Abnormal Uterine Bleeding - Bleeding from the uterus that is different from normal menstrual bleeding. This bleeding may be longer or heavier or may happen between periods.
Abscess - A collection of pus found in tissue or an organ.
Acanthosis Nigricans [ak-an-THOH-sis NYE-grih-kuhns] - A condition that causes patches of thicker, darker, and velvet-like skin. This condition is associated with diabetes or prediabetes.
Acceleration - A short-term increase in the heart rate of a fetus.
Accidental Bowel Leakage - Loss of control of the bowels. This condition can lead to leakage of solid stool, liquid stool, mucus, or gas. Also called fecal incontinence.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - A group of signs and symptoms, usually of severe infections, in a person who has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Adenocarcinoma [ad-uh-noh-kahr-suh-NOH-muh] - Cancer that starts in glandular tissue, such as the lining of the uterus.
Adenomyosis [ad-uh-noh-my-OH-sis] - A condition that causes the tissue lining the uterus to grow into the muscle wall of the uterus.
Adhesions - Scars that can make tissue surfaces stick together.
Adjuvants - Substances used in vaccines that help the body create a stronger immune response to the vaccine.
Adolescence - The time between puberty and adulthood.
Allogeneic Transplant [al-oh-juh-NEE-ik] - A transplant of tissue, organ, or cells donated by another person. The donor may be a family member or unrelated to the recipient.
Alpha-fetoprotein [al-fuh-fee-toh-PROH-teen] (AFP) - A protein normally made by a fetus or in the liver, ovaries, or testicles. AFP can be found in amniotic fluid and in the blood during pregnancy. High levels outside of pregnancy may be a sign of cancer.
Amenorrhea [ay-men-uh-REE-uh] - The absence of menstrual periods during the reproductive years.
Amniocentesis [am-nee-oh-sen-TEE-suhs] - A procedure that uses a needle to take fluid and cells from the sac that holds the fetus. The fluid and cells are then tested to screen for genetic disorders and health conditions in the fetus.
Amnionicity [am-nee-oh-NIH-sih-tee] - The number of amniotic (inner) membranes that surround fetuses in a multiple pregnancy. When multiple fetuses have only one amnion, they share an amniotic sac.
Amniotic Fluid [am-nee-AH-tik floo-id] - Fluid in the sac that holds the fetus.
Amniotic Sac [am-nee-AH-tik sahkh] - The fluid-filled sac in the uterus where a fetus develops during pregnancy.
Amniotomy [am-nee-AH-tuh-mee] - Use of a tool to break the amniotic sac.
Analgesia [an-uhl-JEE-zhuh] - Relief of pain without loss of muscle function.
Analgesic [an-uhl-JEE-zik] - A medication used to ease pain.
Androgen [AN-droh-juhn] - A type of hormone made by the body that causes masculine physical characteristics, such as facial hair and a deepening voice.
Androgen Insensitivity [AN-droh-juhn] - A genetic condition that causes feminine physical characteristics in a person with male sex chromosomes.
Anemia - Abnormally low levels of red blood cells in the bloodstream.
Anencephaly [an-en-SEF-uh-lee] - A serious birth defect where the fetus is missing part of the brain and skull.
Anesthesia [an-uhs-THEE-zhuh] - Relief of pain by loss of sensation.
Anesthesiologist - A doctor who is an expert in pain relief for surgeries.
Anesthetic - A medication used to prevent pain.
Aneuploidy [AN-yoo-ploy-dee] - Having an abnormal number of chromosomes. Types include trisomy (having an extra chromosome) and monosomy (missing a chromosome). Aneuploidy can affect any chromosome, including the sex chromosomes. Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is a common aneuploidy. Others are Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) and Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18).
Anorexia Nervosa - An eating disorder that causes a person to severely restrict food so they lose weight. People with this disorder fear weight gain and have a distorted body image.
Anterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse - Bulging of the bladder into the vagina. Also called a cystocele.
Antibiotics - Medications that treat or decrease the risk of certain infections caused by bacteria.
Antibody - A protein in the blood that the body makes in reaction to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses.
Antidepressants - Medications that are used to treat depression.
Antigen - A substance that can trigger an immune response and cause the body to make an antibody.
Antiphospholipid Syndrome [an-tie-fos-foh-LIP-id] (APS) - A disorder of the immune system that can lead to abnormal blood clotting and pregnancy problems.
Anus - The opening of the digestive tract through which bowel movements and gas leave the body.
Apgar Score - A measurement of a baby’s response to birth and life on its own, taken 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth.
Apnea [AP-nee-uh] - A condition that causes breathing to stop temporarily, especially during sleep.
Apnea of Prematurity [AP-nee-uh] - A condition of preterm babies that causes breathing to stop for periods of 15 to 20 seconds or longer.
Areola - The darker skin around the nipple.
Aromatase Inhibitors [uh-ROH-muh-tays] - Medications that lower the level of estrogen in the body. They can be used to treat breast cancer and infertility.
Arteries - Blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
Asexual - Not being sexually attracted to anyone.
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) - Any fertility treatment or procedure that handles eggs and sperm or embryos. In vitro fertilization is one type of ART.
Assisted Vaginal Delivery - The use of forceps or a suction device to help guide the fetus out of the birth canal.
Atherosclerosis - Narrowing and clogging of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque. Also called hardening of the arteries.
Atrophic Vaginitis [ay-TROH-fik vaj-uh-NY-tuhs] - A condition caused by a lack of estrogen. Vaginal symptoms may include tissue changes, itching, burning, irritation, discharge, dryness, or inflammation. Also called vaginal atrophy.
Atypical Hyperplasia of the Breast [ay-TIP-ik-uhl hi-puhr-PLAY-zhuh] - A condition that causes cells in the breast ducts or lobes to increase and look abnormal under a microscope.
Aura - A sensation or feeling experienced just before the onset of certain disorders like migraine attacks or epileptic seizures. These sensations may be flashing lights, a particular smell, dizziness, or seeing spots.
Auscultation [aw-skuhl-TAY-shuhn] - A method of listening to sounds in the body using a stethoscope. During labor, a special stethoscope or other devices may be used to listen to fetal heart sounds.
Autism - A group of developmental disorders that range from mild to severe. These disorders can cause problems with communication, social skills, and behavior, as well as restricted or repetitive behaviors and interests.
Autoimmune Disorder - A condition that causes the body to attack its own tissues.
Autologous Transplant [aw-TAH-luh-guhs] - A transplant that uses a person’s own cells or tissue. An example is a bone marrow transplant.
Autopsy - An exam done on a dead body to learn the cause of death.
Autosomal Dominant Disorders [aw-tuh-SOH-muhl] - Genetic disorders caused by one faulty gene. The faulty gene is located on one of the chromosomes that is not a sex chromosome.
Autosomal Recessive Disorders [aw-tuh-SOH-muhl] - Genetic disorders caused by two faulty genes, one inherited from each parent. The faulty genes are located on one of the pairs of chromosomes that are not the sex chromosomes.
Autosomes [AW-tuh-sohmz] - Any of the chromosomes that are not the sex chromosomes. In humans, there are 22 pairs of autosomes.
Baby Blues - Normal feelings of sadness, fear, anger, or anxiety that start about 3 days after childbirth and usually get better within 1 to 2 weeks without any treatment.
Bacteria - One-celled organisms that can cause infections in the human body.
Bacterial Vaginosis [va-juh-NOH-suhs] (BV) - A condition caused by an overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina. Symptoms may include vaginal discharge, fishy odor, pain, itching, and burning.
Bariatric Surgery - Surgical procedures that change the digestive system to help with weight loss. Also called weight-loss surgery.
Barrier Methods - Birth control that stops sperm from entering the uterus, such as condoms.
Bartholin Glands [bahr-TOH-lin] - Two glands located on either side of the vaginal opening that make a fluid during sexual activity.
Basal Body Temperature (BBT) - The temperature of the body at rest.
Benign - Not cancer.
Bilateral Mastectomy - Surgery to remove both breasts.
Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy [sal-PIN-joh-oh-uh-fuh-REK-tuh-mee] - Surgery to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes.
Bile - A substance made by the liver that helps digest fats.
Bilirubin [bil-ih-ROO-bin] - A yellow substance that forms when red blood cells break down. High levels of bilirubin in the blood cause jaundice in newborns.
Binge Eating Disorder - A disorder that leads to repeatedly eating a large amount of food in a short period of time.
Biofeedback - A technique used by physical therapists to help a person control body functions, such as heartbeat or blood pressure.
Biophysical Profile (BPP) - A test that uses ultrasound to measure a fetus’s breathing, movement, muscle tone, and heart rate. The test also measures the amount of fluid in the amniotic sac.
Biopsy - A minor surgical procedure to remove a small piece of tissue. This tissue is examined under a microscope in a laboratory.
Bipolar Disorder - A mental health disorder that causes intense changes in a person’s mood, energy, and behavior. Moods may range from very happy or irritable (manic episodes) to very sad or indifferent (depressive episodes).
Birth Control - Devices or medications used to prevent pregnancy. Also called contraception.
Birth Control Implant - A small rod that is inserted under the skin in the upper arm. The implant releases a hormone to prevent pregnancy.
Birth Defect - A physical problem that is present at birth.
Bisexual - Being sexually attracted to people of more than one gender.
Bladder - A hollow, muscular organ that holds urine.
Bladder Neck - The narrow part of the bladder above the urethra, the tube that empties urine from the bladder.
Blastocyst [BLAS-tuh-sist] - A rapidly developing ball of cells that forms after fertilization of an egg by sperm. The blastocyst enters the uterus and burrows into the lining about 8 to 9 days after fertilization.
Blood Count - A test to count the cells in the blood. This test is done to find anemia or infection.
Blood Pressure - A measure of how hard blood is pressing against artery walls.
Body Mass Index (BMI) - A number calculated from height and weight. BMI may be used to determine whether a person is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese.
Bone Loss - The gradual loss of calcium and protein from bone, making it more likely to break.
Bone Marrow - The spongy tissue in the center of bones that makes new blood cells.
Bowels - The small and large intestines.
Braxton Hicks Contractions - False labor pains.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 - Genes that keep cells from growing too rapidly. Changes in these genes have been linked to an increased risk of cancer in the breasts, ovaries, and other parts of the body.
Breakthrough Bleeding - Vaginal bleeding that happens in between regular periods.
Breech Presentation - A position where the feet or buttocks of the fetus are in place to appear first during birth.
Bronchitis [brahn-KY-tuhs] - A lung disease that causes coughing and shortness of breath.
