In: Laura Di Carlo , Johannes Lipps , Anna Pawlak und Daniel R. F. Richter (Hrsg.), Andere Ästhetik meets Andere Ästhetik Visualisierungen von Antiken nördlich der Alpen in der frühneuzeitlichen Druckgraphik. Andere Ästhetik - Studien 5 (Berlin, Boston) 91 - 113, 2024
During the second half of 16th and the mid-17th centuries the antiquities collection of the Count... more During the second half of 16th and the mid-17th centuries the antiquities collection of the Counts of Manderscheid-Blankenheim was the largest in the Rhineland. It consisted of 95 stone monuments (votive and funeral inscriptions and sculptures from Germania inferior and Germania superior etc.), including nine post-Roman sculptures. Count Hermann von Manderscheid-Blankenheim can be regarded as the initiator, instigating their unusual presentation in the castle courtyard of the main residence at Blankenheim. This comprised a stacking of monuments in nine pilasters (columnae), which were erected on the inner side of the castle wall. In the neighbouring castle garden, another 26 Roman stones were located, distributed amongst four ascending terraces. Count Hermann obviously received inspiration for the collecting and presentation of his Roman stones from the governor of the Duchy, Count Peter Ernst von Mansfeld, and his collection of local antiquities in the castle ‘La Fontaine’ in Clausen, as well as from the collecting passion of Emperor Rudolf II.
The Blankenheim collection of stone monuments was supplemented by a cabinet of more than 3000 antique coins, as well as by small finds (intaglios, bronze statuettes of deities, ‘vases and urns’). It is mainly thanks to the initiative of Canon Ferdinand Franz Wallraf, the famous Cologne professor and collector, and of Canon Franz Pick (Bonn) that part of the former Blankenheim antiquities collection has been preserved until today in museums in Cologne, Bonn, and Trier.
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The Blankenheim collection of stone monuments was supplemented by a cabinet of more than 3000 antique coins, as well as by small finds (intaglios, bronze statuettes of deities, ‘vases and urns’). It is mainly thanks to the initiative of Canon Ferdinand Franz Wallraf, the famous Cologne professor and collector, and of Canon Franz Pick (Bonn) that part of the former Blankenheim antiquities collection has been preserved until today in museums in Cologne, Bonn, and Trier.
In 2022, a fragment of a Roman standardised ingot and some late Celtic coins were discovered in the valley of the Lühlingsbach stream near Brilon in the Hochsauerland region. The assemblage dates from the early Roman Imperial period. This is the first unambiguous evidence, not only that lead was mined in Hochsauerland, but that end products were also cast there for the Roman Empire.
2022 wurden das Fragment eines römischen standardisierten Barrens sowie spätkeltische Münzen im „Lühlingsbachtal“ bei Brilon im Hochsauerland entdeckt. Das Ensemble datiert in die ältere Römische Kaiserzeit. Dies ist der erste eindeutige Nachweis dafür, dass im Hochsauerland nicht nur Blei gewonnen, sondern dort auch Endprodukte für Rom gegossen wurden.
In 2022, the fragment of a standardized Roman lead ingot and late Celtic coins were discovered near Brilon in the Hochsauerland region. The ensemble dates back to the 'older Roman Imperial period': clear evidence that in this time not only lead has been mined here, but that end products in form of ingots were also cast on site.
Cologne
All three miner’s tools from the Lüderich presented here were used
for winning as part of the lead/silver mining there. While the miner’s
hammer fragment from the excavations is directly related to Roman
mining, two further miner’s tools from the Bensberg museum collection
can now with the utmost probability be assigned to short-term
Roman mining activities in the 1st decade after the turn of the era, i. e.
the late Augustan period. This is especially true for the wedge hoe, for
which only Roman parallels can be found. With minor reservations,
the same dating may also be assumed for the two hammers, which also
find their best parallels in a Roman context. The wooden shafts of the
tools are modern museum additions.
The few and scattered written sources deal only marginally with the different functions of the camps. With the help of large-scale excavations and geophysical and aerial photo surveys, it is possible to make a differentiation and functional determination among them. Despite standardisation, no two camps are alike: the well-known rectangular plan with rounded camp corners is only one of the known forms of camp design and organisation (castrametatio). In Late Antiquity, Roman camps, together with the Roman army system in general, were subject to
fundamental change. Adaptation to threats from external enemies, but also from recurring civil wars within the empire, also affected the design, size, and internal layout of late Roman camps: the standardisation of the early and middle Imperial Period no longer plays much of a role, the areas to be defended are clearly reduced, natural protection is taken into account in new construction, and the camp defences are considerably strengthened. These characteristics of late Imperial camps were adopted by the early Eastern Roman Empire.
