Resumo em Português:
Resumo O presente artigo apresenta os resultados quantitativos de uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a tradução de literatura de língua alemã no Brasil de 1900 a 2020. Após uma breve contextualização das traduções do alemão no Brasil, descreve-se a configuração do projeto e apresentam-se os principais resultados referentes a vários parâmetros: evolução temporal, os objetos traduzidos (autores, obras, épocas) e os agentes da tradução (tradutores e editoras). No final sugerem-se pesquisas mais detidas sobre o material coletado e caminhos para o aperfeiçoamento dos dados.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract This paper presents the quantitative results of a bibliographical research on the translation of German language literature in Brazil from 1900 to 2020. After a brief contextualization of the translations from German in Brazil, the configuration of the project is described and the main results concerning several parameters are presented: temporal evolution, the translated objects (authors, works, epochs) and the agents of translation (translators and publishers). At the end, an outline for further research on the material and ways to improve the data is presented.Resumo em Português:
Resumo Roland Barthes (2004) designa o estilo como esplendor e prisão do escritor: sua solidão. O presente artigo pretende refletir sobre esta visão barthesiana de estilo na obra do poeta, crítico de arte e tradutor italiano Emilio Villa, a partir de poemas plurilíngues ou traduzidos pelo próprio poeta italiano para o português brasileiro e de algumas de suas obras pictóricas. O conceito de tradução torna-se central para análise da obra de Emilio Villa, através da leitura de Walter Benjamin, Henri Meschonnic e outros teóricos e, também, pelas diversas traduções por ele realizadas: a Odisseia, partes do Gênesis, uma escolha das tabuletas mesopotâmicas. Villa escreveu não unicamente em italiano, mas seu plurilinguismo se confirmou em textos escritos em latim, grego, francês e outras línguas.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract Roland Barthes (2004) designates style as the writer's splendor and prison: his loneliness. This paper intends to reflect on this barthesian thought of style in the work of the italian poet, art critic and translator Emilio Villa, based on plurilingual or translated poems into Brasilian Portuguese by the italian poet himself and some of his pictorial works. The concept of translation becomes central to analysing Emilio Villa's work, through reading Walter Benjamin, Henri Meschonnic and other theorists, and also through the various translations he made: the Odyssey, parts of Genesis, a selection of Mesopotamian tablets. Villa wrote not only in Italian, but his plurilingualism was confirmed in texts written in Latin, Greek, French and other languages.Resumo em Espanhol:
Resumo Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la variación sociolingüística de unidades de significación especializada (USE) a partir de un corpus en español referente a la fase de detección del cáncer de piel, con vistas a ser traducido al francés. Asimismo, el artículo se enmarca en una investigación traductológica contrastiva más amplia llevada a cabo sobre el marco situacional de la variación lingüística en relación con las fases de prevención, detección y tratamiento de este tipo de cáncer. En lo que se refiere a la metodología, el corpus está constituido por textos procedentes del National Cancer Institute destinados a profesionales de la salud, que se desarrollan en un contexto situacional en el que el emisor y el receptor son especialistas, por un lado, y por textos dirigidos a pacientes en un contexto situacional caracterizado por un emisor especialista y un receptor lego en la materia, por otro. Los resultados establecen pautas estratégicas comunicativas utilizadas por el emisor especialista para hacer llegar al público lego el conocimiento especializado, pudiendo contrastarse con las estrategias que se emplean cuando se dirige a otro especialista. Además, los resultados apuntan a que la variación lingüística constituye una herramienta que permite resolver la comunicación en este doble marco situacional, y cuando estos se trasladan a un marco traslativo, el traductor como mediador interlingüístico e intercultural recurre a estrategias comunicativas similares para adaptar el texto origen a los distintos perfiles de receptores.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract This article aims to analyze the sociolinguistic variation of specialized meaning units (SMU) from a corpus referring to the detection phase of skin cancer. It is part of a broader contrastive investigation that is being carried out on the situational context of linguistic variation in relation to the phases of prevention, detection and treatment of this type of cancer. Concerning the methodology, the corpus is made up of texts from the National Cancer Institute's website in Spanish intended for health professionals that are developed in a situational context in which the sender and receiver are specialists, on the one hand, and by texts addressed to patients in a situational context characterized by a specialist sender and a lay public receiver, on the other. The results show strategic communication guidelines used by the specialist sender to provide the lay public with specialized knowledge, thus being able to contrast with the strategies used when addressing another specialist. Moreover, these results suggest that the linguistic variation constitutes a tool that allows to solve communication in both scenarios. And when these scenarios are transferred to a translational context, the translator, as an interlinguistic and intercultural mediator, resorts to similar communication strategies to adapt the source text to the different receiver profiles.