm induced powerful electrical currents in the ground that tripped circuit breakers in Hydro-Quebec's power grid, cutting power to most of Quebec for 9 hours. Satellites and space shuttles also experienced technical problems from the increased particles and magnetic field variations. Utilities worldwide subsequently implemented strategies to mitigate risks from geomagnetically induced currents.
The document discusses the biological effects of several types of natural explosions:
1) The Big Bang created the universe 15 billion years ago from a single point containing all matter and energy.
2) Hypernova explosions emit gamma rays that have the potential to cause global environmental changes and damage life through ionizing radiation.
3) Large volcanic eruptions can devastate landscapes and communities through pyroclastic flows, ash falls, and lahars, in addition to changing global climate.
The document summarizes a major geomagnetic storm caused by a solar flare in March 1989 that caused a widespread power blackout in Quebec, Canada. It describes how a coronal mass ejection from the sun released a billion-ton cloud of plasma that took two days to reach Earth, causing spectacular auroras and interacting with the Earth's magnetic field in a way that found a weakness in Quebec's power grid, resulting in a 12-hour blackout. It also discusses impacts to satellites as well as possible increased risks of future geomagnetic storms.
The entire province of Quebec, Canada suffered a major electrical power blackout on March 13, 1989 that affected over 6 million people. The blackout was caused by a powerful solar flare and coronal mass ejection on March 9th that sent a billion-ton cloud of plasma towards Earth. This geomagnetic storm interacted with the Earth's magnetic field and caused surges of electrical ground currents that overloaded circuits in Hydro-Quebec's power grid, triggering widespread failures across their transmission system. It was one of the most significant blackouts ever caused by solar activity and demonstrated just how vulnerable modern electrical grids can be to space weather.
This document summarizes the growing problem of space debris in low Earth orbit and potential solutions. As more satellites are launched, orbital debris has doubled since 2007 to over 34,000 trackable pieces larger than 10 cm and millions of smaller pieces. Even small debris can damage satellites and space stations traveling at high speeds. The increasing debris raises risks of collisions that could trigger an exponential increase in debris through collision cascading. Solutions proposed include active debris removal, using spacecraft to capture debris, as well as reducing debris through reusable launch vehicles and in-orbit satellite servicing. The first active debris removal mission, ClearSpace-1, is planned for 2025.
This document summarizes space weather and its effects. It discusses how solar activity like sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections can cause geomagnetic storms by disturbing Earth's magnetosphere. These storms increase energetic particles in the atmosphere and cause bright auroras near the poles, in addition to potentially disrupting technologies like communications systems.
This document discusses the potential impacts of the solar maximum expected in 2012 and the alignment of the Earth with the galactic plane between 1980-2016. It summarizes concerns that solar flares during the solar maximum could cause widespread blackouts due to impacts on energy infrastructure. It also speculates that the galactic alignment may influence human consciousness and trigger global transformation or disaster depending on how the transformation of human society and consciousness unfolds.
Solar flares are violent eruptions on the Sun's surface that can release energy equivalent to millions of hydrogen bombs and last a few minutes. During flares, material is ejected into space at up to 1000 km/s in coronal mass ejections, which produce bursts in the solar wind that influence the solar system, including Earth by causing increased auroras and activity days later. Flares are associated with the Sun's magnetic field and occur more frequently near solar maximum when interactions between opposing magnetic fields are more common due to increased solar activity and sunspots.
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The document discusses the Earth's magnetic field and magnetic polar reversals. It explains that the field is generated by convection currents in the Earth's liquid outer core, known as the geodynamo. The magnetic poles have changed positions many times throughout history, as evidenced by the magnetic orientations locked in ancient lava and rock. While a reversal takes thousands of years, the magnetic field does not disappear completely during this process. The current field protects life on Earth from solar radiation.
