Fundamental Rights

Soziale Medien haben unser Kommunikationsverhalten entscheidend verändert. Im Zuge dieser Veränderung begegenen uns bekannte Herausforderungen wie Radikalisierung oder Hassrede in neuer Intensität. Zusätzlich tun sich bislang unbekannte Phänomene beachtlicher Konsequenz, wie digitale Entrüstungsstürme auf. Der vorliegende Beitrag dikutiert, ob es in Anbetracht dessen eine Neuvermessung der Grenzen freier Meinunsgäußerung braucht.

Die digitale Revolution lässt vielfach die Einlösung des Versprechens vermissen, einen offenen Marktplatz des Meinungsaustausches zu schaffen. An die Stelle der etablierten Torwächter sind Algorithmen getreten, die bekannte Präferenzen der Nutzerinnen und Nutzer fortspinnen und sie so tendenziell Gleichem und Gleichen zuführen, statt sie mit abweichenden Positionen zu konfrontieren. Dieses als "Filterblase" bekannt gewordene Phänomen soll im folgenden Beitrag vor dem Hintergrund grundrechtlicher Anforderungen diskutiert werden.

Europe is currently experiencing a "refugee crisis", demonstrated by millions of displaced people unseen since World War II. This book examines the interface between the EU's response to irregular flows, in particular the main extraterritorial border and migration controls taken by the Member States, and the rights asylum seekers acquire from EU law.

"Remote control" techniques, such as the imposition of visas, fines on carriers transporting unsatisfactorily documented third-country nationals, and interception at sea are investigated in detail in a bid to assess the impact these measures have on access to asylum in the EU. The book also thoroughly analyses the rights recognised by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights to persons in need of international protection, inclusive of the principle of non-refoulement, the right to leave any country including one's own, the right to asylum, and the right to remedies and effective judicial protection.

The fundamental focus of the book is the relationship between the aforementioned border and migration controls and the rights of asylum seekers and, most importantly, how these rights (should) limit the scope of such measures and the ways in which they are implemented. The ultimate goal is to conclude whether the current series of extraterritorial mechanisms of pre-entry vetting is compatible in EU law with the EU rights of forced migrants.

This paper deals with the Islamic concept of Human Rights with special reference to its application in Pakistan. It is heartening that the United Nations Organization is taking all such steps which are enunciated by Islam for the betterment and welfare of mankind and its dignity.
In this paper, judgements of Supreme Court of Pakistan, Federal Shariat Court and High Courts of all the provinces have also been added for facilitation of further research by all those who are interested to work for the human rights and the fundamental rights.

The concept of Islam is concept of the indivisibility of life; life has to be viewed as a whole and organized as a whole. There is no priesthood in Islam. Thus Islamic state would be theistic but not theocratic. Rights, fundamental or others, could be only rightly grounded in the concepts of reality, truth and kindness. According to Islam, life does not end with death but continues towards higher and higher elevations. It is in this sense that Islamic principles are broader in outlook and eternal in existence.
CONCEPT OF LIBERTY
Under Islamic political philosophy, there can be no liberty without limitations. Liberty is nothing but an opportunity for the performance of duties. The Holy Qur’an says that the prophets are commissioned to break your chains and remove the halters from your necks so that you may approach your Lord freely with the dignity of free human beings, who in serving God have not served any arbitrary tyrant but have been really true to their own selves.
ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN LIFE
Materialistic concept of human life in which there is no prevision for the development of human personality has done great harm to the human society as a whole. God Almighty has, in His Last Book, guided mankind with basic and fundamental principles of human life which when truly acted upon can bring boon to the entire mankind.

Number of Pages in PDF File: 1946

Keywords: human rights, fundamental rights, UDHR, Islamic Declaration on Human Rights, Cairo Declaration, dignity of mankind, freedom of expression, freedom of religion, freedom of trade and profession, equality, rule of law, equal protection of law, Supreme Court of Pakistan, Federal Shariat Court

Exit Polls‘ rest on unstable constitutional tectonic plates eager to erupt without notice. It has equal and opposite forces, pulling at it, as its proponent as well as opponent lie in the Constitution. Conduct of free and fair elections has been the focus of the Election Commission from its conception, but fulfilling its constitutional function reached a roadblock when the Apex Court held that it was overreaching its powers. Hence, the Parliament cleverly took over, and amended the Representation of People‘s Act, 1951 to add Section.126A. The section imposes a complete ban on exit polls and makes it impossible to legitimately collect any data through the same. Exit polls reveal some unique information which may aide in the casting of an informed vote. An informed voter is a necessary pre-condition for a robust democracy, functioning of the principle of free and fair elections and thus to uphold the basic structure of our Constitution, exit polls or any other method of information extraction or dissemination is necessary.

