The placenta is an endocrine fetal organ, which secretes a plethora of steroid-and proteo-
hormones, metabolic proteins, growth factors, and cytokines in order to adapt maternal�…

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a transitory metabolic condition caused by
dysregulation triggered by intolerance to carbohydrates, dysfunction of beta-pancreatic and�…

During embryogenesis in all mammalian species the placenta is formed inside the uterus by
apposition or fusion of maternally and embryonically-derived tissues. Genetically, normal�…

Nowadays, the continuous rise of maternal obesity is followed by increased gestational
diabetes mellitus incidence. GDM is associated with adverse fetal and neonatal outcome�…

The somatogenic and lactogenic hormones of the placenta and maternal pituitary gland
integrate the metabolic adaptations of pregnancy with the demands of fetal and neonatal�…

Objective. Placenta plays a central role in fetal nutrition. During gestational diabetes mellitus
(GDM), it suffers structural and functional alterations which affect the health of both mother�…

During pregnancy, several tightly coordinated and regulated processes take place to enable
proper fetal development and gestational success. The formation and development of the�…

By its location between maternal and fetal bloodstreams the human placenta not only
handles the materno-fetal transport of nutrients and gases, but may also be exposed to�…

Adaptations of maternal endocrine and metabolic homeostasis are central to successful
pregnancy. They insure that an adequate and continuous supply of metabolic fuels is�…

The placenta is a transitory organ, located between the mother and the foetus, which
supports intrauterine life. This organ has nutritional, endocrine and immunologic functions to�…