Carlton Reeves, Ph.D.

Washington, District of Columbia, United States Contact Info
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  • New Relic, Inc.

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Publications

  • Ionic Liquids: A Plausible Future of Bio-lubricants

    Journal of Bio-and Tribo-Corrosion 3 (2), 18

    This paper reviews the development of bio-lubricants from conventional impeller pressed natural oils to a new class of green bio-lubricants referred to as ionic liquids (ILs) at room temperature. The attraction to bio-lubricants began with natural oils due to their low friction and wear characteristics owing to high lubricity. To better control the tribological behavior, natural oils were introduced to additives, such as lamellar solid powders. Looking to the future, room-temperature IL…

    This paper reviews the development of bio-lubricants from conventional impeller pressed natural oils to a new class of green bio-lubricants referred to as ionic liquids (ILs) at room temperature. The attraction to bio-lubricants began with natural oils due to their low friction and wear characteristics owing to high lubricity. To better control the tribological behavior, natural oils were introduced to additives, such as lamellar solid powders. Looking to the future, room-temperature IL lubricants derived from biological feedstock are seen as prospective alternatives and solutions to the issues associated with currently available bio-lubricants. Hence, a comprehensive investigation on the tribological properties of novel bio-based IL lubricant is carried out. A simplistic IL feasibility study has also been performed wherein pin-on-disk tests were conducted to analyze the friction and wear behavior under ambient conditions. The ILs demonstrate improved tribological performance when compared to conventional petroleum-based and bio-based lubricants in their purified forms at various levels. The mechanisms concerning the chemical composition of the ILs and their tribological properties imbibed by the bio-lubricants are discussed while highlighting its plausible industrial application.

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  • A Review on the Science and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Biolubricants

    Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion

    Bio-based lubricants have gained prominence over conventional petroleum-based oils, progressively over the last two decades as biolubricants. This trend is observed in almost every industry that has been dependent on lubricants and oils irrespective of their applications. Factors that initiated and fueled this trend vary from stringent government regulations over petroleum-based oils to the high passed depletion of oil reserves. But the most concerning factor that has fast-tracked the need for…

    Bio-based lubricants have gained prominence over conventional petroleum-based oils, progressively over the last two decades as biolubricants. This trend is observed in almost every industry that has been dependent on lubricants and oils irrespective of their applications. Factors that initiated and fueled this trend vary from stringent government regulations over petroleum-based oils to the high passed depletion of oil reserves. But the most concerning factor that has fast-tracked the need for biolubricants is the toxic and harmful effect of used petroleum oils has on the environment and ecological factors. It is estimated that nearly 50% of all lubricants produced are introduced to the environment which has spurred the interest in biolubricants. This review discusses various types of eco-friendly bio-lubrications that will become a sustainable and economical alternative to the conventional petroleum-based lubricants by being sourced from renewable resources. Biolubricants are seen to be feasible and versatile lubricants with higher lubricity, lower volatility, higher shear stability, higher viscosity index, higher load-carrying capacity, and superior detergency and dispersancy when compared to petroleum-based lubricants. The review also investigates in detail the poor thermal-oxidative stability, biological deterioration, their poor solidification at low temperatures, and hydrolytic instability as well as mechanical and chemical enhancements that seek to rectify these issues. Furthermore, economical and legislative landscape of biolubricants is discussed.

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  • Evaluation of boron nitride particles on the tribological performance of avocado and canola oil for energy conservation and sustainability

    The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

    In the present investigation, experiments were conducted using a pin-on-disk apparatus to study the tribological performance of environmentally friendly multi-phase lubricants consisting of natural plant-based liquid lubricants and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) solid additives. Among the natural plant-based liquid lubricants, a high oleic acid lubricant, such as avocado oil, showed the best tribological performance when compared to other natural plant-based lubricants, which further…

    In the present investigation, experiments were conducted using a pin-on-disk apparatus to study the tribological performance of environmentally friendly multi-phase lubricants consisting of natural plant-based liquid lubricants and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) solid additives. Among the natural plant-based liquid lubricants, a high oleic acid lubricant, such as avocado oil, showed the best tribological performance when compared to other natural plant-based lubricants, which further demonstrated the importance of appropriate natural oil selection for tribological applications. In order to develop an optimal multi-phase lubricant, hBN particles with varying sizes were incorporated as additives in the avocado oil. Experiments revealed that particle additive size with regards to initial surface roughness affects the tribological performance of the multi-phase lubricant. It was found that this multi-phase lubricant with nano-sized additives showed the best performance when compared to multi-phase lubricants with micron-sized and submicron-sized additives. More specifically, the lubricant mixtures had friction reductions from 8 to 64 % for particles ranging from micron-sized to nano-sized, respectively. The wear also decreased in the lubricant mixtures with reductions from 13 to 70 % for particles ranging from micron-sized to nano-sized, respectively. These mechanisms for enhanced tribological performance are discussed in this investigation.