Besides the above a complete ban on exit polls may well be challenged under Art. 19(1)(a); though, whether this freedom functions dually for the media as well as the citizen, shall be considered. Further, the paper analyses whether exit polls can be legally or logically read into any of the restrictions under 19(2) without 'statutise-ing' the Constitution, a document which lays down basic principles and not nuanced modalities. A modest effort has been made in this behalf to compare the forms of fundamental rights that may be used to protect exit polls, in India as well as America. The same, it is noted, is a reflection of the kind of freedom the press is guaranteed by their respective Grundnorms.

The current political climate provides fertile ground for toxic narratives that turn immigrants into convenient scapegoats. But such communities also present an enormous opportunity, and more can be done to capitalise fully on their potential. By highlighting both promising practices and shortcomings in Member State efforts to foster participation by migrants and their descendants, this report aims to encourage determined and effective action towards building a Europe that is truly inclusive, rights-based and fair.
This report examines Member States’ integration policies and action plans for promoting their participation in society, focusing on non-discrimination, education, employment, language learning and political engagement.

O objetivo deste artigo é examinar a evolução do direito de acesso à água, desde a perspectiva internacional global, passando pela regulação comparada na América do Sul, até o surgimento e a implementação do arcabouço regulatório brasileiro. Para atingir tal objetivo, analisou-se a formação do direito internacional de acesso à água, ressaltando o seu aspecto predominantemente econômico, bem como as políticas de privatização e monetarização da água enquanto bem de consumo, dotado de valor financeiro, apesar de já despontar no cenário internacional o reconhecimento do acesso à água como um direito humano. Visitaram-se os casos de Bolívia e Brasil, lugares onde o valor econômico da água redundou em privação do direito humano de acesso à água e de seus consectários, como dignidade humana e vida. Conclui-se que há dois macro-movimentos globais paralelos: o hegemônico, que defende o valor econômico da água e que tende à privatização do recurso, dificultando seu acesso aos mais vulneráveis e possibilitando futuros conflitos pelo direito à água; e o movimento que defende o acesso à água como um direito humano, ou mesmo como sujeito de direito e destinatário da norma, que tem embasado uma postura contra-hegemônica à comoditização dos “recursos” naturais. O presente artigo caracteriza-se como descritivo, exploratório e de natureza bibliográfica.

Das Verhältnis zwischen dem Europäischen Gerichtshof (EuGH) und den Verfassungsgerichten der EU-Mitgliedstaaten (1) ist ein wechselhaftes. Bisweilen wird dem EuGH Aktivismus vorgeworfen, er würde allzu politisch und expansionistisch agieren. (2) Dabei wird jedoch übersehen, dass sowohl der EuGH als auch die nationalen Verfassungsgerichte ihre eigenen Wahrheiten nach der ihren Rechtssystemen inhärenten Logik erarbeiten. Aus Sicht der EU hat das EU-Recht Vorrang vor den nationalen Rechtsvorschriften zu haben, um einen effektiven Rahmen für die europäische Integration bieten zu können. Aus Sicht der Mitgliedstaaten gilt das EU-Recht nur vorbehaltlich ihrer nationalen Verfassungsprinzipien. Diese unterschiedlichen Auffassungen werden in diesem Artikel anhand dreier Konversationen der jüngeren Vergangenheit, in denen die Gerichte ihre Irritationen übereinander zu klären versuchen, beleuchtet.