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract Media language encompasses literary and scientific elements, technical terminology, and cultural references. Effectively conveying its message to the target audience from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds can be challenging. This highlights some of the subtleties of media language that might add to translation difficulties. Media translation is a complex process, which involves information, knowledge, and analysis from a wide range of disciplines, including art, economics, literature, politics and science. In translating media content, accuracy in communicating cultural allusions, technical terms, and nuances to the intended audience is equally crucial as translating plain text from one language to another. This study explores the linguistic and cultural barriers that may occur while translating English-Arabic online media, with a focus on findings from BBC Online News articles. It attempts to further contribute to a deeper understanding of media translation by focusing on bridging the linguistic and cultural divide while translating English to Arabic in online media. The results of this study suggest that a translator with advanced proficiency and a thorough comprehension of the subtle linguistic and cultural differences that exist in both languages is required to provide high-quality English to Arabic translation. In other words, skilled translators who can understand and incorporate the linguistic and cultural quirks of both languages, creating a seamless connection between the translation and media domains, are essential for efficient media translation.Resumo em Francês:
Résumé Lors de la parution en 2020 de la retraduction française du roman Dix petits nègres d’Agatha Christie, rebaptisé Ils étaient dix, la Christie Corporation a déclaré que cette nouvelle version de l’œuvre a[vait] du sens. Selon le communiqué, au siècle de l’auteure le langage était différent. Afin d’interroger le bienfondé de cet argument, notre étude porte sur la traduction et usage du terme Nigger/Nègre (nom/adjectif) en français métropolitain. Le corpus est composé de l’œuvre originale Ten Little Niggers (1939), sa traduction interlinguale (1940) et retraduction?(2020). Ces concepts-ci sont examinés dans la première partie de l’étude à l’appui des bases théoriques de l’intertextualité. La deuxième partie suit le parcours de la lexie aux États-Unis à travers notamment la popularisation de la comptine éponyme originale. La troisième partie vise à démontrer qu’à l’instar du statut sociolinguistique du N… word aux États-Unis, Nègre/nègre n’a jamais intégré le vocabulaire usuel du français. Ce sont-là autant d’éléments qui permettent de contester voire invalider l’argument présenté par les ayants-droits de l’auteure. La conclusion expose les résultats du baromètre des discriminations en France CRAN/IPSOS (2023) et souligne la nécessité de déconstruction de l’imaginaire colonial institutionalisé.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract When the French retranslation of the novel Ten Little Niggers, by Agatha Christie, renamed They were ten, was published in 2020, the Christie Corporation declared that this new version of the work makes sense. According to the press release, in the century of the author the language was different. To question the validity of this argument, our study focuses on the translation and use of the term Nigger/Nègre (noun/adjective) in metropolitan French. The corpus is composed of the original work Ten Little Niggers (1939), its interlingual translation (1940) and retranslation (2020). These concepts are examined in the first part of the study in support of the theoretical bases of intertextuality. The second part follows the journey of the lexie in the United States, notably through the popularization of the original eponymous nursery rhyme. The third part aims to demonstrate that, like the sociolinguistic status of the N… word in the United States, the lexie Nègre/nègre has never integrated the usual vocabulary of French. These are all elements that make it possible to contest or even invalidate the argument presented by the author's heirs. The conclusion exposes the results of the CRAN/IPSOS discrimination barometer in France (2023) and underlines the need to deconstruct the institutionalized colonial imaginary.Resumo em Português:
Resumo Apesar dos avanços dos Estudos da Tradução, a partir da constituição de uma disciplina e da clara separação entre seus ramos puro e aplicado (Holmes, 2000), observa-se que determinadas pesquisas dentro da área, como é o caso das voltadas à formação de tradutores, são incipientes. Se tivermos em conta determinadas combinações linguísticas, como o português-espanhol (Bevilacqua, 2017; Cintrão, 2006; Malta, 2017), constataremos que as contribuições são ainda mais escassas. Com o objetivo de apresentar uma proposta de material de ensino de tradução do par português-espanhol, e assim contribuir com o campo em que se insere, bem como tratando de atender à necessidade, conforme sustenta Hurtado Albir (2001), de pesquisas que se dediquem à elaboração de materiais didáticos para o ensino da tradução, apresentamos neste artigo o percurso trilhado para a criação de um conjunto de unidades didáticas que aborda determinadas tendências do funcionamento contrastivo entre as línguas portuguesa e espanhola. Iniciamos o presente trabalho com a discussão teórica que o subjaz a partir das noções de ensino da tradução (Hurtado Albir, 1999), das teorias de ensino e aprendizagem relativas à formação de tradutores (Hurtado Albir, 1999, 2001, 2005, 2019; Kelly, 2005; Kiraly, 1995, 2000), do conceito de competência tradutória e sua aquisição (Hurtado Albir, 2005; PACTE, 2001, 2017), da perspectiva comparada do par português-espanhol (Fanjul & González, 2014) e da noção de problemas de tradução (Nord, 2005). De um ponto de vista metodológico, partimos de uma experiência real de tradução efetuada em um projeto de extensão para a seleção de conteúdos do material e, no que tange à sua elaboração, apoiamo-nos no chamado enfoque por tarefas. Finalmente, apresentamos a proposta geral de nosso material, e como tais concepções teórico-metodológicas se refletem em nossa práxis, por meio da exemplificação de uma das unidades elaboradas.