Bulimia Nervosa - An eating disorder that leads to food binging followed by forced vomiting or overuse of laxatives.
CA 125 - A substance in the blood that may increase when a person has cancerous tumors. It may also increase because of pelvic infections, during pregnancy, or for other reasons.
Canavan Disease - An inherited disorder that causes ongoing damage to brain cells.
Candidiasis [kan-dih-DY-uh-sis] - A type of vaginal infection caused by the overgrowth of a fungus called Candida. Also called a yeast infection.
Carcinogen [kahr-SIN-uh-jin] - Any substance that causes cancer.
Cardiologist - A doctor with special training in diagnosing and treating diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular Disease - Disease of the heart and blood vessels.
Carotid Artery - The main blood vessel that carries blood to the head and neck.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - A condition that causes numbness, tingling, and pain in the fingers and hand.
Carrier - 1. [genetics] A person who shows no signs of a genetic disorder but could pass a faulty gene to their children. 2. [infections] A person infected with a virus or bacteria without showing symptoms of disease. This person can pass the virus or bacteria to others.
Carrier Screening - A test done on a person without signs or symptoms to find out whether they carry a gene for a genetic disorder.
Catheter - A tube used to drain fluid from or give fluid to the body.
Cell - The smallest unit of a structure in the body. Cells are the building blocks for all parts of the body.
Cell-Free DNA - DNA from the placenta that moves freely in a pregnant person’s blood. Analysis of this DNA can be done as a noninvasive prenatal screening test (NIPT).
Cephalic Presentation [suh-FAL-ik] - A head-down position of a fetus before birth.
Cerclage [sur-KLAHZH] - A procedure that closes the cervix with stitches to prevent or delay preterm birth.
Cerebral Palsy - A disorder of the nervous system that affects movement, posture, and coordination. This disorder is present at birth.
Cerebrovascular Disease - Diseases that affect the blood vessels in the brain.
Certified Lactation Counselor - Counselors who have the education and training to support those who are breastfeeding.
Cervical Biopsy - A minor surgical procedure to remove a small piece of cervical tissue. This tissue is examined under a microscope in a laboratory.
Cervical Cancer - A type of cancer that is in the cervix, the opening to the uterus at the top of the vagina.
Cervical Cytology [sy-TAH-luh-jee] - The study of cells from the cervix using a microscope. Also called a Pap test.
Cervical Dilation - Widening the opening of the cervix.
Cervical Insufficiency - The inability of the cervix to hold a pregnancy in the uterus in the second trimester.
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia [in-truh-ep-ih-THEE-lee-uhl nee-uh-PLAY-zhuh] (CIN) - Abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix that are caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Also called cervical dysplasia.
Cervical Ripening - When the cervix softens to prepare for labor.
Cervicitis [suhr-vuh-SY-tuhs] - Inflammation of the cervix caused by infection, irritation, or allergy.
Cervix - The lower, narrow end of the uterus at the top of the vagina.
Cesarean Birth - Birth of a fetus from the uterus through an incision (cut) made in the abdomen.
Cesarean Delivery - Delivery of a fetus from the uterus through an incision (cut) made in the abdomen.
Chancre [SHANG-kuhr] - A sore caused by syphilis that is found at the place of infection.
Chemotherapy - Treatment of cancer with medications.
Chestfeeding - Feeding a child with milk from the parent’s chest.
Chickenpox - A contagious disease caused by a virus. The main symptom is small, itchy blisters on the face, chest, back, and other areas. Also called varicella.
Chlamydia - A sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria. This infection can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic pain, and infertility.
Cholesterol - A natural substance that is a building block for cells and hormones. This substance helps carry fat through the blood vessels for use or storage in other parts of the body.
Chorioamnionitis [kor-ee-oh-am-nee-uh-NY-tuhs] - A condition during pregnancy that can cause unexplained fever with uterine tenderness, a high white blood cell count, rapid heart rate, and foul-smelling vaginal discharge. The condition can also cause a rapid heart rate in the fetus.
Chorion [KOR-ee-ahn] - The outer membrane that surrounds the fetus.
Chorionic Villi [kor-ee-AH-nik VILL-ee] - Tiny, finger-shaped tissue in the placenta. This tissue helps carry nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and helps carry away waste and carbon dioxide.
Chorionic Villus Sampling [kor-ee-AH-nik VILL-uhs] (CVS) - A procedure that takes a small sample of cells from the placenta for testing.
Chorionicity [kor-ee-uh-NIH-sih-tee] - The number of chorionic (outer) membranes that surround the fetuses in a multiple pregnancy.
Chromosomes - Structures found in each cell in the body. They contain the genes that determine a person’s physical makeup.
Chronic Hypertension - Blood pressure that is higher than normal for a person’s age, sex, and physical condition.
Chronic Pelvic Pain - Pain in the pelvic region that lasts for more than 6 months.
Circumcision - The surgical removal of a fold of skin called the foreskin that covers the glans (head) of the penis.
Cirrhosis - A disease caused by loss of liver cells. The lost cells are replaced by scar tissue that harms liver function.
Cisgender - A term used to describe a person whose gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth.
Cleft Lip - A birth defect that causes an opening or split in the upper lip or roof of the mouth.
Cleft Palate - A birth defect that causes an opening or split in the roof of the mouth.
Clitoris - A female sex organ found at the top of the vulva.
Clubfoot - A birth defect that causes the foot to be misshaped and twisted out of position.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) - A type of psychotherapy. During CBT, you learn specific skills that help you change the way you think about and cope with problems.
Collagen - Proteins in bone and cartilage that serve as connective tissue between cells.
Colon - The large intestine.
Colonoscopy - An exam of the large intestine using a small, lighted instrument.
Colostrum [kuh-LAH-struhm] - A nutrient-rich fluid that comes out of the breasts at the beginning of milk production.
Colporrhaphy [kohl-POR-uh-fee] - Surgery done through the vagina to repair a bulge using the person’s own tissue.
Colposcope [KOHL-puh-skohp] - A special magnifying tool used to examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva.
Colposcopy [kohl-PAH-skuh-pee] - Viewing the cervix, vulva, or vagina under magnification with a colposcope.
Combined Spinal-Epidural (CSE) - A form of pain relief. Pain medications are injected into the spinal fluid (spinal block) and given through a thin tube into a space at the base of the spine (epidural).
Complete Blood Count (CBC) - A blood test that measures and describes different cell types in the blood.
Complications - Diseases or conditions that happen as a result of another disease or condition. An example is pneumonia that develops with the flu. An example of a pregnancy complication is preterm labor.
Computed Tomography (CT) - A type of X-ray that shows internal organs and structures in cross section.
Condom - A thin cover for the penis used during sex to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and pregnancy.
Cone Biopsy - Surgical removal of cone-shaped wedges of cervical tissue.
Congenital [kuhn-JEN-uh-tuhl] - A condition that a person has from birth.
Congenital Anomaly [kuhn-JEN-uh-tuhl] - Something in a structure of the body that is unusual or different and develops during pregnancy. Examples include heart defects and cleft lip.
Congenital Rubella Syndrome [kuhn-JEN-uh-tuhl] (CRS) - An illness in a newborn after a fetus has been infected with the rubella virus (German measles) during the first trimester of pregnancy. Long-term complications can include heart and eye problems, deafness, and mental disability.
Congenital Varicella Syndrome [kuhn-JEN-uh-tuhl vair-uh-SEL-uh] - A condition that can be found in a newborn after a fetus has been infected with varicella (chickenpox), usually during the first or second trimester of pregnancy. Long-term complications can include eye problems, brain damage, and misshaped limbs.
Conization [koh-nih-ZAY-shuhn] - A procedure that removes a cone-shaped wedge of tissue from the cervix.
Conjunctivitis [kuhn-juhnk-tuh-VY-tuhs] - Inflammation or infection of the tissue that covers the inside of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye.
Constipation - A condition that leads to fewer bowel movements and difficulty passing stool.
Contraction Stress Test - A test to measure a fetus’s heart rate during mild contractions of the uterus. This test can show how well the fetus will tolerate contractions during childbirth.
Contrast Agent - A substance that is injected into a vein or artery during certain X-ray procedures. Contrast agent makes it easier to see structures or tissues.
Core Needle Biopsy - A tissue sample that is taken with a special type of cutting needle.
Coronary Artery Disease - A buildup of cholesterol in the walls of the arteries. This buildup can narrow arteries and lead to a heart attack.
Corticosteroids [kor-tik-oh-STAIR-oydz] - Medications given for arthritis or other medical conditions. These medications are also given to help fetal lungs mature before birth.
Co-testing - Use of both the Pap test and human papillomavirus (HPV) test to screen for signs of cervical cancer.
Cowden Syndrome - A genetic condition that increases a person’s risk of cancer of the breast, thyroid, uterus, colon, kidney, and skin.
Crowning - One of the last phases of childbirth when the head of the baby can be seen at the vaginal opening.
Cryotherapy - A freezing technique used to destroy abnormal tissue.
Curettage [kyur-uh-TAHZH] - A procedure that removes a sample of lining of the uterus.
Cyst - A sac or pouch filled with fluid.
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) - An inherited disorder that causes problems with breathing and digestion.
Cystitis [sis-TY-tuhs] - Inflammation of the bladder often caused by infection.
Cystoscopy [sis-TAH-skuh-pee] - A procedure that looks at the inside of the urethra and bladder.
Cytomegalovirus [sy-tuh-meg-uh-loh-VY-ruhs] (CMV) - A virus that can be transmitted to a fetus during pregnancy. CMV can cause hearing loss, mental disability, and vision problems in newborns.
Date Rape - Rape by someone you know. Also called acquaintance rape.
Deceleration [dee-sel-uh-RAY-shuhn] - A decrease in the heart rate of a fetus.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - A condition where a blood clot forms in veins in the leg or other areas of the body.
Dehydration - A condition that happens when the body does not have as much water as it needs.
Dental Dam - A thin piece of latex or polyurethane used between the mouth and the vagina or anus during oral sex. Using a dental dam can help protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Depression - Feelings of sadness that last for at least 2 weeks.
Diabetes - A condition that causes high levels of sugar in the blood.
Diagnostic Mammography - A test that uses X-rays to check a breast lump or other condition for cancer.
Diagnostic Tests - Tests that look for a disease or cause of a disease.
Diastolic Blood Pressure [dy-uh-STAH-lik] - The force of the blood in the arteries when the heart is relaxed. It is the lower reading when blood pressure is taken.