A study on the impact of dimensions of risk management such as project complexity, project planning and control, project team and organizational environment on risk management practices of IT firms that develop and manage projects in the UAE The IT sector has been growing at a rapid rate in a country like UAE due to the impetus and incentives offered by the rulers with a view to transform the country as a hub of knowledge management center. Opportunities for various projects are identified by the government and offered to private as well as public sector undertakings to trigger off the momentum of diversification. Many information technology companies exist in the country and the sector has been growing as a major provider of employment opportunities to qualified job seekers across the world. From various studies, it has been found that the projects handled by many companies fail to give proper attention to the risk management aspect and the failure of many projects in the form of time overrun, higher cost and failure to fulfill customer requirements can be attributed to the absence of proper care given to various dimensions of risk management as well as various aspects of risk management practice. Hence, the study focuses on the relationship between certain primary dimensions of risk management and its impact on risk management practices such as risk identification, risk analysis, risk response planning and risk response monitoring and controlling. The study reveals a very strong positive correlation between two major aspects of risk management in projects which are risk dimensions and risk management practice.

This paper explores the concept of right of personality, under an optical evolved and conformed with the interpretive community reality, turning against the advances of the sociological, philosophical, legal sciences and politics, allowing reaching the constitutional carry ideological references the so-called general supervision of personality. The goal of this essay is to promote critical reflection about individualism and patrimonialism raised during the liberal State, bring to actuality an axiology sister-in-law on the dignity of the human person and in the resizing of applicable legislation Board private relations. To achieve this purpose was employed the dialectical methodology – descriptive, starting from a dialogue between authors dedicated to the study of the Civil law and Constitutional law. As a final result of the investigation is that evidenced that the Brazilian legal system, through a civil-constitutional reading, enshrined the General tutelage of personality, in which the human being has become recognized as an end in itself.

The article examines the use of the Charter of Fundamental Rights in the so-called “horizontal” cases. For this purpose it investigates three questions: first, the formal status of the Charter in horizontal situations; secondly, the problems which arise when open-textured provisions guaranteeing fundamental rights are applied horizontally; and thirdly, the different ways in which restrictions could be imposed on the horizontal use of the Charter. It argues that the question of the appropriate scope of horizontal application of the Charter goes beyond the technical subtleties of distinguishing between the Charter and the “general principles” of fundamental rights, or between their “direct” and “indirect” effect. Starting from the assumption that constitutionalisation of contract law should have limits, the article argues for a substantive doctrine to regulate the reach of the Charter in horizontal cases. The article considers the possibility of reconciling a traditional private law perspective, focused on protection of contractual freedom and efficiency, with the concern for ensuring efficacy of fundamental rights in situations where substantive freedom and equality are in need of protection.

El consentimiento informado del paciente se inserta en el ámbito de su autonomía decisoria. Aunque presenta un sustrato corporal, este aparece combinado con elementos de índole moral que presuponen una noción concreta de persona como libre y autónoma. Tanto de las definiciones doctrinales como del material normativo se desprende que se trata de una posición jurídica subjetiva del paciente, alternativamente calificada como una “pretensión” o “derecho subjetivo en sentido estricto”, en términos hohfeldianos; un “derecho negativo de defensa”, o una “inmunidad”. En España, el Tribunal Constitucional ha vinculado el consentimiento informado del paciente al derecho fundamental a la integridad física y moral (15 CE), lo cual permite plantear el análisis en clave iusfundamental. Con todo, se advierten dudas e incompatibilidades entre la explicación habitual del consentimiento informado, su fundamento constitucional y su regulación jurídica. El objetivo del presente libro consiste en proporcionar una definición integral del consentimiento informado como derecho subjetivo del paciente y como manifestación de un derecho fundamental, a partir de una óptica poliédrica que aporta certeza en la práctica asistencial y jurídica. Palabras clave: autonomía decisoria, consentimiento informado, derecho a la información, derecho de libre decisión o elección, derecho fundamental, derecho subjetivo, integridad física y moral, relación asistencial. // The patient's right to informed consent is inserted within the scope of his decisional autonomy. Although it has a bodily background, it is combined with features of moral nature, which presupposes a concrete notion of the person as free and autonomous. Both, doctrinal approaches and normative legal material show that it is a subjective legal position of the patient, being alternatively qualified as a Hohfeldian “claim” or a “subjective right in a strict sense”; a "negative right" or an "immunity." The Spanish Constitutional Court has linked the informed consent of the patient to the fundamental right to physical and moral integrity (15 CE), which allows us to propose a fundamental rights-based analysis. Nonetheless, doubts and inconsistencies are perceived between the customary explanation of informed consent, its constitutional foundation and its legal regulation. The aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive definition of informed consent as subjective right of the patient and expression of a fundamental right, from a multi-fold perspective that provides certainty in both legal and health care practice. Keywords: decisional autonomy, fundamental right, health-care relationship, informed consent, physical and moral integrity, right to freely decide or to make free choices, right to medical information, subjective right.