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  • Engineering and Technology of Environmentally Friendly Lubricants

    CRC Press

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  • The influence of fatty acids on tribological and thermal properties of natural oils as sustainable biolubricants

    Tribology International

    Experiments were conducted using bio-based liquid lubricants, such as avocado, canola (rapeseed), corn, olive, peanut, safflower, sesame, and vegetable (soybean) oils to study their friction and wear properties. A thermogravimetric analysis and variable-temperature viscosity analysis were conducted to study the thermal response of the lubricants in a high temperature environment. It was found that avocado oil showed the best friction and wear performance when compared to other natural oils. It…

    Experiments were conducted using bio-based liquid lubricants, such as avocado, canola (rapeseed), corn, olive, peanut, safflower, sesame, and vegetable (soybean) oils to study their friction and wear properties. A thermogravimetric analysis and variable-temperature viscosity analysis were conducted to study the thermal response of the lubricants in a high temperature environment. It was found that avocado oil showed the best friction and wear performance when compared to other natural oils. It was determined that the viscosity at room temperature, thermal decomposition, and thermal-oxidative stability of the natural oils was heavily influenced by the variability of the fatty acid composition within the natural oils. These factors influenced the tribological performance of the natural oils and are discussed in this paper.

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  • Advancements in eco-friendly lubricants for tribological applications: past, present, and future

    Springer International Publishing

    This chapter highlights the evolution of eco-friendly lubricants derived from natural oils and fats to green lamellar solid additives to a new class of “greener” functional fluids known as room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). The attraction to these bio-based lubricants began with vegetable oils due to their low friction and wear properties. These superior tribological characteristics are a result of their chemical composition of triacylglycerol molecules made up of esters derived from…

    This chapter highlights the evolution of eco-friendly lubricants derived from natural oils and fats to green lamellar solid additives to a new class of “greener” functional fluids known as room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). The attraction to these bio-based lubricants began with vegetable oils due to their low friction and wear properties. These superior tribological characteristics are a result of their chemical composition of triacylglycerol molecules made up of esters derived from glycerol and long chains of polar fatty acids. It is these fatty acids within the natural oils that establish monolayers that enable high lubricity in boundary-lubricated regimes. Despite these accolades, vegetable oils suffer from thermal-oxidative instability, high pour points, and inconsistent chemical compositions. To improve upon the tribological properties, vegetable oils were subjected to additives such as lamellar solid powders to establish more resilient transfer layers to mitigate wear and surface damage. Currently, RTIL lubricants derived from bio-based feedstock represent a promising potential solution to many of the problems associated with previous eco-friendly lubricants. An investigation into RTILs begins with a discussion on the history of ionic liquids and an assessment on their tribological properties. The chapter also includes a case study on the use of RTILs as additives in vegetable oils and as neat lubricants as well as exploring the effects of cation-anion moiety exchange within ionic liquids themselves. Ultimately, the RTILs are compared to more traditional bio-based lubricants for their tribological performance as a new class of eco-friendly lubricants and their potential as a future lubrication technology.

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  • Fundamentals of Lubrication

    Tribologists for Scientists and Engineers, p. 295-340/Springer

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  • Macroscale Applications in Tribology

    Tribologists for Scientists and Engineers, p. 881-919/Springer

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  • Microscale Applications in Tribology

    Tribologists for Scientists and Engineers, p. 921-948/Springer

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  • Self-lubricating behavior of graphite-reinforced composites

    Tribologists for Scientists and Engineers, p. 341-389/Springer

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  • The Effect of Anion-Cation Moiety Manipulation to Characterize the Tribological Performance of Environmentally Benign Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Lubricants

    STLE 2013

  • The Size Effect of Boron Nitride Particles on the Tribological Performance of Biolubricants

    Tribology Letters

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  • Tribology of Solid Lubricants

    Tribologists for Scientists and Engineers, p. 447-494/Springer

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  • Characterizing the Tribological Performance of Powder- Lubricated Rolling Element Bearings

    ASME IJTC 2011

    The spate of technological advancements in turbine engines, fuel cell
    -powered automobiles, and power plants has necessitated a need for
    advanced rolling element bearings (REBs). In fact, a growing
    consensus among tribologists is that lubricating rolling element
    bearings with powders is a viable option under extreme loads, speed
    and harsh temperature conditions. Since the REBs operate primarily
    in the mixed/boundary lubrication regime , they are potential
    candidates for…