Dichorionic–Diamnionic [dy-kohr-ee-AWN-ik dy-am-nee-AWN-ik] - A term to describe twins who have their own chorions and amniotic sacs. They typically do not share a placenta and can be fraternal or identical.
Digestive System - A system made up of the stomach, bowels, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. This system breaks down food and removes waste from the body.
Digital Breast Tomosynthesis [toh-moh-SIN-thuh-sis] - A test that takes X-rays of the breast and puts them together in a 3D image.
Dilation and Curettage [kyur-uh-TAHZH] (D&C) - A procedure that opens the cervix so tissue in the uterus can be removed using an instrument called a curette.
Dilation and Evacuation (D&E) - A procedure that can be used after 12 weeks of pregnancy. The cervical opening is widened and the contents of the uterus are removed using instruments and a suction device.
Diphtheria [dif-THEER-ee-uh] - A bacterial infection that causes a membrane to form in the throat and block air flow. A toxin made by the bacteria can also damage the heart and nerves.
Directed Donation - A donation of an organ or cells that is given to a specific individual or group, such as a family member.
Discordant - A large difference in the size of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy.
Disseminated Gonococcal Infection [di-SEM-uh-nay-tuhd gah-nuh-KAH-kuhl] - An infection that may result from untreated infection with gonorrhea and can be life-threatening. Symptoms include fever, chills, skin sores, and pain in the wrists, fingers, knees, or toes.
Diuretic [dy-yuh-RET-ik] - A medication or substance that increases the production of urine.
Diverticulum [dy-vuhr-TIK-yuh-luhm] - An abnormal pouch or sac in an internal organ or structure.
DNA - The genetic material that is passed down from parent to child. DNA is packaged in structures called chromosomes.
Dominant Disorder - A genetic disorder caused by one gene.
Doppler - A form of ultrasound that records movement, such as the fetus’s heartbeat, and creates sounds you can hear.
Doppler Ultrasound Exam - A type of ultrasound that uses sound waves to tell how fast an object is moving. Doppler ultrasound can be used to find the heartbeat of a fetus or how fast blood is moving through a vein or artery.
Doula - A birth coach who gives continual emotional and physical support during labor and childbirth.
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) - A genetic disorder that causes abnormal features of the face and body, medical problems such as heart defects, and mental disability. Most cases of Down syndrome are caused by an extra chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).
Ductus Arteriosis [DUK-tuhs ar-TEER-ee-oh-sis] - A fetal blood vessel that allows blood to bypass the fetal lungs. It usually closes soon after birth.
Dysmenorrhea [dis-men-uh-REE-uh] - Discomfort and pain during the menstrual period.
Dyspareunia [dis-par-OOH-nee-uh] - Pain with vaginal sex.
Dysplasia [dis-PLAY-zhuh] - A noncancerous condition that happens when normal cells are replaced by a layer of abnormal cells.
Dysuria [dis-YUR-ee-uh] - Pain during urination.
Early Term - In pregnancy, the period from 37 weeks and 0 days through 38 weeks and 6 days.
Eclampsia [ee-KLAMP-see-uh] - Seizures in pregnancy or after pregnancy that are linked to high blood pressure.
Ectopic Pregnancy - A pregnancy in a place other than the uterus, usually in one of the fallopian tubes. An ectopic pregnancy cannot move or be moved to the uterus, so it always requires treatment.
Edema [uh-DEE-muh] - Swelling caused by extra fluid in the body.
Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18) - A serious genetic condition that can cause a small head, heart defects, and deafness.
Effacement - Thinning out of the cervix.
Egg - A reproductive cell made in and released from the ovaries. Also called the ovum.
Ejaculate - The release of semen from the penis at the time of orgasm.
Elective Delivery - A delivery that is done for a nonmedical reason.
Elective Procedure - A planned, nonemergency procedure.
Electrical Excision - The removal of abnormal growths (on the cervix, vagina, vulva, etc.) using a thin wire loop and electric energy.
Electrode [uh-LEK-trohd] - A small wire that is attached to the head of the fetus to monitor the heart rate.
Electronic Fetal Monitoring - A test that records the heartbeat of the fetus and contractions of the uterus during labor. The test uses an instrument placed on the abdomen, such as a special stethoscope or an ultrasound device.
Electrosurgery - A procedure used to destroy or remove tissue with an electric current.
Embryo - The stage of development that starts at fertilization (joining of an egg and sperm) and lasts up to 8 weeks.
Emergency Contraception (EC) - Methods that are used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex.
Endometrial Ablation [en-doh-MEE-tree-uhl uh-BLAY-shuhn] - A minor surgical procedure that destroys the lining of the uterus to stop or reduce menstrual bleeding.
Endometrial Biopsy [en-doh-MEE-tree-uhl] - A procedure that removes a small amount of the tissue lining the uterus so it can be examined under a microscope.
Endometrial Cancer [en-doh-MEE-tree-uhl] - Cancer of the lining of the uterus.
Endometrial Hyperplasia [en-doh-MEE-tree-uhl hie-puhr-PLAY-zhuh] - A condition that causes the lining of the uterus to grow too thick.
Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia [en-doh-MEE-tree-uhl in-truh-ep-ih-THEE-lee-uhl nee-uh-PLAY-zhuh] (EIN) - A precancerous condition that causes areas of the lining of the uterus to grow too thick.
Endometriosis [en-doh-mee-tree-OH-suhs] - A condition that causes tissue that lines the uterus to grow outside of the uterus, usually on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and other parts of the pelvis.
Endometritis [en-doh-mee-TRY-tuhs] - Infection of the lining of the uterus.
Endometrium [en-doh-MEE-tree-uhm] - The lining of the uterus.
Enema - A liquid injected into the rectum to help solid stool pass out of the body.
Epidural - A type of pain medication that is given through a tube placed in the space at the base of the spine.
Epilepsy - A group of disorders that lead to sudden abnormal activity in the brain. This can lead to seizures.
Episiotomy [uh-pih-zee-AH-tuh-mee] - A surgical cut made in the area between the vagina and the anus to widen the vaginal opening for delivery.
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [ep-uh-THEE-lee-uhl] - The most common kind of ovarian cancer.
Erectile Dysfunction - The inability to have or keep an erection until ejaculation or vaginal sex takes place.
Erection - A lengthening and hardening of the penis.
Esophagus - The tube that connects the mouth with the stomach.
Estimated Due Date (EDD) - The estimated date that a baby will be born.
Estrogen - A sex hormone made in the ovaries.
Ethnic-Based Screening - Screening recommended for people who belong to an ethnic group or race that has a high rate of carriers of a specific genetic disorder.
Excisional Biopsy - A biopsy that is done by a surgeon using a scalpel or other surgical tools.
Exclusive Breastfeeding - Feeding a baby only breast milk and no other foods or liquids, unless advised by the baby’s doctor.
Expanded Carrier Screening - A blood test to screen for a large number of genetic disorders.
External Cephalic Version [suh-FAHL-ik] (ECV) - A technique to turn a breech fetus into a head-down position before birth. A doctor uses pressure on the abdomen to get the fetus to turn.
Factor V Leiden [FAK-tuhr FIVE LY-dn] - A genetic disorder that can increase the chance of developing blood clots.
Fallopian Tubes [fuh-LOH-pee-uhn] - Tubes through which an egg travels from the ovary to the uterus.
False-Negative - A test result that says you do not have a condition when you do.
False-Positive - A test result that says you have a condition when you do not.
Fecal Occult Blood Test - A test that looks for blood in a small sample of stool, which could be a sign of cancer of the colon or rectum.
Fertility - The ability to get pregnant.
Fertility Awareness - Ways to track physical signs and symptoms to learn when pregnancy may or may not be possible.
Fertilization - A multistep process that joins the egg and the sperm.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) - A group of physical, mental, behavioral, and learning disabilities in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) - The most severe disorder resulting from alcohol use during pregnancy. FAS can cause abnormalities in brain development, physical growth, and facial features of a baby or child.
Fetal Blood Sampling - A procedure that takes a sample of blood from the fetus’s umbilical cord and tests it.
Fetal Fibronectin [FEE-tl fy-bruh-NEK-tuhn] - A protein that is produced by fetal cells. It helps the amniotic sac stay connected to the lining of the uterus.
Fetal Growth Restriction - A condition that describes a fetus whose estimated weight is less than 90 percent of other fetuses of the same pregnancy age.
Fetus - The stage of human development beyond 8 completed weeks after fertilization.
Fibroadenoma [fy-bruh-ad-uh-NO-muh] - A type of solid, noncancerous breast mass.
Fibroids - Growths that form in the muscle of the uterus. Fibroids are usually noncancerous. Also called leiomyomas.
Fine-Needle Aspiration - A procedure to get a small amount of tissue using a needle and syringe. The tissue is examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
Fistula [FIS-chuh-luh] - An abnormal opening or passage between two organs.
Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization [fluh-RES-ns IN SEE-too hy-bruh-duh-ZAY-shuhn] (FISH) - A screening test for common chromosome problems. The test is done using a tissue sample from an amniocentesis or a chorionic villus test.
Folate - A B vitamin needed before and during pregnancy. When found in prenatal vitamins it is called folic acid.
Folic Acid - A vitamin that reduces the risk of certain birth defects when taken before and during pregnancy.
Follicle - The fluid-filled sac that holds an egg. Follicles develop inside the ovaries.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - A hormone made by the pituitary gland in the brain that helps an egg to mature.
Forceps - An instrument placed around the fetus’s head to help guide it out of the birth canal during birth.
Foreplay - Sexual activity, like kissing and touching, that leads to arousal before sex.
Foreskin - A layer of skin covering the end of the penis.
Fragile X Syndrome - A genetic disease of the X chromosome that is the most common inherited cause of mental disability.
Fraternal Twins - Twins that have developed from two different fertilized eggs.
Full Term - The period of pregnancy from 39 weeks and 0 days through 40 weeks and 6 days.
Functional Cyst - A noncancerous cyst that forms in an ovary. This cyst usually resolves on its own without treatment.
Fundal Height - The distance from the pubic bone to the top of the uterus. When measured throughout pregnancy, the fundal height helps determine the size and growth rate of the fetus.
Gastroschisis [gas-TRAHS-kuh-sis] - A birth defect that creates a hole in the abdominal wall of the fetus and lets the bowel stick out. This defect can be diagnosed during pregnancy with ultrasound and treated with surgery after birth.
Gay - Being sexually attracted to people of the same gender. Often used to describe men who are attracted to other men.