The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the right to know one’s genetic origins (RKGO) encounters significant differences in the level of guarantee when it applies to adoption, to assisted reproduction or to surrogacy. The results of this analysis are aimed at understanding the degree of effectiveness of this right in different legal systems. To this end, the main features of the right to know one’s genetic origins are carefully considered, the research being based both on legislative and on jurisdictional materials. Namely, the essay focuses on information and consent, on the structure of relevant regulation in the balance between collection and storage of personal information or protection of anonymity and privacy and, finally, on the most crucial factor for the enforcement of this right, namely time.

RESUMEN
Este trabajo analiza la sentencia No. 133-17-SEP-CC dentro de una acción extraordinaria
de protección que conoció la Corte Constitucional ecuatoriana sobre
la vulneración de los derechos fundamentales de una persona transexual masculina, por parte de la Dirección Nacional del Registro Civil al impedir su cambio de sexo de femenino a masculino en su inscripción de nacimiento. Para ello se divide el examen a partir de los tres problemas jurídicos que la Corte determina, relacionados con el derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva, el deber de motivación de las sentencias y el derecho a la identidad personal. Además, se propone en este trabajo que el derecho a la libertad se lo lea a la luz de la tradición republicana, esto es, como no dominación, que ayudaría a abordar casos como el presente desde una visión más amplia y crítica sobre el papel del Estado en el respeto de los derechos fundamentales.

ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes the sentence No. 133-17-SEP-CC that the Ecuadorian Constitutional Court knew about the violation of the fundamental rights of a male transsexual person, by the National Direction of the Civil Registry, because this institution prevented his gender change from female to male in his birth registration. The analyzes is divided based on the three legal problems that the Court determines, related to the right to effective judicial protection, the duty to motivate judgments and the right to personal identity. In addition, this paper proposes that the right to freedom be read from the republican tradition, that is, as non-domination, which would help to address cases such as the present from a broader and critical view on the role of the State in the respect of fundamental rights.

Em um primeiro momento o trabalho examina duas constatações específicas: o surgimento e a proliferação das organizações internacionais, notadamente a partir da criação da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU); e a intensificação dos movimentos de integração regional desencadeados também a partir deste período, mas especialmente após o final da Guerra Fria, contexto em que se verificará a expansão e o fortalecimento dos blocos regionais e das organizações de integração regional (OIRs). No desenvolvimento deste tópico também serão evidenciados dois propósitos bem delineados dos processos integracionais: a salvaguarda dos direitos humanos e a promoção e defesa da democracia. A seguir será analisado o fenômeno das organizações de integração regional nas américas e a luta pela democracia, o que será feito por meio da apreciação de três organizações específicas: a Organização dos Estados Americanos (OEA), o Mercado Comum do Sul (MERCOSUL) e a União das Nações Sul-Americanas (UNASUL), abordando-se os principais documentos internacionais e mecanismos que têm sido editados e implementados no âmbito destas organizações nas últimas décadas, voltados à promoção e proteção dos regimes democráticos. Por fim, o trabalho abordará o fenômeno das cláusulas democráticas no âmbito destas organizações de integração regional americanas, analisando-se os principais aspectos desse mecanismo de promoção e defesa da democracia, conforme os tratados internacionais que as estabeleceram, bem como o seu papel na consolidação democrática dos países do continente americano.