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract Despite the advances in Translation Studies, from the establishment of a discipline and the clear separation between its pure and applied branches (Holmes, 2000), it can be observed that certain research within this area, such as those related to translator training, are very incipient. If we consider certain language combinations, such as Portuguese-Spanish (Bevilacqua, 2017; Cintrão, 2006; Malta, 2017), we will find that contributions are still scarce. In order to present a teaching material proposal for the translation of Portuguese-Spanish pairs and contribute to this field, as well as addressing the need, as proposed by Hurtado Albir (2001), for research focused on the development of didactic materials for translation teaching, we present in this article the path taken in creating a set of didactic units that address certain tendencies in the contrastive functioning between the Portuguese and Spanish languages. The article begins with a theoretical discussion that underlies our work, based on notions of translation teaching (Hurtado Albir, 1999), teaching and learning theories aimed at translator training (Hurtado Albir, 1999, 2001, 2005, 2019; Kelly, 2005; Kiraly, 1995, 2000), concepts of translation competence and its acquisition (Hurtado Albir, 2005; PACTE, 2001, 2017), a comparative perspective of the Portuguese-Spanish pair (Fanjul & González, 2014) and the notion of translation problems (Nord, 2005). From a methodological point of view, we start from a real translation experience in an extension project for the selection of contents of the material, and in terms of its development, we rely on the so-called task-based approach. Finally, we present the overall proposal of our material, and how these theorical and methodological concepts are reflected in our practice, through the exemplification of one of the developed units.Resumo em Espanhol:
Resumen En este artículo, reflexionamos sobre la traducción al francés de la novela Un lugar llamado Oreja de Perro, de Iván Thays, y su discurso sobre la violencia colectiva contra la población rural en Perú tras el Conflicto Armado Interno (CAI) (1980–2000). La novela presenta características del crime fiction: un argumento construido sobre una breve disrupción del orden, presentación de la violencia mediante el binario víctima-victimario e inspiración en un momento histórico, político y cultural representativo. La literatura peruana sobre el CAI ha sido introducida en mercados internacionales mediante traducciones, pero ha recibido poca atención desde los estudios de traducción. Un análisis contrastivo permitió observar las características del crime fiction en la novela y los efectos de su traducción en el discurso sobre la violencia. La traducción de la novela busca preservar las características del género priorizando la comunicación de un discurso sobre la violencia en detrimento de las características culturales que estructuran la violencia en la novela; en este caso, la dimensión étnico-racial del conflicto, cuando estos estos elementos son inconmensurables entre ambas culturas. Por ello, la versión en francés tiende hacia la domesticación, pero presenta excepciones extranjerizantes.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract In this paper, we reflect on the translation of the novel Un lugar llamado Oreja de Perro by Iván Thays into French, and its discourse on collective violence against the rural population in Peru after the non-international armed conflict (CAI) (1980–2001). This novel shows features of crime fiction: a story founded on brief order disruption, violence built through victim-perpetrator binarity, and inspiration from a representative historical, political, and cultural period. Peruvian literature about the CAI has been introduced into international markets through translation, but translation studies have paid little attention to it. A contrastive analysis allowed to observe the features of crime fiction within the novel and the effects of its translation upon the discourse on violence. The translation of the novel attempts to preserve the features of the genre prioritizing the delivery of a discourse on violence to the detriment of the cultural features which build violence within the novel; in this case, the ethnic-cultural dimension of the conflict, when these elements are incommensurable between both cultures. Thus, the French translation tends toward domestication but shows foreignizing exceptions.