Gender Expression - The ways a person communicates their gender to others. This can include the clothes and hairstyles they wear, the pronouns they use, and their body language.
Gender Identity - A person’s sense of being male, female, or something else. This identity may or may not match the sex assigned at birth.
Gender Nonconforming - A term used to describe a person who does not follow other people’s ideas about how they should act according to gender roles. Also called gender fluid, gender expansive, or genderqueer, among other terms.
Gene - A segment of DNA that contains instructions for the development of a person’s physical traits and control of the processes in the body. The gene is the basic unit of heredity and can be passed from parent to child.
General Anesthesia - The use of medications that create a sleep-like state to prevent pain during surgery.
Genetic Counselor - A health care professional with special training in genetics who can provide expert advice about genetic disorders and prenatal testing.
Genetic Disorders - Disorders caused by a change in genes or chromosomes.
Geneticist - A specialist in the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity.
Genital Herpes - A sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a virus. Herpes causes painful, highly infectious sores on or around the vulva and penis.
Genitals - The sexual or reproductive organs on the outside of the body.
Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause [jen-uh-toh-YUR-uh-nair-ee] (GSM) - A collection of signs and symptoms caused by a decrease in estrogen and other sex hormones. Signs and symptoms can include vaginal dryness, pain with sex, bladder symptoms, frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs), burning, itching, and irritation.
Gestation - The time from fertilization of an egg until birth. Also called pregnancy.
Gestational Age - How far along a pregnancy is, usually reported in weeks and days.
Gestational Diabetes - Diabetes that starts during pregnancy.
Gestational Hypertension - High blood pressure that is diagnosed after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease [troh-fuh-BLAS-tik] (GTD) - A rare disorder of pregnancy that causes cells from the placenta to grow abnormally.
Gingivitis - Inflammation of the gums.
Glans - The head of the penis.
Glucose - A sugar in the blood that is the body’s main source of fuel.
Goiter - An enlarged thyroid gland that causes a lump in the neck.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone [goh-nad-uh-TROH-puhn ri-LEE-sing] (GnRH) - A hormone made in the brain that tells the pituitary gland when to produce follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonists [goh-nad-uh-TROH-puhn ri-LEE-sing] - Medical therapy used to block the effects of certain hormones.
Gonorrhea - A sexually transmitted infection that can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and arthritis.
Granuloma Gravidarum [gran-yu-LOH-muh gra-vuh-DAIR-uhm] - A growth on the gums that can happen during pregnancy.
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) - A type of bacteria that many people carry normally and can be passed to the fetus at the time of delivery. Antibiotics are given during labor to prevent newborn infection.
Gynecologic Oncologist - A doctor with special training and experience in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the female reproductive organs.
Gynecologist - A doctor and surgeon with special training and education in the female reproductive system.
Gynecology - The branch of medicine that involves care of the external genitals, internal female reproductive organs, and breasts.
Heart Attack - Damage to part of the heart muscle that occurs when its blood supply is interrupted. A heart attack almost always is caused by narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels in the heart.
HELLP Syndrome - A severe type of preeclampsia. HELLP stands for hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count.
Hematologist - A doctor with special training in diagnosing and treating diseases of the blood.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell [hih-mat-uh-poy-EH-tik] - A type of blood cell that can mature into other types of blood cells.
Hemoglobin - The protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body and returns carbon dioxide from the body to lungs.
Hemoglobinopathies [hee-moh-gloh-bin-AHP-uh-theez] - Any inherited disorder that affects the number or shape of red blood cells in the body. Examples include sickle cell disease and the different forms of thalassemia.
Hemolysis [hih-MAH-luh-suhs] - The breakdown of red blood cells.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn [hee-muh-LIT-ik] (HDN) - A type of anemia that can affect a fetus or newborn. HDN is caused by the breakdown of the fetus’s red blood cells by antibodies in the pregnant person’s blood.
Hemophilia - An inherited bleeding disorder that causes problems with blood clotting. People with hemophilia are at risk of severe bleeding from even minor injuries.
Hemorrhage [HEM-uhr-rij] - Heavy bleeding.
Hemorrhagic Stroke [hem-uh-RAJ-ik] - A type of stroke caused by the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain.
Hemorrhoids - Swollen blood vessels located in or around the anus.
Hepatitis - Infection of the liver.
Hepatitis A - An infection caused by a virus that can be spread by contaminated food or water.
Hepatitis B - An infection caused by a virus that can be spread through blood, semen, or other body fluid infected with the virus.
Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG) - A medication given to provide temporary protection against infection with hepatitis B virus.
Hepatitis C - An infection caused by a virus that can be spread through infected blood.
Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) Syndrome - A genetic condition that increases a person’s risk of cancer of the breast, ovary, prostate, pancreas, and skin (melanoma).
Herpes Zoster (Shingles) - A disease caused by re-awakening of the varicella zoster (chickenpox) virus in people who have had chickenpox. Shingles cause a painful rash and blisters.
Heterozygous [het-uh-roh-ZY-guhs] - A term to describe when a person has two copies of a gene and one functions normally but the other does not.
High Blood Pressure - Blood pressure above the normal level. Also called hypertension.
Hirsutism [HUHR-soo-tiz-uhm] - Excessive hair on the face, abdomen, and chest.
Homozygous [hoh-moh-ZY-guhs] - A term to describe when a person has two copies of a gene and neither copy functions normally.
Hormone - A substance made in the body that controls the function of cells or organs.
Hormone Therapy - 1. [menopause] Treatment with hormones, such as estrogen and progestin, to help treat the symptoms of menopause. 2. [gender transition] Treatment with hormones, such as estrogen, progestin, or testosterone, taken by people who are going through a gender transition.
Hospice Care - Care that focuses on comfort for people who have an illness that will lead to death.
Hot Flashes - Sensations of heat in the skin that occur when estrogen levels are low. Also called hot flushes.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin [kor-ee-AH-nik goh-nad-uh-TROH-puhn] (hCG) - A hormone made during pregnancy. Checking for this hormone is the basis for most pregnancy tests.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - A virus that attacks certain cells of the body’s immune system. If left untreated, HIV can cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Human Papillomavirus [pap-uh-LOH-muh-vy-ruhs] (HPV) - The name for a group of related viruses, some of which cause genital warts and some of which are linked to cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, and throat.
Huntington Disease - A disorder that causes loss of control of body movements and mental function.
Hydramnios [hie-DRAM-nee-ohs] - A condition in which there is an excess amount of amniotic fluid in the sac surrounding the fetus.
Hymen [HIE-muhn] - A membrane at the entrance of the vaginal opening.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum [hie-puhr-EM-uh-sis grah-vihd-AH-rum] - Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can lead to loss of weight and body fluids.
Hypertension - High blood pressure.
Hyperthermia - Very high body temperature.
Hyperthyroidism [hie-puhr-THIE-roi-diz-uhm] - A condition that causes the thyroid gland to make too much thyroid hormone.
Hypothyroidism [hie-poh-THIE-roi-diz-uhm] - A condition that causes the thyroid gland to make too little thyroid hormone.
Hysterectomy [his-tuhr-REK-tuh-mee] - Surgery to remove the uterus.
Hysterosalpingography [his-tuhr-oh-sal-pin-GAHG-ruh-fee] - An X-ray procedure to look for problems in the uterus or in the fallopian tubes. The procedure uses a small amount of fluid to make the X-ray clearer.
Hysteroscope [HISS-tuhr-oh-skohp] - A thin, lighted telescope that is used to look inside the uterus and do procedures.
Hysteroscopy [hiss-tuhr-AH-skuh-pee] - A procedure to view the inside of or perform surgery in the uterus. The procedure uses a lighted telescope inserted through the cervix and into the uterus.
Identical Twins - Twins that have developed from a single fertilized egg and that are usually genetically identical.
Immune - Protected against infectious disease.
Immune System - The body’s natural defense system against viruses and bacteria that cause disease.
Implantation - The stage of pregnancy when the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus.
Implantation Bleeding - A small amount of spotting or bleeding that happens early in pregnancy, about 2 weeks after ovulation. This may be a sign that a fertilized egg has attached to the lining of the uterus.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) - A procedure to help achieve a pregnancy. An egg is removed from an ovary, fertilized in a laboratory with sperm, and then transferred to the uterus.
Induced Abortion - An intervention to end a pregnancy so that it does not result in a live birth.
Infertility - The inability to get pregnant after 1 year of having regular vaginal sex without the use of birth control, or after less than 1 year based on factors like medical history, age, or test results.
Inflammation - Pain, swelling, redness, and irritation of tissues in the body.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) - The name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation of the intestines. Examples include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
Influenza (Flu) - An infection with the influenza (flu) virus that causes fever, headache, muscle aches, cough, nasal congestion, and extreme fatigue. In severe cases complications include pneumonia and bronchitis.
Influenza (Flu) Vaccine - A shot given to protect against the flu.
Informed Consent - The process by which a patient gains an understanding of the risks and benefits of a medical procedure or treatment as well as the alternatives.
Inherited Disorders - Disorders caused by a change in a gene that can be passed from parents to children.
Insulin - A hormone that lowers the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
Internal Os [OHZ] - The internal opening of the cervix into the uterus.
International Board-Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) - A health care professional who specializes in managing the medical aspects of breastfeeding. IBCLCs are certified by the International Board of Lactation Consultant Examiners.
Intimate Partner Violence - The use of physical, sexual, or emotional threats or actions against a current or former romantic partner. This type of violence is aimed at establishing control over the other person.
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy [in-truh-huh-PAT-ik koh-luh-STAY-suhs] - A liver condition that develops during pregnancy.
Intrauterine Device [in-truh-YOO-tuhr-ruhn] (IUD) - A small device that is inserted and left inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy, lighten or stop periods, or reduce the risk of endometrial cancer.
Intrauterine Insemination [in-truh-yOO-tuhr-ruhn in-sem-uh-NAY-shuhn] (IUI) - A fertility treatment that places sperm in the uterus to increase the chance of a pregnancy.
Intravenous (IV) Line - A tube inserted into a vein and used to deliver medication or fluids.
Iron-Deficiency Anemia - A type of anemia caused by abnormally low levels of iron in the blood.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) - A digestive disorder that can cause gas, diarrhea, constipation, and belly pain.
Ischemic Stroke [is-KEE-mik] - A type of stroke that happens when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked and cuts off blood flow to an area of brain tissue.
Isotretinoin [eye-soh-TRET-uh-no-in] - A prescription medication with vitamin A that is used to treat acne. This medication can cause severe birth defects and should not be taken during pregnancy or while trying to get pregnant.