I. Inleiding: toenemende kritiek op het EHRM
II. De impact van het EVRM op de rechtspraak van vier hoogste nationale rechtscolleges
A. De Nederlandse Hoge Raad tussen monisme en het toetsingsverbod
B. Het VK Supreme Court en de duplicatie van EVRM-rechten via de Human Rights Act 1998
C. Onrechtstreekste toetsing aan het EVRM door het Belgische Grondwettelijk Hof
D. Het Duitse Federaal Grondwettelijk Hof gespleten tussen dualisme en openheid
III. De impact van de rechtspraak van het EHRM op de rechtspraak van vier hoogste nationale rechtscolleges
A. De Nederlandse Hoge Raad en de incorporatietheorie
B. VK Supreme Court en de spiegelbenadering
C. De volgzaamheid van het Belgische Grondwettelijk Hof
D. De zeldzame verwijzingen door het Duitse Federaal Grondwettelijk Hof
E. Een vergelijkend overzicht
IV. Grenzen aan het volgen van de rechtspraak van het EHRM
A. Het overstijgen van de ‘minimumstandaard’ en het invullen van de appreciatiemarge
B. Gebrek aan heldere en consistente rechtspraak van het EHRM
C. Weigering om rechtspraak van het EHRM te volgen
1. Het EHRM heeft de nationale juridische context misverstaan of de impact van de rechtspraak verkeerd ingeschat
2. Onverenigbaar met de grondwettelijke kern of met een fundamenteel materieel of procedureel aspect van het nationaal recht
V. Conclusie

This article briefly discusses the rights and responsibilities of media and its functioning as a
fourth pillar in India’s democracy. A major part of this story highlights the free run of Media
trials and how fatal it is to the freedom of speech and expression.
Further, a few quotes have been extracted from various judgments of the High Courts and the
Supreme Court to bring a common intention of criticism for unwarranted media trials. Lastly, a
recommendation on ways to proceed to strengthen the existing structure of the fourth pillar.

Academic freedom is considered to be one of the most important pillars of educational institutions. It is a prerequisite for quality education, essential for complete development of human  personality. However, it has been subjected to constant restraint from both governmental and non-governmental entities. Further, violation of academic freedom also leads to breach of other human rights.

Spanish Public Authorities are abusing fundamental rights of citizens while Implementing the Emergency Legislation Against COVID-19. This Working Paper analyses cases of violation of the fundamental right to religious freedom in this context.

French Abstract: Ce chapitre offre un bref aperçu des liens entre la lutte contre le recul de l'État de droit au sein de l'Union européenne et la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’UE. Il défend que la Charte pourrait et devrait jouer un rôle plus important dans le respect de l'État de droit tant au niveau des États membres qu’au niveau supranational lui-même. La relation entre le respect de l’État de droit et la Charte a toujours été compliquée : d’une part, les efforts visant à résoudre les problèmes dans les États membres de l'UE sont restés inexistants, tapis dans l'ombre de l'article 19 paragraphe 1er du Traité sur l’UE, d’autre part, ils ont menacé de saper la lutte pour l'État de droit, en particulier lorsque le principe est présenté comme un droit découlant exclusivement de l'article 47 de la Charte. En outre, la Charte a jusqu’à présent été appliquée de manière limitée et problématique concernant les questions d'État de droit qui se rapportent à l’Union européenne elle-même. Sur la base de l’étude de cas du financement des partis politiques au niveau supranational, il montre que, prise sérieusement en considération, la Charte pourrait faire la différence dans la protection de l'État de droit au sein l'UE.

Analisis de las Libertades Fundamentales de Libre Iniciativa Privada, Empresa, Competencia y Libre Acceso al Mercado, e Instituciones Educativas en el Perú
Publicado en Mayo de 2015 en la Revista Actualidad Civil, N° 11, Instituto Pacifico Editores.  Lima-Perú

O presente texto tem como objetivo analisar o trabalho escravo contemporâneo no Brasil, notadamente sob a perspectiva de seu combate e prevenção por meio da educação em direitos humanos. A pesquisa justifica-se em razão de se tratar de uma prática violadora de direitos humanos fundamentais, ainda amplamente presente em várias partes do país, constituindo um problema que precisa ser enfrentado seriamente tanto pelas autoridades estatais como pela sociedade em geral. No desenvolvimento do texto, em um primeiro momento é feita uma breve análise da história da escravidão no Brasil, do trabalho escravo contemporâneo que acontece no país e de alguns aspectos correlatos à questão; na sequência aborda-se a intensificação dos fluxos migratórios e a proteção normativa dos trabalhadores migrantes, tanto no contexto nacional como internacional; ao final é analisada a educação em direitos humanos como mecanismo de prevenção e erradicação do trabalho escravo, concluindo-se que esse espécie de edu...

