Issue |
A&A
Volume 582, October 2015
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A105 | |
Number of page(s) | 30 | |
Section | Interstellar and circumstellar matter | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525724 | |
Published online | 20 October 2015 |
Understanding the water emission in the mid- and far-IR from protoplanetary disks around T Tauri stars⋆
1 Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Postbus 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
e-mail: antonellini@astro.rug.nl
2 Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC) – Depto. Astrofísica, POB 78, ESAC Campus, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
3 Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
4 SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
5 Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble-1, CNRS-INSU, Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique (IPAG) UMR 5274, 38041 Grenoble, France
6 Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physisk, Giessenbachstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
7 INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, via della Scienza 5, 09047 Selargius, Italy
Received: 22 January 2015
Accepted: 19 July 2015
Aims. We investigate which properties of protoplanetary disks around T Tauri stars affect the physics and chemistry in the regions where mid- and far-IR water lines originate and their respective line fluxes. We search for diagnostics for future observations.
Methods. With the code ProDiMo, we build a series of models exploring a large parameter space, computing rotational and ro-vibrational transitions of water in nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE). We select a sample of transitions in the mid-IR regime and the fundamental ortho and para water transitions in the far-IR. We investigate the chemistry and the local physical conditions in the line emitting regions. We calculate Spitzer spectra for each model and compare far-IR and mid-IR lines. In addition, we use mid-IR colors to tie the water line predictions to the dust continuum.
Results. Parameters affecting the water line fluxes in disks by more than a factor of three are : the disk gas mass, the dust-to-gas mass ratio, the dust maximum grain size, interstellar medium (ISM) UV radiation field, the mixing parameter of Dubrulle settling, the disk flaring parameter, and the dust size distribution. The first four parameters affect the mid-IR lines much more than the far-IR lines.
Conclusions. A key driver behind water spectroscopy is the dust opacity, which sets the location of the water line emitting region. We identify three types of parameters, including those (1) affecting global disk opacity and opacity function (maximum dust size and dust size distribution); (2) affecting global disk opacity (dust-to-gas mass ratio, Dubrulle settling, disk gas mass); and (3) not affecting disk opacity (flaring parameter, ISM UV radiation field, fraction of PAHs). Parameters, such as dust-to-gas ratio, ISM radiation field, and dust size distribution, affect the mid-IR lines more, while the far-IR transitions are more affected by the flaring index. The gas mass greatly affects lines in both regimes. Higher spectral resolution and line sensitivities, like from the James Webb Space Telescope, are needed to detect a statistically relevant sample of individual water lines to distinguish further between these types of parameters.
Key words: protoplanetary disks / line: formation / stars: pre-main sequence
Appendices are available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org
© ESO, 2015
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