Jaundice [JAWN-duhs] - A condition that causes the skin and the whites of the eyes to take on a yellow appearance after buildup of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow substance that forms when red blood cells break down.
Karyotype [KAIR-ee-uh-tiep] - An image of a person’s chromosomes, arranged in order of size.
Kegel Exercises [KAY-guhl] - Pelvic muscle exercises. Doing these exercises can help with bladder and bowel control as well as sexual function.
Kick Count - Timing how long it takes to feel 10 movements of the fetus. This test is done at home later in pregnancy as a way to monitor fetal well-being.
Kidney - An organ that filters the blood to remove waste that becomes urine.
Kidney Disease - A general term for any disease that affects how the kidneys function.
Labia [LAY-bee-uh] - Folds of skin on either side of the opening of the vagina.
Labia Majora [LAY-bee-uh muh-JOR-uh] - The outer, larger folds of tissue of the female genital area.
Labia Minora [LAY-bee-uh muh-NOR-uh] - The inner, smaller folds of tissue of the female genital area.
Labor - Contractions of the uterus that move the fetus down into the pelvis and cause the cervix to open, thin, and stretch before delivery.
Labor Augmentation - Steps taken to stimulate the uterus to have more contractions that are stronger, longer, and closer together. Labor augmentation is done after labor has started on its own but contractions have slowed or stopped.
Labor Induction - The use of medication or other methods to start labor.
Laborist - An obstetrician–gynecologist (ob-gyn) who works only in a hospital to provide care during labor and delivery.
Lactation - Production of breast milk.
Lactational Amenorrhea Method [lak-TAY-shun-uhl ay-men-uh-REE-uh] (LAM) - A temporary method of birth control that is based on the natural way the body prevents ovulation during exclusive breastfeeding.
Lactobacilli [lak-toh-buh-SILL-eye] - A type of bacteria normally found in large numbers in the vagina. These bacteria help keep the vagina acidic and prevent overgrowth of unhealthy bacteria.
Lactose - A sugar found in many dairy products.
Lactose Intolerance - Being unable to digest lactose, a sugar found in many dairy products.
Laminaria [lam-uh-NAIR-ee-uh] - Slender rods made of natural or synthetic material that expand when they absorb water. Laminaria are inserted into the opening of the cervix to widen it.
Lanugo [luh-NOO-goh] - Soft, downy hair that covers the fetus’s body.
Laparoscope [LAP-uh-ruh-skohp] - A thin, lighted telescope that is inserted through a small incision (cut) in the abdomen to view internal organs or to perform surgery.
Laparoscopic Sterilization [lap-uh-ruh-SKAH-pik] - Sterilization that is done by laparoscopy, a type of surgery that uses a thin, lighted telescope and other long, thin devices inserted through small incisions (cuts) in the abdomen.
Laparoscopic Surgery [lap-uh-ruh-SKAH-pik] - A type of surgery that uses a thin, lighted telescope and other long, thin devices inserted through small incisions (cuts) in the abdomen.
Laparoscopy [lap-uh-RAH-skuh-pee] - A surgical procedure using a thin, lighted telescope called a laparoscope. The laparoscope is inserted through a small incision (cut) in the abdomen and used to view the pelvic organs. Other long, thin instruments can be used with it to perform surgery.
Laparotomy [lap-uh-RAH-tuh-mee] - A surgical procedure that uses a large incision (cut) in the abdomen.
Large Intestine - The portion of the intestine that starts at the end of the small intestine and ends at the anus.
Last Menstrual Period (LMP) - The date of the first day of the last menstrual period before pregnancy. The LMP is used to estimate the date of delivery.
Late Term - In pregnancy, the period from 41 weeks and 0 days through 41 weeks and 6 days.
Laxative - A product that is used to help empty the bowels.
Lesbian - A woman who is attracted to other women.
Let-Down Reflex - The body’s response to a baby nursing or the expectation of a baby nursing. Nerves in the nipples signal the brain to release hormones. The hormones cause the breasts to release milk.
Libido - The desire for, or interest in, sex. Also called sex drive.
Li–Fraumeni Syndrome [LEE frow-MEE-nee] - A genetic condition that increases a person’s risk of cancer of the breast, bones, soft tissue, brain, and outer layer of the adrenal glands.
Ligament - A band of tissue that connects bones or supports large internal organs.
Linea Nigra [LINE-ee-uh NEE-grah] - A line running from the belly button to pubic hair that darkens during pregnancy.
Lipoproteins - Substances that move cholesterol to and from the liver throughout the blood.
Listeria [lihs-TEE-ree-uh] - A type of bacteria that causes foodborne illness.
Listeriosis [lihs-tee-ree-OH-suhs] - A type of illness you can get from bacteria found in unpasteurized milk, hot dogs, luncheon meats, and smoked seafood.
Live, Attenuated Influenza (Flu) Vaccine - A flu vaccine with live viruses that have been changed to not cause disease. It is given as a nasal spray. It is not recommended during pregnancy (but the flu shot is safe).
Liver - An organ that regulates most of the chemicals in the body and filters the blood to remove toxins.
Liver Enzymes - Chemicals made by liver cells. High levels of liver enzymes may suggest liver damage.
Local Anesthesia - Medications that stop pain in a part of the body.
Lochia [LOH-kee-uh] - Vaginal discharge and bleeding that happens after delivery.
Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) - Birth control methods that are highly effective in preventing pregnancy and can be used for several years. These include the intrauterine device (IUD) and the birth control implant.
Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP) - A procedure that removes abnormal tissue from the cervix using a thin wire loop and electric energy.
Low Birth Weight - Weighing less than 5 1/2 pounds (2,500 grams) at birth.
Lupus [LOO-puhs] - An autoimmune disorder that affects the connective tissues in the body. The disorder can cause arthritis, kidney disease, heart disease, blood disorders, and complications during pregnancy. Also called systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE.
Luteinizing Hormone [LOO-tee-uh-ny-zing] (LH) - A hormone made in the pituitary gland that helps an egg to be released from the ovary.
Lymph Nodes - Small groups of special tissue that carry lymph, a liquid that bathes body cells. Lymph nodes are connected to each other by lymph vessels. Together, these make up the lymphatic system.
Lynch Syndrome - A genetic condition that increases a person’s risk of cancer of the colon, rectum, ovary, uterus, pancreas, and bile duct.
Macrosomia [mak-roh-SOH-mee-uh] - A condition that causes a fetus to grow more than expected and weigh more than 8 pounds and 13 ounces (4,000 grams).
Magnesium Sulfate - A medication that may be given before preterm birth to help prevent cerebral palsy.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - A test to view internal organs and structures by using a strong magnetic field and sound waves.
Malaria - A disease caused by a parasite that is spread through mosquito bites.
Malignant - A way to describe abnormal cells or tumors that are able to spread to other parts of the body.
Malpresentation - Any time the fetus is not in a head-down position.
Mammogram - An X-ray image used to show breast cancer or other breast problems.
Mammography - X-rays of the breast that are used to find breast cancer or other breast problems.
Mastectomy - Surgery to remove part or all of the breast.
Mastitis - Infection of the breast tissue. Most common during breastfeeding.
Masturbation - Self-stimulation of the genitals.
Maternal–Fetal Medicine (MFM) Specialist - An obstetrician–gynecologist with extra training in high-risk pregnancies. Also called a perinatologist.
Measles–Mumps–Rubella (MMR) Vaccine - A shot given to protect against measles, mumps, and rubella. The shot contains live viruses that have been changed to not cause disease. The shot is not recommended during pregnancy.
Meconium [muh-KOH-nee-uhm] - A greenish substance that builds up in the bowels of a fetus.
Melanin - A dark pigment that gives color to the skin and hair.
Melasma - A common skin condition that causes brown to gray-brown patches on the face. Also called chloasma or the “mask of pregnancy.”
Menarche [muh-NAHR-kee] - The first menstrual period, often starting around 12 or 13 years old.
Meningitis [min-uhn-JY-tuhs] - Inflammation of the covering of the brain or spinal cord, usually caused by infection.
Meningococcal Disease [muh-nin-juh-KAH-kuhl] - Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and spinal cord caused by a bacteria called meningococcus.
Menopause - The last menstrual period, often happening around age 51. Menopause can only be confirmed after 1 year of no periods.
Menstrual Cycle - The monthly changes that prepare the body for a possible pregnancy. A menstrual cycle is defined as the first day of menstrual bleeding of one cycle to the first day of menstrual bleeding of the next cycle.
Menstrual Period - The monthly shedding of blood and tissue from the uterus. Also called menstruation.
Menstrual Suppression - Using hormone therapy to stop, skip, or lighten menstrual periods.
Menstruation - The shedding of blood and tissue from the uterus that happens monthly except during pregnancy. Also called menstrual periods.
Metabolic Syndrome - A combination of factors that can lead to diabetes and heart disease. These factors include high blood pressure, too much weight in the abdomen, high blood sugar level, low levels of “good” cholesterol, and high levels of fats in the blood (triglycerides).
Metabolism - The physical and chemical processes in the body that maintain life.
Metastasize [muh-TAS-tuh-siez] - Spreading of cancer to other parts of the body.
Microarray - A technology that examines all of a person’s genes to look for certain genetic disorders or abnormalities. Microarray technology can find very small genetic changes that can be missed by the routine genetic tests.
Microcephaly [my-kroh-SEF-uh-lee] - A birth defect that causes a baby’s head and brain to be smaller than normal. Babies with microcephaly may have seizures, developmental delays, mental disability, vision and hearing problems, and problems with balance and movement.
Microorganisms - Life forms that are invisible to the naked eye and can only be seen with a microscope. Bacteria are an example.
Milk Ducts - Small tubes that bring milk from milk lobules to the nipple.
Milk Lobules - Small structures in the breast that can make and store milk.
Minilaparotomy [min-ee-lap-uh-ROT-uh-mee] - A small abdominal cut used for a surgery. Commonly used when the fallopian tubes are closed off as a form of permanent birth control right after childbirth.
Minimally Invasive Surgery - Surgery done through very small cuts or no cuts at all.
Miscarriage - Loss of a pregnancy that is in the uterus.
Mixed Urinary Incontinence - Involuntary loss of urine when there is urgency to urinate and when there is physical exertion, sneezing, or coughing.
Modified Biophysical Profile - A version of the biophysical profile that is used to check fetal well-being. This test checks the amount of amniotic fluid with ultrasound and the fetal heart rate with a nonstress test.