This article aims to examine whether there is a widespread violation of minimum human rights in Brazil, including an unconstitutional state of affairs in relation to some rights. By the deductive analytical method, the article continued a previous research and problematized the issue of the costs of rights and its relation with the protection of minimum rights that depend on budget choices to achieve. In view of this, it was first presented the economic dimension of human rights. In the second moment, the problem of scarcity was demonstrated and how these matters must be confronted in the face of the basic needs. Finally, he argued that the ineffectiveness of public policies capable of guaranteeing minimum rights entails what doctrine and jurisprudence call unconstitutional state of affairs.

This book, which originated from the broadly held view that there is a lack of Rule-of-law in Mexico, and from the emphasis of traditional academia on cultural elements as the main explanation, explores the question of whether there is any relationship between the system of constitutional review ― and thus the ‘law’ as such ― and the level of Rule-of-law in a given state. To do so, it elaborates a theoretical model for achieving Rule-of-law and compares it to the constitutional review systems of the United States, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Mexico. The study concludes that the two former states correspond to the model, while the latter does not. This is fundamentally due to the role each legal system assigns to ordinary jurisdiction in carrying out constitutional review. Whereas the US and Germany have fostered the policy that constitutional review regarding the enforcement of basic rights is the responsibility of ordinary courts, Mexico has relied too heavily on the specialized constitutional jurisdiction

Die Einführung von Einheitsverpackungen (Plain Packaging) für Zigaretten ist derzeit in aller Munde. Von Australien über die EU bis hin zu mehreren südamerikanischen Staaten erwägt man die Einführung einer neutralen Verpackung für Tabakprodukte, die keinerlei Marke trägt und lediglich Warnhinweise enthält. Der nachfolgende Beitrag widmet sich der damit verbundenen verfassungsrechtlichen Problematik und kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Einführung von Einheitsverpackungen, vor allem vor dem Hintergrund des Schutzes der Jugend und der Gesundheit der Bevölkerung, mit dem Grundgesetz vereinbar ist.

Die Corona-Pandemie stürzt die Gesellschaften rund um den Globus in eine Krise. Das vorliegende Buch nutzt die Krise zur Erkenntnis und stellt eine einfache Frage: Was können wir aus der Coronakrise über moderne Gesellschaften lernen? Die Gesellschaft erscheint in einem neuen, durch die Coronakrise erhellten Licht. Wir erfahren nicht nur etwas über das Verhältnis von Staat, Individuum und Gesellschaft, sondern auch etwas darüber, in welchem Verhältnis Staat, Politik, Recht und Wirtschaft bzw. Wissenschaft zueinanderstehen.
Lindemann geht dabei immer wieder auf unser unmittelbares Erleben zurück. Sie fragt danach, wie die Strukturen der modernen Gesellschaft unser unmittelbares Zusammenleben bestimmen – wie wir einander ansehen, miteinander und gegeneinander handeln und einander berühren. Das Ergebnis ihrer Analyse ist zwiespältig: Die grundlegenden Strukturen unserer Gesellschaft werden sich nicht verändern, obwohl die Ordnung unserer alltäglichen Berührung sich verändern wird.
Zugleich zeigt sich in Zeiten von Corona, wie die moderne Gesellschaft immer wieder emanzipatorische Hoffnungen nährt, dass z.B. auch tiefverwurzelte rassistische Strukturen verändert werden können. Die Krise scheint das Ethos der Menschenrechte nicht zu beschädigen. Eher rücken soziale Ungleichheit und strukturelle Gewalt ins Licht der öffentlichen Aufmerksamkeit. Davon zeugt nicht zuletzt die Black Lives Matter Bewegung.

Derecho al respeto a la vida personal y familiar.– Injerencias de los poderes públicos.– Denegación de inscripción en Italia de partida de nacimiento expedida en Rusia y retirada del bebe nacido por gestación subrogada dado posteriormente en acogida a otra familia.– Ausencia de vinculación genética entre el demandante y el bebé.– La retirada de un menor de su entorno familiar es una medida extrema a la que solo se debe acudir como último recurso cuando se quiere proteger al niño de una amenaza inmediata.