Mars One is planning a one-way mission in 2024 to colonize Mars with crews of four departing every two years. While Mars has similarities to Earth like polar ice caps and length of day, it poses challenges for human habitation including extreme cold, low atmospheric pressure, dust storms, and lack of liquid water. Long term, colonizing Mars could help ensure humanity's survival if Earth becomes uninhabitable when the expanding sun boils away our oceans in billions of years. However, establishing permanent settlements on Mars presents numerous technological and biological hurdles that must be overcome.
The document discusses various natural explosions and their biological effects, including:
1) The Big Bang created the universe approximately 15 billion years ago, launching all matter and energy into expanding space. Supernovas are massive star explosions that add elements to space but their effects on life are unknown.
2) Hypernovas emitting gamma rays can cause global environmental changes and damage life even from great distances through radiation effects. Solar explosions can impact the health of pilots and astronauts through radiation exposure.
3) The K-T extinction event 65 million years ago likely resulted from an asteroid collision, wiping out the dinosaurs and over 50% of species. Volcanic explosions immediately kill many people and wildlife through hazards like pyrocl
The document summarizes information about the Sun, including:
1) It is an average star that produces energy through nuclear fusion in its core and contains over 99% of the mass in the Solar System.
2) Significant variations in solar activity like sunspots and solar flares can be seen from day to day and year to year, arising from the bending and twisting of magnetic fields in the Sun's atmosphere.
3) Coronal mass ejections are powerful explosions that can eject large amounts of plasma from the Sun's corona and impact Earth's environment and technology.
Solar wind consists of charged particles released from the sun's corona that bombard the Earth at high speeds. While solar wind prevents harmful cosmic rays, it can also disrupt Earth's magnetic field and potentially damage the atmosphere. In the past, solar wind was even more dangerous when the sun was younger and hotter. Mars lacked a strong magnetic field to protect it from solar wind, which led to the loss of its atmosphere and climate. To strengthen Earth's protection, we must reduce pollution that damages the ozone layer and weakens the magnetic field.
Solar flares are powerful explosions that occur in the sun's atmosphere. While some popular beliefs predicted that a large solar flare could destroy Earth in 2012, scientists say this is unlikely. Though solar flares can negatively impact technology on Earth by disrupting electrical grids, the sun's activity would need to greatly intensify to threaten life on our planet. Solar flares occur regularly, with smaller ones happening several times a day and larger flares occurring around once a week.
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7 Most Powerful Solar Storms in the History of Earth.pdf
1. 7 Most Powerful Solar Storms in
the History of Earth
In May 2024, we witnessed the biggest solar storm of the past 20 years. Many people
uploaded their POV of the aurora on social media. However, while the aurora borealis is a
beautiful sight, the effects of the solar storms were drastic. Solar Storms (Geo Magnetic
Storms) are the motion of accelerated charged particles in the solar environment with
high velocities due to the coronal mass ejection (CME). Moving toward Earth at the
speed of 3 million miles per hour, these storms can impact us humans significantly. Let’s
explore how.
Impact of Solar Storms on the Earth:
As the storms reach the outer atmosphere or space, they might collide with Satellites or
humans in space. The energetic protons in the storm could cause alteration or damage
to electrical circuits or the biological DNA. At the most extreme solar storm, the
2. passengers and crew of high-flying aircraft could be exposed to radiation risk. Storms
could create intense currents in Earth’s magnetosphere and cause the ionosphere and
upper thermosphere to heat up. This could create a drag for low-orbiting satellites and
harm the power grid. When a solar storm reaches Earth, it interacts with the
magnetosphere making it agitated and compressed, which allows energetic solar wind
particles to cluster in Polar Regions.
Very High-energy particles, like those carried by coronal mass ejections, can cause
radiation poisoning to humans and mammals. When a coronal mass ejection strikes
Earth’s atmosphere it causes a temporary disturbance of the Earth’s magnetic field.