Molar Pregnancy - An abnormal pregnancy that happens when a sperm fertilizes an egg that does not contain any genetic material. This type of pregnancy cannot develop normally, may be precancerous, and must be treated. Also called a hydatidiform mole.
Monochorionic–Diamniotic [mahn-oh-kor-ee-AWN-ik dy-am-nee-AW-tik] - A term to describe twins who share a chorion but have separate amniotic sacs. They share a placenta and are identical.
Monochorionic–Monoamniotic [mahn-oh-kor-ee-AWN-ik maw-noh-am-nee-AW-tik] - A term to describe twins who share one chorion and one amniotic sac. They share a placenta and are identical.
Monosomy [MAHN-oh-soh-mee] - A problem where there is a missing chromosome.
Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction - A procedure used to reduce the number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy.
Multigene Panel Testing - A type of genetic test that can look for mutations in multiple genes at once.
Multiple Pregnancy - A pregnancy with two or more fetuses.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) - A disease of the nervous system that leads to loss of muscle control.
Mutation - A change in a gene that can be passed from parent to child.
Myomectomy [mie-oh-MEK-tuh-mee] - Surgery to remove uterine fibroids that leaves the uterus in place.
Myometrium [mie-oh-MEE-tree-uhm] - The muscular layer of the uterus.
Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy - A condition that develops in early pregnancy, usually starting before 9 weeks of pregnancy.
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [NEK-ruh-tyz-ing en-tuhr-oh-koh-LY-tuhs] (NEC) - Severe inflammation affecting the digestive tract that is most commonly found in preterm babies.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) - A group of conditions that develop in a newborn who was exposed to addictive substances before birth. A common cause of NAS is opioid use disorder.
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) - A special part of a hospital where sick newborns receive medical care.
Neonatologist - A pediatrician with extra training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders that affect newborns.
Neural Tube Defect (NTD) - A birth defect that results from a problem in development of the brain, spinal cord, or their coverings.
Neurological - Related to the nervous system, or the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Neurologic Disorders - Diseases that affect the brain, spinal cord, or nerves.
Nicotine - An addictive drug found in tobacco.
Nitrous Oxide - A gas with no odor that when inhaled causes you to feel relaxed and calm. Also known as laughing gas.
Nocturia [nohk-TOO-ree-uh] - Waking up more than once each night to urinate.
Nocturnal Enuresis - The involuntary loss of urine at night while asleep.
Nonbinary - A term used to describe a person whose gender identity is neither male nor female.
Nonoxynol-9 [nah-nahk-sih-nuhl NYNE] - A chemical that stops sperm from traveling to an egg. It is found in most spermicides.
Nonproliferative [non-pruh-LIFF-uh-ruh-tiv] - A term used to describe a noncancerous breast mass that contains normal cells.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) - Medications that relieve pain by reducing inflammation. Many types are available over the counter, including ibuprofen and naproxen.
Nonstress Test - A test that records changes in the fetal heart rate using an electronic fetal monitor.
Nuchal Translucency Screening [NOO-kuhl trans-LOO-sin-see] - A test to screen for certain birth defects, such as Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, or heart defects. The screening uses ultrasound to measure fluid at the back of the fetus’s neck.
Nutrients - Nourishing substances found in food, such as vitamins and minerals.
Obesity - A condition characterized by excessive body fat.
Obliterative Surgery - A type of surgery that narrows or closes off the vagina to create support for organs that have dropped down.
Obstetric Care Provider - A health care professional who specializes in pregnancy, labor, and delivery. These professionals include obstetrician–gynecologists (ob-gyns), certified nurse–midwives (CNMs), maternal–fetal medicine specialists (MFMs), and family medicine doctors with experience in maternal care.
Obstetrician [ahb-stuh-TRISH-uhn] - A doctor and surgeon who provides care during pregnancy and labor.
Obstetrician–Gynecologist (Ob-Gyn) - A doctor with medical and surgical training and education in the female reproductive system.
Obstetrics [uhb-STET-riks] - The branch of medicine that involves caring for patients who are pregnant or are in labor.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea [AP-nee-uh] - A serious sleep disorder that causes a person to have brief pauses in breathing during sleep.
Oligohydramnios [ahl-ih-go-hy-DRAM-nee-ohs] - A small amount of fluid around the fetus in pregnancy.
Oocyte Cryopreservation [OH-uh-siet] - A procedure that removes and freezes eggs for later use with in vitro fertilization (IVF). Also called egg freezing.
Oophorectomy [oh-uh-fuh-REK-tuh-mee] - Surgery to remove an ovary.
Opioid Use Disorder - A treatable disease that can be caused by frequent opioid use. It is sometimes called opioid addiction.
Opioids - Medications that decrease the ability to feel pain.
Oral Contraceptives - Pills taken daily to prevent pregnancy or to decrease monthly bleeding and pain caused by the menstrual cycle.
Orgasm - The feelings of physical pleasure that can happen during sexual activity.
Osteoporosis - A condition of thin bones that could allow them to break more easily.
Ovarian Cancer - Cancer that develops in the ovaries or fallopian tubes.
Ovarian Cystectomy - Surgery to remove a cyst from an ovary.
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome - A condition caused by overstimulation of the ovaries by medications, which may cause painful swelling of the ovaries and fluid in the abdomen.
Ovary - An organ that contains the eggs necessary to get pregnant. Ovaries also make important hormones, such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
Ovulate - The act of an ovary releasing an egg.
Ovulation - The time when an ovary releases an egg.
Oxygen - An element that we breathe in to sustain life.
Oxytocin [ahk-see-TOH-sn] - A hormone made in the body that can cause contractions of the uterus and release of milk from the breast.
Pap Test - A test that takes cells from the cervix or vagina to look for signs of cancer.
Parvovirus - A virus that can be passed to the fetus during pregnancy and cause harm.
Pasteurization - The process of heating certain foods to a specific temperature for a set period of time to kill harmful bacteria.
Patau Syndrome [puht-OW] (Trisomy 13)- A genetic condition caused by an extra chromosome that causes serious problems. It involves the heart and brain, cleft lip and palate, and extra fingers and toes.
Pathogen - Any small life form that can cause disease.
Pathologist - A doctor that looks at tissues and laboratory tests to diagnose disease.
Pediatrician - A doctor who cares for infants and children.
Pelvic Exam - A physical examination of the pelvic organs, including the vagina, cervix, uterus, and ovaries.
Pelvic Floor - A muscular area connected to the back muscles and abdominal muscles that supports the pelvic organs.
Pelvic Floor Disorder - Any disorder of the muscles and tissues that support the pelvic organs.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - An infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries.
Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) - A condition that causes one or more pelvic organs to drop down. This condition is caused by weakening of the muscles and tissues that support the organs in the pelvis, including the vagina, uterus, and bladder.
Pelvis - The lower portion of the trunk of the body.
Penetration - The act of inserting a penis, finger, or other object into the vagina or anus, or inserting a sex organ into the mouth.
Penis - The male sex organ.
Perforation - An injury to the wall of an organ.
Perimenopause - The time period leading up to menopause.
Perineal Tear [pair-uh-NEE-uhl] - A tear in the area between the vagina and the anus. A tear can happen at the time of vaginal delivery.
Perineum [pair-uh-NEE-uhm] - The area between the vagina and the anus.
Peripheral Artery Disease - A disease in which the arteries that supply blood to the limbs are narrowed.
Peritoneum [pair-uh-tuh-NEE-uhm] - The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and surrounds the internal organs.
Pertussis - A contagious respiratory infection. Also known as whooping cough.
Pessary - A device that can be inserted into the vagina. It is typically used to support organs that have dropped down from their normal position or to help control urine leakage.
Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome [PUHTS JAY-guhrs] - A genetic condition that increases a person’s risk of cancer of the stomach, intestines, pancreas, cervix, ovary, and breast. It can also cause benign skin growths on the skin, face, mouth, and tongue.
Pica - The urge to eat things that are not food.
Pituitary Gland [puh-TOO-uh-tair-ee] - A gland located near the brain that controls growth and other changes in the body.
Placenta [pluh-SEN-tuh] - An organ that provides nutrients to and takes waste away from the fetus.
Placenta Accreta [pluh-SEN-tuh uh-KREE-tuh] - A condition that causes part or all of the placenta to abnormally attach to the uterus.
Placenta Increta [pluh-SEN-tuh in-KREE-tuh] - A condition that causes part or all of the placenta to grow into the uterine wall.
Placenta Percreta [pluh-SEN-tuh puhr-KREHT-uh] - A condition that causes the placenta to grow through the entire wall of the uterus and sometimes into nearby organs, such as the bladder or bowels.
Placenta Previa [pluh-SEN-tuh PREH-vee-uh] - A condition that causes the placenta to cover the opening of the uterus.
Placental Abruption - A condition that causes the placenta to separate from the uterus before the fetus is born.
Plaque - A waxy substance made up of cholesterol and different types of cells. Plaque can form within the walls of arteries and causes atherosclerosis.
Platelet - A small cell found in the blood that helps to stop bleeding.
Pneumococcal Disease [noo-muh-KAH-kuhl] - A disease caused by a bacterial infection that can affect the lungs, ears, or brain.
Pneumonia [nu-MOH-nyuh] - An infection of the lungs.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome [pah-lee-SIS-tik] (PCOS) - A condition that leads to a hormone imbalance that affects a woman’s monthly menstrual periods, ovulation, ability to get pregnant, and metabolism.
Polyhydramnios [pah-lee-hie-DRAM-nee-ohs] - A large amount of fluid surrounding the fetus in pregnancy.
Polyp [PAH-luhp] - An abnormal tissue growth that can develop on the inside of an organ. Polyps usually are not cancerous.
Posterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse - Bulging of the rectum or the small intestine into the back wall of the vagina. Also called a rectocele.
Postpartum - Related to the weeks following the birth of a child.
Postpartum Depression - A type of depressive mood disorder that develops in the first year after the birth of a child.
Postpartum Endometritis - Infection of the lining of the uterus following childbirth.
Postpartum Hemorrhage - Heavy bleeding after the birth of a baby and the placenta.
Postpartum Sterilization - A permanent procedure that prevents pregnancy and is done soon after the birth of a child.
Postterm - In pregnancy, the period equal to or longer than 42 weeks.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - A mental health disorder that some people develop after experiencing or witnessing one or more frightening, dangerous, or shocking events.
Prediabetes - A condition that leads to higher-than-normal blood sugar but not high enough to be type 2 diabetes.