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract The interpreter’s prior preparation for a specialised assignment poses a constant challenge for professionals given the usual time constraints experienced in interpreting. The use of an integral application that optimises the prior preparation process from a dual linguistic and extralinguistic perspective will allow the interpreter to contextualise the topic of the event in an agile and effective manner. In order to define the basis on which this application should be designed, this study, which is part of a larger one focused on analysing the way in which prior preparation and glossary elaboration are approached at different educational and professional levels, aims to respond to three objectives: identifying the nature of the main drawbacks encountered by interpreters when preparing for an assignment; identifying the factors that interpreters recognise as determining in increasing the degree of their preparation; and, finally, identifying the interpreters’ future prospects in terms of prior preparation. To this end, a questionnaire was developed aimed at working professional interpreters, to which 41 subjects have responded so far. The preliminary data collected will allow us to initially define the guidelines that will mark the development of the application that aims to combine the linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge acquired by the interpreter for each new assignment in order to guarantee the most effective contextualisation of the speaker’s words and, consequently, achieve the greatest degree of success.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract Since the first half of the XIX century, the experience of public education of the Russian Empire began to spread throughout the Kazakh steppe. The goal was to russify the mind, as well as reveal the literacy of the population through the Russian language. This article considers Y. Altynsarin’s educational works, the first schools opened in the Kazakh country and the main goals of their opening. It is noted that the principles of the Russian Empire regarding the education of the Kazakh people were harmful and useful for the nation. In this article, will analyze the idea of Y. Altynsarin’s translation works for children, focusing on the educational activitiesand his position in education. Attention is drawn to the course followed by Y. Altynsarin, who was in close contact with Russian missionaries. Translation works of the educator for children have been analyzed and methods of translation have been determined. At the same time, it is noted that translation occupies a great place in the literary heritage of Y. Altynsarin, through his translation works, the penetration of Russian culture throughout the Kazakh Sahara had a great influence on the spiritual rapprochement of the two peoples.Resumo em Espanhol:
Resumo El objetivo primordial de este estudio consiste en examinar la recepción de Guerra Junqueiro en España a través de las lecturas y las traducciones de su obra a lo largo del tiempo. Inicialmente, se aborda la vasta fama, hoy en día casi olvidada, que consiguió este escritor portugués en el país vecino, debida en una dosis importante a su espíritu iberista y a su ideario político de carácter progresista. Después, en el ámbito de las lecturas, se analizan sobre todo las contribuciones de Clarín, Ramón del Valle-Inclán y Miguel de Unamuno. En la última parte, se repasan las versiones de sus textos, tanto en periódicos y revistas como en libros. En lo que se refiere a esta vertiente, se presta atención especialmente a la labor del escritor gallego Manuel Curros Enríquez, recogida en buena medida en La Lira Lusitana (1883), y del poeta y dramaturgo Eduardo Marquina, quien se encargó de verter la mayoría de los títulos de Guerra Junqueiro para una misma editorial. Para finalizar, se revisa la presencia del poeta luso en diferentes antologías.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract The main objective of this study is to examine the reception of Guerra Junqueiro in Spain through the readings and translations of his literary work over time. Initially, it deals with the vast fame, nowadays almost forgotten, that this Portuguese writer achieved in the neighbouring country, due in large part to his Iberian spirit and his progressive political thought. Then, in the field of readings, the contributions of Clarín, Ramón del Valle-Inclán and Miguel de Unamuno are analysed. In the last part, we review the versions of their texts, both in newspapers and magazines and in books. As far as this aspect is concerned, special attention is paid to the work of the Galician writer Manuel Curros Enríquez, largely collected in La Lira Lusitana (1883), and of the poet and playwright Eduardo Marquina, who was in charge of translating most of Guerra Junqueiro's titles for the same publishing house. Finally, the presence of the Portuguese poet in different anthologies is reviewed.Resumo em Espanhol:
Resumen La idiomaticidad, en materia fraseológica, es un rasgo que suele ir representado junto al concepto de motivación y se explica según el tipo de unidad fraseológica (UF) o de los constituyentes que la forman. La motivación, por su parte, se vincula a los procesos cognitivos existentes entre significado literal (SL) y significado figurado (SF) de la UF en cuestión. Partiendo de estas premisas, en el presente estudio se hace referencia al componente idiomático presente en la traducción fraseológica y se propone como objetivo determinarlo mediante un ejercicio de traducción de locuciones idiomáticas (L) destinado a estudiantes rusos, de cara a examinar el grado de idiomaticidad y motivación de las UF. Asimismo, se hace hincapié en la importancia de estas propiedades en la formación de traductores e intérpretes, así como en la adquisición fraseológica de estas unidades idiomáticas para una mayor competencia y destreza lingüística en general.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract In terms of phraseology, idiomaticity is a feature that is usually represented together with the concept of motivation and is explained according to the type of phraseological unit or the constituents that form it. Motivation, on the other hand, is linked to the existing cognitive processes between literal meaning and figurative meaning of the phraseologism in question. Based on these premises, the present study refers to the idiomatic component present in phraseological translation and aims to determine it by means of a translation exercise of idiomatic locutions (L) for Russian students to examine the degree of idiomaticity and motivation of the phraseological units. The importance of these properties in the training of translators and interpreters, as well as in the phraseological acquisition of these idiomatic units for general linguistic competence and proficiency, is also emphasized.Resumo em Português:
Resumo A formação em línguas estrangeiras de tradutores/intérpretes é um tópico que tem ganhado relevância nos Estudos da Tradução. Tal fato pode ser conferido nas diversas pesquisas que tratam da importância de ter uma formação específica para tradutores que visem um ensino-aprendizagem da língua como ferramenta do tradutor, que tenha relação com o processo tradutório, e o desenvolvimento da competência tradutória (Oster, 2008; Gomes, 2017). No caso dos programas de graduação em tradução e interpretação em Lima (Peru), as duas universidades selecionadas neste estudo ofertam o português como Língua C, cujo aprendizado deveria visar desenvolver habilidades mais específicas (Hurtado Albir, 1999), através de material destinado para tal propósito (Cerezo, 2020). Esse artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma análise comparativa das estruturas curriculares dos programas das duas universidades selecionadas e da bibliografia contida nos planos de ensino das disciplinas de língua portuguesa para, dessa maneira, apresentar um retrato bibliográfico do material utilizado, fundamentando-se na análise documental (Scott, 2006; Gil, 2008), respaldado pela abordagem qualitativa e estabelecer um ponto de partida para futuras pesquisas, mais abrangentes, sobre formação de tradutores no par português-espanhol. Na análise, pudemos identificar semelhanças e diferenças quanto ao material utilizado nas disciplinas de língua portuguesa nas duas instituições de ensino superior e que este visa desenvolver principalmente uma competência comunicativa na língua estrangeira.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract The study of foreign language training for translators/interpreters has gained relevance in Translation Studies. This fact can be seen in the various studies that address the importance of having specific training aimed at teaching and learning the language as a translator's tool, which is related to the translation process, and the development of translation competence (Oster, 2008; Gomes, 2017). In the case of undergraduate programs in translation and interpreting in Lima (Peru), the two universities selected for this study offer Portuguese as C Language, whose learning should aim to develop more specific skills (Hurtado Albir, 1999), through material designed for this purpose (Cerezo, 2020). This article aims to present a comparative analysis of the curricular structures of the programs of the two chosen universities and the bibliography contained in the study plans of the Portuguese language subjects to present a bibliographic portrait of the material used, based on documentary analysis (Scott, 2006; Gil, 2008), supported by the qualitative approach and a starting point for more deep future research on translator training in Portuguese/Spanish. In the analysis, we were able to identify similarities and differences regarding the material used in the afore mentioned subjects in these higher education institutions and that it mainly aims to develop communicative competence in the foreign language.Resumo em Português:
Resumo Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar e comparar o percurso singular tomado por duas díades que traduziram, colaborativamente, um mesmo termo latino. O processo de tradução a dois, ou tradução colaborativa, é um evento de linguagem fortemente marcado pela interação entre agentes tradutores (O’Brien, 2011). A partir desse evento, é possível observar e analisar atividades metalinguísticas de ordens diversas, sejam elas, lexical, morfossintática, semântica, pragmática, discursiva, implicadas na leitura do texto fonte e na escritura tradutória do texto alvo (Pym, 2017; Venuti, 2012). Os dados analisados neste estudo compreendem registros de fala e escrita coletados através do Sistema Ramos (Calil, 2020), um sistema de captura multimodal que permite o acesso à negociação oral das díades e às respectivas atividades metalinguísticas. Em nosso estudo, foram visibilizadas as seguintes estratégias utilizadas pelas díades no processo de tradução do termo latino, a saber: recorrência à homofonia e à homografia entre as línguas; identificação de elementos morfológicos essenciais à compreensão do texto latino; reflexões sobre as possibilidades semânticas de um termo latino que melhor se apresente para a escrita do texto em língua materna. Todavia, cada díade seguiu caminhos particulares no curso dessas estratégias.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract This paper aims to analyze and compare the unique path taken by two dyads who collaboratively translated the same Latin term. The process of two-way translation, or collaborative translation, is a language event strongly marked by interaction between translating agents (O'Brien, 2011). From this event, it is possible to observe and analyze metalinguistic activities of various kinds, including lexical, morphosyntactic, semantic, pragmatic and discursive, involved in reading the target text and writing the target text in translation (Pym, 2017; Venuti, 2012). The data analyzed in this study comprise speech and writing records collected through the Ramos System (Calil, 2020), a multimodal capture system that allows access to the oral negotiation of the dyads and their respective metalinguistic activities. In our study, the following strategies used by dyads in the translation process of the Latin term were made visible, namely: recurrence to homophony and homography between languages; identification of morphological elements essential to understanding the Latin text; reflections on the semantic possibilities of a Latin term that best presents itself for the writing of the text in the mother tongue. However, each dyad followed particular paths in the course of these strategies.Resumo em Português:
Resumo O livro de estreia de Geovani Martins, O sol na cabeça (2018), foi instantaneamente recebido com elogios pela crítica, sendo divulgado pela própria editora, a Companhia das Letras, como “o novo fenômeno literário brasileiro vendido para 9 países”. Diferentemente de muitas obras brasileiras traduzidas, que levam tempo para aportar em outras línguas, o livro de Martins foi traduzido e lançado com apenas um ano de diferença para o inglês, o alemão, francês e espanhol. Este trabalho procura refletir sobre o papel da divulgação e da recepção deste livro em solo nacional e estrangeiro de língua inglesa, procurando analisar a formação de uma imagem dessa obra e do escritor através da reescrita, seja esta tanto por meio das resenhas críticas em âmbito nacional e internacional, quanto da tradução para o inglês do livro, conduzida por Julia Sanches e publicada em 2019 pela Farrar Straus & Giroux (EUA) e Faber & Faber (Reino Unido). De modo específico, na primeira parte deste artigo apresenta-se uma análise dos materiais paratextuais ao livro, tanto os presentes na própria obra, como os externos à obra, além de uma breve análise das resenhas publicadas nos primeiros meses do lançamento do livro. Na segunda parte, realiza-se uma crítica da tradução para o inglês do conto “Travessia” / “The Crossing” enfocando as estratégias que a tradutora utilizou para retextualizar as marcas de oralidade do texto-fonte. Pretende-se assim refletir sobre como um “fenômeno literário” é forjado via crítica e tradução, alinhando-se a novas visões sobre o português brasileiro e a literatura brasileira.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract O sol na cabeça (2018) is the first book published by Geovani Martins and it was readily received with critical acclaim, being promoted by Companhia das Letras, its publishing house in Brazil, as “the new Brazilian literary phenomenon sold to 9 countries”. Unlike many Brazilian works in translation, which take time to arrive in other languages, Martins’ book was translated and released just a year later in English, German, French and Spanish. This paper seeks to reflect on the role of dissemination and reception of this book in Brazil and in the English speaking world, in order to analyze the formation of an image of the writer and his work through rewriting, whether this be through critical reviews in Brazil and abroad, or through the English translation, done by Julia Sanches and published in 2019 by Farrar Straus & Giroux (USA) and Faber & Faber (UK). Specifically, the first part of this paper presents an analysis of the book’s paratextual materials, both those present in the work itself and those external to it, in addition to a brief analysis of the reviews published in the first months of the book’s launch. In the second part, a critique of the translation into English of the short story “Travessia” / “The Crossing” is carried out, focusing on the strategies that the translator used to retextualize the orality marks of the source text. The aim is thus to reflect on how a “literary phenomenon” is forged via criticism and translation, aligning itself with new views on Brazilian Portuguese and Brazilian literature.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract Translation outside the context of Language Service Providers (LSPs) represents a sizeable share of the translation market. However, this facet of the activity remains less visible and less open to monitoring. This study investigates translation as a situated practice in the context of Oman within institutions where the translation activity does not represent a primary purpose. Adopting a quantitative approach, the study employed an online survey to investigate indicators of the institutionalization of translation, such as resourcing, working conditions, distribution of work, interaction, workflows, and quality management policies. The findings show that translation activities within institutions in Oman are thriving. However, the study revealed that translation practices are subject to considerable variation and that, despite notable exceptions, translation is frequently affected by challenges related to inadequate staffing, resources, and quality assurance procedures. These practices are mainly ad hoc, providing little evidence that translation needs are treated as an integral part of the institution’s functioning. These findings align with observations in other contexts and underscore the need to recognise the significant role translation plays in the functioning of the institution and the need to effectively integrate translation activities within their institutional environments to enhance quality standards in this often-overlooked segment of the translation industry. More generally, the findings confirm the necessity for Translation Studies to appreciate the significance of institutional translation as a facet of translation as a situated activity.