Solar storms can throw satellites off course and cause them to fall on Earth’s surface
putting many urban centers at risk. Many migrating animals like birds and honey bees
are affected by solar storms as they use magneto reception to navigate.
Geo-magnetically induced currents are produced in the pipelines due to rapidly
fluctuating geomagnetic fields causing multiple problems for the pipeline engineers.
Pipeline flow meters can pass wrong information and the corrosion rate of the pipelines
can be dramatically increased.
Solar Flares and its types
3. There are 5 types of solar flares. Here they are ranked from least to most effective:
1. A-Class flares – These flares don’t have any noticeable consequences on
Earth.
2. B-Class flares – These are 10 times more intense than A-Class flares.
3. C-Class flares – These are 10 times stronger than B-Class flares. They have
few noticeable consequences on Earth.
4. M-Class flares – These are medium-sized flares. They cause brief radio
blackouts that affect Polar Regions.
5. X-Class flares – These are the biggest. They cause radio blackouts throughout
the world. They also cause long-lasting radiation storms in the upper
atmosphere.
7 Most Powerful Solar Storms
1. The Carrington Effect: 1859
It was named the Carrington effect because it was observed by the solar astronomer
Richard Carrington. He witnessed the storm through his private observatory telescope
and sketched the sun’s sunspots at the time. It is the first and largest documented solar
flare. It caused major aurora displays visible to the south as far as the Caribbean. It also
caused severe disruptions in global telegraph communications, shocked some telegraph
operators, and caused fires due to the discharge from lines ignited telegraph papers.
2. Solar Flare VS. AT&T: 1972
This is a major solar flare that erupted in August 1972. It knocked out long-distance
telephone communication across many states including Illinois. NASA stated that this
event caused AT&T to redesign its power system for transatlantic cables.
3. Major Power Failures from Geomagnetic Storm: 1989
4. Source – Wikipedia
In March 1989, a powerful solar flare caused a geomagnetic storm that set off a major
power blackout in Canada, forcing 6 Million people to spend 9 hours without electricity.
According to NASA, the flare disrupted electric power transmission from the Hydro
Quebec generating Station and even melted some power transformers in New Jersey.
Although the flare was pretty strong, it was not nearly the same scale as the Carrington
event.
4. Bastille Day Event: 2000
Bastille Day event has the same name as the French national holiday because it
occurred on the same day i.e. July 14, 2000. The event caused some satellites to
short-circuit resulting in Radio blackouts.
5. The Haunting Halloween Storms: 2003
From October till November, the Earth experienced continuous solar flares and coronal
mass ejections in its atmosphere. NASA named it The Haunting Halloween Storms. The
5. storms caused airplanes to be rerouted, affected satellite systems, and caused power
shortages in Sweden. The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) failed due to the
solar storm which studies the Sun, its deep core to its outer corona, and solar wind.
6. X-Ray Sun Flare for Xmas: 2006
On Dec 5, a massive X-Class flare was seen ignited on the sun. The solar storm was so
powerful that it damaged the solar X-ray imager instrument on the GOES 13 satellite
which took its picture.
7. A Very Expensive Storm: 2022
In February of 2022, the launch of 40 Starlink satellites was carried out but all the
satellites got burned in the environment. The solar storm caused the thermosphere to
get denser and eventually Starlink satellites couldn��t pull the satellites upward to their
designated position. The satellites got pulled towards Earth and ultimately burned by the
friction in the atmosphere, totaling a loss of 50 million.
6. Should we be worried?
While we are physically safe from solar storms, the economic damage can be drastic.
Today, space agencies are trying to send astronauts on interplanetary missions. If we
want to establish an interplanetary residence, we must learn how to protect ourselves
from Solar Storms.
On the other hand, scientists are trying to develop radiation-resistant space suits for
astronauts to protect them from radiation. Humans are trying to get to Ceres and Mars
for exploration. In the long term, precautionary measures are necessary to prevent any
damage from the storms.