Preeclampsia [pre-ee-KLAMP-see-uh] - A disorder during pregnancy or after childbirth that causes high blood pressure and other signs of organ injury. These signs include an abnormal amount of protein in the urine, a low number of platelets, abnormal kidney or liver function, pain over the upper abdomen, fluid in the lungs, a severe headache, or vision changes.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis [proh-fuh-LAK-suhs] (PrEP) - Daily medication taken to help prevent infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Along with other preventive measures, such as using condoms, PrEP may reduce the risk of getting HIV.
Pregestational Diabetes - Diabetes that existed before pregnancy and may be diagnosed early in pregnancy.
Preimplantation Genetic Testing - Testing that looks for genetic disorders during in vitro fertilization (IVF). Tests are done on a few cells from the embryo before it is transferred to the uterus.
Prelabor Rupture of Membranes (PROM) - Rupture of the amniotic membranes that happens before labor begins. Also called premature rupture of membranes.
Premature Menopause - Menopause that happens before age 40.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) - A severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) that interferes with daily life. Symptoms may include sharp mood swings, irritability, hopelessness, anxiety, problems concentrating, changes in appetite, sleep problems, and bloating.
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) - A term used to describe a group of physical and behavioral changes that may happen before menstrual period.
Prenatal Care - Health care during pregnancy.
Prepregnancy - Before pregnancy.
Prepregnancy Care - Medical care that is given before pregnancy to improve the chances of a healthy pregnancy. This care includes a physical exam; counseling about nutrition, exercise, and medications; and treatment of medical conditions that may affect the pregnancy.
Presentation - A term that describes the part of the fetus that is lowest in the vagina during labor.
Preterm - Less than 37 weeks of pregnancy.
Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes (PPROM) - Rupture of the amniotic membranes that happens before labor begins and before 37 weeks of pregnancy.
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency - A condition that causes the ovaries to stop working normally before age 40.
Prodrome [PROH-drohm] - A symptom that starts before the onset of a disease.
Progesterone [proh-JES-tuh-rohn] - A sex hormone that is made in the ovaries and prepares the lining of the uterus for pregnancy.
Progestin [proh-JES-tuhn] - A synthetic form of progesterone that is similar to the hormone made naturally by the body.
Proliferative Without Atypia [pruh-LIF-uhr-ray-tiv without ay-TIP-ee-uh] - A term that describes a noncancerous breast mass with cells that are increasing in number but otherwise normal.
Prostaglandins [prah-stuh-GLAN-duhnz] - Chemicals that are made by the body that have many effects, including causing the muscles of the uterus to contract, usually causing cramps.
Prostate Gland - A male gland that makes most of the fluid for ejaculation.
Proteinuria [proh-tuh-NYUR-ee-uh] - Having an abnormal amount of protein in the urine.
Psychotherapy - Talking with a licensed mental health care professional to find ways to cope with or change troubling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.
Puberty - The stage of life that leads to sexual maturity. It includes change in the external genitals, the appearance of pubic hair, and growth spurts.
Pyelonephritis [pie-loh-ni-FRY-tuhs] - A kidney infection caused by bacteria.
Queer - Any sexual orientation or gender identity that is not straight and cisgender.
Questioning - A term used to describe a person who is exploring their sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression.
Quickening - The first feeling of movement of the fetus.
Radiation - A type of energy that is transmitted in the form of rays, waves, or particles.
Radiation Therapy - A type of cancer treatment that uses radiation.
Radical Trachelectomy [tray-kuh-LEK-tuh-mee] - Surgery to remove the cervix and nearby tissue, lymph nodes, and the upper part of the vagina. Usually used to treat cervical cancer.
Radiologist - A doctor who specializes in interpreting images taken with various medical imaging techniques.
Rape - Penetration of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without consent. Rape is a type of sexual assault.
Recessive Disorders - Genetic disorders caused by two genes, one inherited from each parent.
Reconstructive Surgery - Surgery to repair or restore a part of the body that is injured or damaged.
Rectovaginal Exam - A physical exam of the muscles and tissues between the vagina and anus.
Rectum - The last part of the digestive tract.
Recurrence - The return of disease or its signs and symptoms.
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss - The loss of two or more pregnancies in a row.
Regional Analgesia - The use of medications to relieve pain in a region of the body.
Regional Anesthesia - The use of medications to block sensation in a region of the body.
Rejection - An immune response that causes the body to recognize transplanted cells or tissues as foreign and attack them.
Reproductive Endocrinologist - An obstetrician–gynecologist with special training in disorders related to hormones of the reproductive system. These specialists can also treat infertility with medication or procedures.
Resectoscope - A slender telescope with an electrical wire loop or roller-ball tip used to remove or destroy tissue.
Resorption - A type of bone loss that increases after menopause.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) - A breathing problem caused when a newborn’s lungs are not mature.
Resuscitation - Medical procedures that can save a person's life by restarting the heart and lungs after they have stopped. One example is CPR.
Retinopathy of Prematurity [ret-uh-NAH-puh-thee] - A condition affecting the blood vessels in the part of the eye that sends images to the brain. The condition can cause permanent visual problems and blindness in preterm infants.
Rh Factor - A protein that can be found on the surface of red blood cells and makes up part of a person’s blood type.
Rh Immunoglobulin (RhIg) - A substance given to prevent an Rh-negative person’s antibody response to Rh-positive blood cells.
Rh Sensitization - The presence of Rh antibodies in the bloodstream of an Rh-negative person. This happens when an Rh-negative person’s blood comes into contact with Rh-positive blood.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - A chronic disease that causes pain, swelling, redness, and irritation of the joints and changes in the muscles and bones. The condition can become more severe with time.
Risk-Reducing Bilateral Mastectomy - Surgery to remove both healthy breasts to reduce the risk of cancer. In some cases, breast tissue is removed but not the nipples.
Risk-Reducing Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy [sal-PIN-joh-oh-uh-fuh-REK-tuh-mee] - Surgery to remove both healthy fallopian tubes and both healthy ovaries. This surgery is done to reduce the risk of cancer.
Round Ligaments - Two bands of rope-like tissue that support the uterus. There is one round ligament on each side of the uterus.
Rubella - A virus that can be passed to the fetus if you become infected during pregnancy. The virus can cause miscarriage or severe birth defects.
Sacrocolpopexy [sa-kro-KOL-poh-pek-see] - A type of surgery to repair vaginal vault prolapse. The surgery attaches the vaginal vault to the sacrum with surgical mesh.
Sacrohysteropexy [sa-kro-HIS-tuh-roh-pek-see] - A type of surgery to repair uterine prolapse. The surgery attaches the cervix to the sacrum with surgical mesh.
Salpingectomy [sal-pin-JEK-tuh-mee] - Surgery to remove one or both of the fallopian tubes.
Salpingo-Oophorectomy [sal-PIN-joh-oh-uh-fuh-REK-tuh-mee] - Surgery to remove an ovary and fallopian tube.
Sciatica - Pain or numbness anywhere along the sciatic nerve. Pain often is felt from the lower back through the buttock and down the back of the leg.
Screening Tests - Tests that look for possible signs of disease in people who do not have symptoms. If signs of disease are found, more testing may be needed.
Scrotum - The male genital sac that holds the testicles.
Sedative - An agent or medication that eases nervousness or tension.
Seizure Disorders - Any condition that causes seizures, which cause changes in movement, consciousness, mood, or emotions. Epilepsy is one kind of seizure disorder.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) - Medications that stimulate certain tissues that respond to estrogen while not stimulating other tissues that respond to estrogen.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) - A type of medication used to treat depression.
Semen - The fluid made by male sex glands that contains sperm.
Sepsis - A life-threatening condition caused by a buildup of infectious toxins (usually from bacteria) in the blood. Symptoms include fever, rapid heart rate, breathing difficulty, and mental confusion.
Sex Assigned at Birth - The label (male, female, or intersex) given to newborns based on their sex organs, chromosomes, or hormones. This may or may not match the person’s gender identity.
Sex Chromosomes - The chromosomes that determine a person’s sex. In humans, there are two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Females usually have two X chromosomes and males usually have an X and a Y chromosome.
Sex-Linked Disorders - Inherited disorders caused by a change in a gene located on the sex chromosomes.
Sexual Abuse - Sex acts that are forced on one person by another without consent.
Sexual Intercourse - The act of the penis entering the vagina. Also called vaginal sex.
Sexual Orientation - A person’s emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to other people, which can change over time. Examples include straight, gay, bisexual, or asexual.
Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) - An infection that is spread by sexual contact. Infections include chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes, syphilis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Shoulder Dystocia [dis-TOH-shuh] - An emergency situation during labor when one or both of a fetus’s shoulders get stuck inside the woman’s body after the fetus’s head has come out. Extra steps may be needed to deliver the baby.
Sickle Cell Disease - An inherited disorder marked by red blood cells that have a crescent shape instead of the usual disc shape. The disorder causes chronic anemia and episodes of pain.
Sigmoidoscopy [sihg-moy-DAH-skuh-pee] - A screening test to look inside the lower colon with a thin device that is passed through the rectum.
Sitz Bath - A method for easing pain and swelling in the genitals. It involves sitting in a basin of warm water that is just deep enough to cover the buttocks and hips.
Skene Glands [SKEEN] - Glands located on either side of the urethra and urethral opening.
Sleep Apnea [AP-nee-uh] - A disorder that causes interruptions of breathing during sleep.
Sleep Disorder - A condition that disrupts normal sleep patterns.
Sonohysterography [suh-noh-his-tuh-RAHG-ruh-fee] - A procedure that injects sterile fluid into the uterus through the cervix while ultrasound images are taken of the inside of the uterus.
Speculum [SPEK-yuh-luhm] - An instrument used to hold open the walls of the vagina, such as during a Pap test.
Sperm - A cell made in the testicles that can fertilize an egg.
Spermicides - Chemicals (creams, gels, foams) that stop sperm from traveling to an egg.
Sphincter Muscle - A muscle that can close a bodily opening, such as the sphincter muscle of the anus.
Spina Bifida [SPY-nuh BIH-fuh-duh] - A type of birth defect that happens when the spinal column of the fetus does not develop properly. This leads to an exposed spinal cord or membranes, which may cause paralysis or weakness of the lower limbs in a newborn.
Spinal Block - A type of regional anesthesia or analgesia that is injected into the spinal fluid to relieve pain. Often used during cesarean birth.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) - An inherited disorder that causes wasting of the muscles and severe weakness. SMA is the leading genetic cause of death in infants.
Spontaneous Vaginal Birth - A vaginal birth without assistance from forceps or a suction device.