In dit preadvies wordt uitgelegd wat de platformeconomie is en hoe het begrip 'platformeconomie' zich onderscheidt van vergelijkbare begrippen, zoals de deeleconomie. Vervolgens wordt een uitgebreide analyse gemaakt van de impact van digitale platformen op grondrechten zoals privacyrechten, vrijheidsrechten, gelijkheidsrechten en procedurele rechten. Daarbij komen zowel positieve consequenties als risico's aan bod.

In the EU, environmental democracy is to a large extent realised through the right of the general public to access documents and information held by EU bodies in environmental matters. Even though the matter is ruled by the ‘widest possible access’ principle, a recent increase in presumptions of confidentiality and still existing difficulties in establishing when there is an overriding public interest in disclosure rather seem to favour some secrecy than disclosure and openness. Therefore, this paper aims to answer the question whether the EU regime on access to documents and information in environmental matters is genuinely democratic or not.​

Nell’Unione europea il concetto di democrazia ambientale si realizza in larga misura attraverso il diritto di accedere ai documenti e alle informazioni detenute dagli organi dell’Unione in materia ambientale. Nonostante in materia il principio fondamentale sia quello del “più ampio accesso possibile”, la progressiva elaborazione giurisprudenziale di presunzioni di riservatezza e le difficoltà ancora esistenti nello stabilire quando vi sia un interesse pubblico prevalente alla divulgazione sembrano favorire una certa segretezza anziché la trasparenza dell'ordinamento dell'Unione. L’articolo, pertanto, esamina il regime che regola il diritto fondamentale all’accesso alle informazioni ambientali nell’ordinamento dell’UE, per comprendere se esso sia realmente democratico o meno.​

La Constitución de Ecuador de 2008 constituye una manifestación
más del nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano, caracterizado, entre otros muchos aspectos, por fi jar un modelo de plena protección y justiciabilidad de todos los derechos, sin precedentes en el constitucionalismo tradicional. El presente artículo analiza el tratamiento que la nueva Constitución de Ecuador hace de los derechos y de sus garantías, demostrando como ésta, conjuntamente con las Constituciones aprobadas en el continente durante los últimos años, abren grandes oportunidades para poder hablar de la conformación de una nueva cultura jurídica en materia de derechos, esto es, de un nuevo constitucionalismo de los derechos.

This article is concerned with the principle of horizontal effect of fundamental rights as this has been applied in Cypriot case law. The article begins with a brief introduction on the doctrine of horizontal effect and the various positions that have been expressed about this doctrine, as well as its development in private law. Following this analysis, reference is made to the landmark case of Yiallouros and the introduction into the Cypriot legal order of the above-mentioned doctrine by Cypriot courts. It will be indicated that, while the case of Yiallouros created new insights in the area of fundamental rights protection, at the same time it left issues of applicability of the doctrine and its effect of Cypriot private law unclarified. This article, therefore, seeks to consider how the above-mentioned gap is remedied through a review of case law in the Supreme Court of Cyprus following the case of Yiallouros.

A trilogia Liberdade, Igualdade, Fraternidade, concebida em pleno seculo das Luzes, sob inspiracao do ideal do liberalismo, que iluminou a Revolucao Francesa (1789), assinalou, a um tempo, um objecto de combate politico e um projecto de mudanca nas estruturas sociais vigentes durante o Estado absoluto, que imperou no Ancien Regime. Tratou-se, com efeito, de um objecto/projecto, situado, naturalmente, no plano das ideias, materializando-se na ambicao revolucionaria que se consubstanciou na tomada do Poder. Nessa epoca, o mundo assistiu a duas alteracoes de significado profundo na geometria dos poderes: em 1776, nos Estados Unidos da America, e em 1789, em Franca. Foram dois momentos impares na trajectoria da Humanidade, marcando a Historia Universal pela vontade de mudar, o que passou por inscrever, por entre os codigos e as leis obsoletas, principios que comecaram entao a ser basicos e que, na actualidade, apesar de tudo - de cartas, declaracoes e pactos internacionais, de constitui...