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract In this article, co-authored with my colleague and co-translator Lawrence Flores Pereira, we begin with thoughts on the specific difficulties of translating Musil's Unions. Based on Peter Utz's contributions to translation theory, particular attention will be paid to the problem that, according to Musil, the narrative should be less "understood" and rather more sensitively "felt", so that possible contexts of meaning can only be reconstituted followin the labyrinth of flowing emotions. This renunciation of rational comprehensibility brings Musil's prose closer to the symbolist method mentioned by Stephan Mallarmé in his letter to Henri Cazalis in October 1864. In the final part, we will consider alternative approaches to a highly critical review by Michael Hofmann of Peter Wortsmann's American version of The Unions, Intimate Ties. The critic's arguments and reading will be examined for their critical and hermeneutical validity by comparing the first Portuguese translation with the simultaneously completed one by the Austro-American writer and translator Peter Wortsmann, also drawing on the translations by Jaccottet and Wilkins-Kaiser.Resumo em de:
Abstract In diesem Artikel, der zusammen mit meinem Kollegen und Mitübersetzer Lawrence Flores Pereira abgefasst wurde, beginnen wir mit Gedanken zu den spezifischen Schwierigkeiten der Übersetzung von Musils Vereinigungen. Basierend auf Peter Utz’ Beiträge zur Übersetzungstheorie, soll besonders das Problem beachtet werden, dass, laut Musil, das Erzählte weniger „verstanden“, als nachempfunden werden sollte, so dass mögliche Sinnzusammenhänge nur über den Um-Weg von fliessenden Gefühlen rekonstituiert werden können. Dieses Verzichten auf rationelle Verständlichkeit nähert sich Musils Prosa der symbolistischen Methode, die Stephan Mallarmé in seinem Brief an Henri Cazalis im Oktober 1864 erwähnte. Im Anschluss daran werden Alternativen zu einer sehr kritischen Rezension Michael Hofmanns zu Peter Wortsmanns amerikanischer Version der Vereinigungen, Intimate Ties, in Erwägung gebracht. Die Argumente und Lesart des Kritikers soll auf ihre kritische und hermeneutische Stichhaltigkeit untersucht werden, indem wir die erste portugiesische Übersetzung mit der gleichzeitig fertiggestellten des austro-amerikanischen Schriftstellers und Übersetzers Peter Wortsmann vergleichen und dabei auch auf die Übersetzungen von Jaccottet und Wilkins-Kaiser zurückgreifen.Resumo em Português:
Resumo A tradução automática tornou-se mais popular nos últimos anos, sendo largamente utilizada por diversos usuários, sejam eles leigos, tradutores profissionais ou aqueles que precisam produzir textos acadêmicos em uma língua que não dominam (Bowker & Buitrago Ciro, 2019). Mesmo com os recentes avanços tecnológicos, ainda é necessária a correção, ou pós-edição, dos textos traduzidos automaticamente, o que não deveria demandar mais esforço que a produção de textos diretamente na língua-alvo. Nessa perspectiva, este estudo visou analisar o esforço temporal despendido para realizar três tarefas distintas envolvendo o português brasileiro (L1) e o inglês (L2): escrita na primeira língua (EL1), escrita na língua adicional (EL2) e pós-edição na língua adicional (PEL2). Foram analisados os processos dessas produções textuais realizadas por três participantes (P01, P02 e P03), doutorandos da área de Educação, que executaram essas tarefas em ordens diferentes. Para a coleta, utilizaram-se um questionário prospectivo, o programa Translog©-II, o Tobii Studio Eye Tracking Software©, o OBS Studio, um relógio de pulso do tipo smartwatch e protocolos retrospectivos guiados. Os resultados apontaram que a EL2 demandou mais tempo dos participantes, possivelmente devido à média linguística intermediária na L2. Contudo, o tempo despendido nessa tarefa foi inversamente proporcional à sua posição na ordem das tarefas. Observou-se, também, que a tradução automática tem efeito facilitador sobre a PEL2, demandando menos tempo que a EL2. Finalmente, constatou-se que o esforço temporal combinado entre EL1 e PEL2 foi menor que o da EL2. Apesar de a pós-edição não ser realizada com muita frequência no meio acadêmico e demandar mais esforço para textos mais complexos, os resultados sugerem que esta pode ser uma forma mais eficiente de produção textual na L2, quando a escrita na L1 e a pós-edição em L2 demandarem menos tempo do que a escrita em L2.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract Machine translation has become more popular in recent years and is now widely used by a broader public, such as laypeople, professional translators or those who need to produce academic texts in a language they do not master (Bowker & Buitrago Ciro, 2019). Even with the advances in technology, it is still necessary to proofread (or post-edit) machine-translated texts. However, this should not require more effort than producing texts directly in the target language. This study aimed to analyze the length of time to complete three different tasks involving L1 Brazilian Portuguese and L2 English: writing in the first language (EL1), writing in the additional language (EL2) and post-editing in the additional language (PEL2). The processes of these textual productions carried out by three PhD candidates in the field of education (P01, P02 and P03), who performed these tasks in different orders, were analyzed. Data was collected with a prospective questionnaire, Translog©-II program, Tobii Studio Eye Tracking Software©, OBS Studio, a smartwatch, and guided retrospective protocols. Results have shown that EL2 required more time from the participants, possibly due to their intermediate L2 proficiency level. Nevertheless, the time spent on this task was inversely proportional to its position in the order of the tasks. It has also been observed that machine translation has a facilitating effect on PEL2, requiring less time than EL2. Finally, it has been noticed that the temporal effort of EL1 and PEL2 altogether was inferior to that of EL2. Although post-editing is not performed very often in academia and requires more effort for more complex texts, results have suggested that it may be a more efficient form of writing in L2 when writing in L1 and post-editing in L2 require less time than writing in L2.Resumo em Espanhol:
Resumen Wikipedia es una enciclopedia digital, libre, colaborativa y multilingüe que se ha convertido en uno de los recursos más empleados en Internet a nivel mundial. Debido a su gran alcance social es objeto de estudio en muchas disciplinas, entre ellas, los Estudios de Traducción. La traducción en Wikipedia ha sido examinada para analizar no solo aspectos lingüísticos y terminológicos (McDonough Dolmaya, 2015), sino también etnográficos, sociológicos (Jiménez Crespo, 2017; Alonso-Jiménez, 2014) y didácticos. El potencial didáctico de Wikipedia para el aprendizaje de la traducción viene avalado por experiencias previas (Kodura, 2019; Martínez Carrasco, 2017) que destacan, entre otros aspectos, la capacidad para motivar al estudiantado dado que la traducción se desarrolla en un entorno real que imprime autenticidad a los encargos. Tomando como referencia tales experiencias que inciden en la mejora de la motivación y de las habilidades colaborativas del alumnado, en este artículo se expone un proyecto docente de traducción en Wikipedia en el par de lenguas alemán-español, orientado a la igualdad de género, para evaluar sus posibles beneficios y dificultades. La experiencia ha demostrado que los textos de Wikipedia requieren una adaptación textual con componentes similares a los de la traducción en el ámbito periodístico, donde se emplean técnicas de reducción y amplificación, así como de mejora estilística. La aplicación de estas técnicas, que otorgan mayor libertad al traductor, requiere una compleja toma de decisiones y, en este sentido, sirven de estímulo para el desarrollo de la capacidad crítica de los estudiantes.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract Wikipedia is a free, collaborative, multilingual digital encyclopaedia and one of the most widely used resources on the Internet worldwide. Due to its great social reach, many disciplines have found in Wikipedia an invaluable area of research. The field of Translation Studies is not an exception. In this realm, Wikipedia offers great potential to explore not only linguistic and terminological aspects (McDonough Dolmaya, 2015), but also ethnographic, sociological (Jiménez Crespo, 2017; Alonso-Jiménez, 2014) and didactic perspectives. The didactic potential of Wikipedia for students of Translation Studies has been endorsed by previous studies (Kodura, 2019; Martínez Carrasco, 2017) that highlight, among other aspects, the ability to motivate students as translation is developed in a real environment that grants authenticity to translation assignments. On the basis of such experiences, which underscore the positive impact on both the motivation and collaborative skills of students, this article describes a teaching project focused on German-Spanish Wikipedia translation, gender-equality oriented, in order to evaluate its possible benefits and difficulties. The project has shown that Wikipedia texts require textual adaptation with components similar to those of journalistic translation, which employs reduction and amplification techniques as well as stylistic enhancement. The application of these techniques, which grant more freedom to the translator, requires complex decision-making and, thus, serves as a stimulus for developing students' critical capacity.Resumo em Espanhol:
Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é interpretar, através de pesquisa empírica e descritiva, a função e posição sistêmica (Even-Zohar, 1990), que se procurou dar, no espaço cultural argentino, à edição da tradução de Dom Casmurro, de Machado de Assis, publicada em 1943, num momento em que o setor editorial do país passava por uma grande expansão devido à retração da indústria editorial espanhola. Por um lado, a intermediação de diversos agentes da importação no país de chegada, tais como editores, tradutores, ilustradores, críticos e atores estatais, foi considerada na abordagem (Heilbron & Sapiro, 2007); por outro, analisaram-se os paratextos (Genette, 2009), incluindo a ilustração da capa, entendida aqui como transposição intermidiática, e outros elementos icônicos. Por meio dessas análises, verificou-se que a função que se procurou dar à edição da tradução do romance no espaço cultural argentino variou entre a estética, a identitária, a política e a ideológica, segundo a atuação dos agentes.Resumo em Inglês:
Abstract The purpose of this article is to interpret, through empirical and descriptive research, the intended function and systemic position (Even-Zohar, 1990) given, in the Argentine cultural space, to the edition of the translation of Dom Casmurro, by Machado de Assis, published in 1943, at a time when the country's publishing sector was experiencing a great expansion due to the recession in the Spanish publishing industry. On the one hand, the intermediation of various agents of the translation in the target country, such as editors, translators, illustrators, critics and state actors, was taken into account by the approach (Heilbron & Sapiro, 2007); on the other hand, the paratexts were analyzed (Genette, 2009), including the cover illustration, interpreted as intermedial transposition, and other iconic elements. Through these analyses, it was verified that the intended function given to the novel’s translation edition in the Argentine cultural space varied between aesthetic, identity, political and ideological, according to the role of the agents.