    The spate of technological advancements in turbine engines, fuel cell
    -powered automobiles, and power plants has necessitated a need for
    advanced rolling element bearings (REBs). In fact, a growing
    consensus among tribologists is that lubricating rolling element
    bearings with powders is a viable option under extreme loads, speed
    and harsh temperature conditions. Since the REBs operate primarily
    in the mixed/boundary lubrication regime , they are potential
    candidates for powder lubrication.
    In this study, a prototype radial ball bearing (RBB) lubricated in situ
    by pelletized powder lubricants is studied. In the powder-lubricated
    RBB, alternate conventional rolling elements have been replaced
    with encapsulated spring-loaded lubricant pellets. By depositing a
    thin film of powder lubricant on the inner and outer races, the REB is
    lubricated under extreme speed and load condition adequately. The
    candidate lubricants used are pelletized MoS2, WS2, and H3BO3
    powders. The lubricant pellets are characterized using a multiplex
    powder tribometer. The tests are carried out using an in-house
    bearing testing rig.
    It is hoped that the promising results from this study will offer the
    necessary proof-of-performance (PoP) needed to assure a wholesale
    adaptation by beneficiary industries such as the automotive and
    aerospace industries who are reluctant to adopt powder/solid
    lubrication technologies.

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  • Tribology in Metal Forming

    Tribologists for Scientists and Engineers, p. 783-818/Springer

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Honors & Awards

  • Ideadvance Seed Fund Recipient Stage II

    University of Wisconsin-Extension

    The Ideadvance Seed Fund springs from collaboration between UW-Extension, UW System, and the Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation (WEDC). Their mission is to encourage UW System faculty, staff, and students to apply their expertise and scholarship to the economic development of Wisconsin. The Ideadvance Seed Fund provides a source of capital to encourage and support the UW community to explore and de-risk their ideas, address roadblocks in a timely fashion, and ultimately accelerate…

    The Ideadvance Seed Fund springs from collaboration between UW-Extension, UW System, and the Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation (WEDC). Their mission is to encourage UW System faculty, staff, and students to apply their expertise and scholarship to the economic development of Wisconsin. The Ideadvance Seed Fund provides a source of capital to encourage and support the UW community to explore and de-risk their ideas, address roadblocks in a timely fashion, and ultimately accelerate commercialization of ideas across all disciplines.

  • Ideadvance Seed Fund Recipient Stage I

    University of Wisconsin-Extension

    The Ideadvance Seed Fund springs from collaboration between UW-Extension, UW System, and the Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation (WEDC). Their mission is to encourage UW System faculty, staff, and students to apply their expertise and scholarship to the economic development of Wisconsin. The Ideadvance Seed Fund provides a source of capital to encourage and support the UW community to explore and de-risk their ideas, address roadblocks in a timely fashion, and ultimately accelerate…

    The Ideadvance Seed Fund springs from collaboration between UW-Extension, UW System, and the Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation (WEDC). Their mission is to encourage UW System faculty, staff, and students to apply their expertise and scholarship to the economic development of Wisconsin. The Ideadvance Seed Fund provides a source of capital to encourage and support the UW community to explore and de-risk their ideas, address roadblocks in a timely fashion, and ultimately accelerate commercialization of ideas across all disciplines.

  • Chancellor's Award 2010-2013

    University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

  • 1st Place Finalist, Business Plan Competition

    Scheinfeld Entrepreneurial Award Fund

  • Top 10 National Finalist, MUES Business Plan Competition

    MillerCoors Urban Entrepreneur Series

  • 3rd Place, Top 40 National Science Foundation Student Research Symposium

    National Science Foundation-ASME-International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition

    Bio-Based Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Lubricants for Energy Conservation and Sustainability

  • 1st Place Student Research Symposium

    ASME/STLE International Joint Tribology Conference 2012 (IJTC 2012)

    Research Title: “Tribological Performance of Environmentally Friendly Ionic Liquid Lubricants for Energy Conservation and Sustainability”

  • 1st Place Graduate Research Competition

    College of Engineering & Applied Science - University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

    Natural Oil and Ionic Liquid Lubricants for Energy Conservation and Sustainability

  • 1st Place Finalist, Business Plan Competition

    Scheinfeld Entrepreneurial Award Fund

  • 2nd Place, Collegiate Business Plan Competition

    BizStarts Milwaukee

  • 2nd Place, New Venture Business Plan Competition

    UWM-Lubar School of Business

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