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion [SKWAY-muhs in-truh-ep-uh-THEE-lee-uhl LEE-zhuhn] (SIL) - A term used to describe abnormal cervical cells that may lead to cervical cancer over time. These cells can be detected by a Pap test.
Stage - A way to describe the size of a tumor and if it has spread to other areas of the body.
Statins - Medications used to treat high cholesterol levels.
Stem Cells - Cells with the ability to develop into different types of cells.
Sterilization - A permanent method of birth control.
Stillbirth - Birth of a dead fetus.
Straight - Being sexually attracted to people of a different gender.
Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) - Involuntary loss of urine with physical exertion, sneezing, or coughing.
Stroke - A sudden interruption of blood flow to all or part of the brain, caused by blockage or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain. A stroke often results in problems with speaking, learning, and movement. In some cases one side of the body may be paralyzed.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) - The unexpected death of an infant from an unknown case.
Surfactant [suhr-FAK-tuhnt] - A substance made by cells in the lungs. This substance helps keep the lungs elastic and keeps them from collapsing.
Surrogacy - An agreement to carry and give birth to a baby for another person.
Symptothermal Method - A fertility awareness method used to predict fertile days. The method uses body temperature and other signs and symptoms of ovulation.
Synthetic - Made by a chemical process, usually to imitate a natural material.
Syphilis - A sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by an organism called Treponema pallidum. This infection may cause major health problems or death in its later stages.
Systemic Analgesia - The use of medications that provide pain relief over the entire body without causing loss of consciousness.
Systolic Blood Pressure [sis-TAH-lik] - The force of the blood in the arteries when the heart is contracting. It is the top reading when blood pressure is taken.
Tamoxifen [tuh-MAHK-suh-fen] - An estrogen-blocking medication sometimes used to treat breast cancer.
Tay–Sachs Disease - An inherited disorder that causes mental disability, blindness, seizures, and death, usually by age 5.
Teratogens [tuh-RAT-uh-juhnz] - Agents that can cause birth defects when you are exposed to them during pregnancy.
Teratoma [tair-uh-TOH-muh] - A noncancerous mass on the ovary.
Testicles - Paired male organs that make sperm and the sex hormone testosterone. Also called “testes.”
Testosterone - A hormone made by the testes and in smaller amounts by the ovaries. This hormone is responsible for masculine characteristics such as hair growth, muscle development, and a lower voice.
Tetanus - A disease caused by bacteria that can enter the body through a puncture wound, such as from a metal nail, wood splinter, or insect bite. The bacteria make a toxin that can paralyze the breathing muscles.
Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccine - A shot that protects against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough).
Thalassemia [thal-uh-SEE-mee-uh] - A group of inherited anemias.
Thimerosal [thy-MAIR-uh-sahl] - A preservative used in some vaccines (shots).
Thrombophilia [thrahm-boh-FIL-ee-uh] - A condition that makes the blood more likely to form clots.
Thyroid Gland - A butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck in front of the windpipe. This gland makes, stores, and releases thyroid hormone, which controls the body’s metabolism and regulates how parts of the body work.
Thyroid Hormone - The hormone that is made by the thyroid gland.
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - A hormone made by the pituitary gland that encourages the thyroid gland to make and release more thyroid hormone.
Tocolytic [toh-koh-LIT-ik] - A medication used to slow contractions of the uterus.
Toxic Shock Syndrome - A severe illness caused by a bacterial infection. It can be caused by leaving a tampon in the vagina too long.
Toxin - A substance made by bacteria that is poisonous to other living organisms.
Toxoplasmosis - An infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an organism that may be found in raw meat, garden soil, and cat feces (stool). This infection can harm a fetus.
Tranexamic Acid [tran-eks-AM-ik] - A medication to treat or prevent heavy bleeding.
Transabdominal Ultrasound Exam - A type of ultrasound that uses a device moved across the abdomen.
Transducer - A device that sends out sound waves and translates the echoes into electrical signals.
Transfusion - Giving the body blood, plasma, or platelets to replace what has been lost through heavy bleeding or an illness.
Transgender - A term used to describe a person whose gender identity is different from the sex they were assigned at birth.
Transgender Man - A term used to describe a person who was assigned female at birth but has a male gender identity.
Transgender Woman- A term used to describe a person who was assigned male at birth but has a female gender identity.
Translocation - When one part of a chromosome is moved to another chromosome.
Transvaginal Ultrasound Exam - A type of ultrasound where the device is placed in the vagina.
Trial of Labor After Cesarean Delivery (TOLAC) - Trying to give birth vaginally after a previous cesarean birth.
Trichomoniasis [trik-uh-muh-NY-uh-suhs] - A type of vaginal infection caused by a parasite. This infection is passed through sex.
Triglycerides - A form of body fat found in the blood and tissues. High levels can cause heart disease.
Trimester - A time period of 3 months. There are three trimesters in pregnancy: the first trimester, second trimester, and third trimester.
Trisomy [TRY-soh-mee] - A problem where there is an extra chromosome.
Tubal Sterilization - A method of sterilization. The fallopian tubes can be removed, banded, clipped, cut and tied, or sealed with electric current.
Tuberculosis [tu-buhr-kyuh-LOH-suhs] (TB) - A disease that affects the lungs and other organs in the body. TB is caused by bacteria.
Tumor - A growth or lump made up of cells.
Turner Syndrome - A problem that affects females when there is a missing or damaged X chromosome. This syndrome causes a webbed neck, short height, and heart problems.
Twin–Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) - A rare condition of identical twins that causes one twin to get more blood than the other during pregnancy.
Ultrasound Exam - A test that uses sound waves to examine inner parts of the body. During pregnancy, ultrasound can be used to check the fetus. Also called ultrasonography or sonography.
Umbilical Cord - A cord-like structure containing blood vessels. It carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus.
Umbilical Cord Prolapse - A problem that causes the umbilical cord to come out of the vagina before delivery. This is an emergency situation during childbirth.
Ureters [YUR-uh-tuhrz] - A pair of tubes, each leading from one of the kidneys to the bladder.
Urethra [yu-REE-thruh] - A tube-like structure. Urine flows through this tube when it leaves the body.
Urethritis [yur-ih-THRY-tuhs] - Infection of the urethra, the organ through which urine flows out of the body.
Urinalysis - A test to check a urine sample.
Urinary Frequency - The number of times a person urinates over a defined period of time.
Urinary Incontinence - Involuntary loss of urine.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) - An infection in any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, bladder, or urethra.
Urinary Urgency - A strong desire to urinate that is difficult to control.
Urine - A liquid that is excreted by the body and is made up of wastes, water, and salt removed from the blood.
Urologist - A doctor who specializes in treating problems of the kidneys, bladder, and male reproductive system.
Uterine Artery Embolization - A procedure to block the blood vessels to the uterus. This procedure is used to stop bleeding after delivery. It is also used to stop other causes of bleeding from the uterus.
Uterine Atony [AH-tuh-nee] - When the muscles of the uterus do not contract after the birth of a baby and the placenta. The condition is a common cause of bleeding after delivery.
Uterine Prolapse - A condition where the uterus drops into or out of the vagina.
Uterine Rupture - A condition where the uterus tears during labor. This is an emergency that needs immediate treatment.
Uterus - A muscular organ in the female pelvis. During pregnancy, this organ holds and nourishes the fetus. Also called the womb.
Vaccine - A substance that trains the immune system to respond to and fight disease. Many vaccines are made from very small amounts of weak or dead agents that cause disease (bacteria, toxins, and viruses). Other vaccines use proteins or pieces of proteins to teach the body to fight disease (like mRNA vaccines).
Vacuum Aspiration - Removal of the contents of the uterus using a suction device.
Vacuum Device - A suction cup that is applied to the fetus’s head to help with birth.
Vagina - A tube-like structure surrounded by muscles. The vagina leads from the uterus to the outside of the body.
Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC) Delivery - Giving birth vaginally after having had a previous cesarean birth.
Vaginal Vault - The top of the vagina after hysterectomy (removal of the uterus).
Vaginal Vault Prolapse - Descent of the vagina after a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus).
Vaginismus [va-juh-NIZ-muhs] - Uncontrolled contractions of the muscles in the lower vagina. This condition makes penetration by the penis, a finger, or other objects painful, difficult, or impossible.
Vaginitis [va-juh-NY-tuhs] - A range of conditions that cause vaginal itching, burning, irritation, dryness, inflammation, or discharge.
Varicella - A contagious disease caused by a virus. The disease causes chickenpox and shingles.
Varicella Zoster Virus - The virus that causes chickenpox and shingles.
Varicose Veins - Swollen, twisted veins often caused by poor blood flow.
Vas Deferens - One of two small tubes that carries sperm from each male testicle to the prostate gland and allows sperm to reach the urethra.
Vasectomy - A permanent birth control method for males. In this procedure, a portion of the tube that carries sperm is removed.
Veins - Blood vessels that carry blood from various parts of the body back to the heart.
Ventilator - A machine that moves air into and out of the lungs to support breathing.
Vernix [VUHR-niks] - The greasy, whitish coating of a newborn.
Vertebrae - Bones of the spine.
Vertex Presentation - A head-down position of a fetus before birth.
Vestibule - The tissue surrounding the opening of the vagina.
Vestibulectomy [veh-stih-byoo-LEK-tuh-mee] - Surgical removal of painful tissue of the vaginal vestibule.
Viable - Ability of the fetus to live outside of the uterus.
Virus - A microscopic agent that causes certain types of infections.
Voiding - Passage of urine out of the body. Also called urination.
Von Willebrand Disease - A disorder that slows blood clotting and may cause periods of heaving bleeding.
Vulva - The external female genital area.
Vulvodynia [vuhl-voh-DIN-ee-uh] - Pain in the vulva that does not go away or keeps coming back and does not have a specific cause.
Well-Woman Visit - A routine checkup with a healthcare professional that focuses on sexual, reproductive, and overall health.
X Chromosome - One of two chromosomes that determine a person’s sex. Egg cells carry only the X chromosome.
X-linked Disorders - Genetic disorders caused by defective genes. The genes are located on the X chromosome.
Y Chromosome - One of two chromosomes that determine a person’s sex. Sperm cells can carry a Y chromosome or an X chromosome.
Yeast Infection - An infection caused by an overgrowth of a fungus. Symptoms may include itching, burning, and irritation of the vulva or vagina and a thick, white discharge.
Zika - A disease caused by the Zika virus, which is spread through mosquito bites. Infection during pregnancy can cause birth defects.
Zygote [ZY-goht] - The single cell formed from the joining of the egg and sperm.