Bei den beiden mit einer Kaiserinschrift versehenen Bleifragmenten aus Charterhouse-on-Mendip (Somerset / GB) handelt es sich nicht um Teile von Bleibarren, sondern um dünnwandige Tafeln mit einer anhand des Inschriftenformulars zu rekonstruierenden Länge von ungefähr 50 cm und einer Höhe von ca. 10 cm. Die Inschrift selbst entspricht dem Formular von bislang drei pyramidenstumpfförmigen Bleibarren, die im Bergbau-gebiet Mendip Hills im Südwesten Englands zutage kamen. Mit Hilfe der Kartuscheninschriften lassen sich die Inschriftenreste auf den Bleitafeln ergänzen: Gegenüber den bisherigen Datierungen gehören sowohl die Bleitafeln als auch die Bleibarren in die Jahre 164-166 n. Chr. während der Samtherrschaft der Kaiser Marcus Aurelius und Lucius Verus.
Summary
Lead Tablets from Charterhouse-on-Mendip (Somerset / GB) with Inscriptions from the Joint Rule of the Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus – New Analysis and New Dating
The two lead fragments from Charterhouse-on-Mendip (Somerset / GB) displaying an Imperial inscription are not parts of lead ingots but thin tablets with a lenght of some 50 cm and a height of about 10 cm to be reconstructed on the basis of the inscription form. The inscription itself corresponds to the form of hitherto three truncated and elongated pyramidal-shaped lead ingots which came to light in the mining district of the Mendips in southwest England. With the aid of the framed inscriptions, the remains of the inscriptions on the lead tablets can be augmented. Contrary to previous datings, both the lead tablets and the lead ingots belong to the years AD 164-166 during the joint emperorship of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.
Résumé:
Tablettes de plomb de Charterhouse-on-Mendip (Somerset / GB) portant des inscriptions datant du règne conjoint de Marc-Aurèle et Lucius Verus – réévaluation et nouvelle datation
Les deux fragments de plomb de Charterhouse-on-Mendip (Somerset / GB) portant une inscription impériale ne sont en fait pas des morceaux de barres en plomb, mais de fines tablettes dont le formulaire de l’inscription permet de restituer une longueur d’environ 50 cm pour une hauteur d’environ 10 cm. L’inscription même correspond au formulairede trois barres de plomb en forme de pyramide tronquée découvertes dans les mines de Mendip Hills du Sud-Ouest de l’Angleterre. Les inscriptions des cartouches permettent de compléter les inscriptions fragmentaires des tablettes de plomb. Contrairement aux datations proposées jusqu’ici, les tablettes, comme les barres de plomb, remontent aux années 164-166 ap. J.-C., soit au règne conjoint des empereurs Marc-Aurèle et Lucius Verus.
Lead isotope analysis on a selection of brass ingots suggest the Massif Central as the source of calamine. In Lugdunum, in the late 1st century, a brass industry was established, which would not only have access to local zinc ores but also close-by copper ores. Significant tin contents in both the copper ores and the brass ingots suggest that the brass production may have been independent of metal imports.
The Blankenheim collection of stone monuments was supplemented by a cabinet of more than 3000 antique coins, as well as by small finds (intaglios, bronze statuettes of deities, ‘vases and urns’). It is mainly thanks to the initiative of Canon Ferdinand Franz Wallraf, the famous Cologne professor and collector, and of Canon Franz Pick (Bonn) that part of the former Blankenheim antiquities collection has been preserved until today in museums in Cologne, Bonn, and Trier.
In 2022, a fragment of a Roman standardised ingot and some late Celtic coins were discovered in the valley of the Lühlingsbach stream near Brilon in the Hochsauerland region. The assemblage dates from the early Roman Imperial period. This is the first unambiguous evidence, not only that lead was mined in Hochsauerland, but that end products were also cast there for the Roman Empire.
2022 wurden das Fragment eines römischen standardisierten Barrens sowie spätkeltische Münzen im „Lühlingsbachtal“ bei Brilon im Hochsauerland entdeckt. Das Ensemble datiert in die ältere Römische Kaiserzeit. Dies ist der erste eindeutige Nachweis dafür, dass im Hochsauerland nicht nur Blei gewonnen, sondern dort auch Endprodukte für Rom gegossen wurden.
In 2022, the fragment of a standardized Roman lead ingot and late Celtic coins were discovered near Brilon in the Hochsauerland region. The ensemble dates back to the 'older Roman Imperial period': clear evidence that in this time not only lead has been mined here, but that end products in form of ingots were also cast on site.
Cologne
All three miner’s tools from the Lüderich presented here were used
for winning as part of the lead/silver mining there. While the miner’s
hammer fragment from the excavations is directly related to Roman
mining, two further miner’s tools from the Bensberg museum collection
can now with the utmost probability be assigned to short-term
Roman mining activities in the 1st decade after the turn of the era, i. e.
the late Augustan period. This is especially true for the wedge hoe, for
which only Roman parallels can be found. With minor reservations,
the same dating may also be assumed for the two hammers, which also
find their best parallels in a Roman context. The wooden shafts of the
tools are modern museum additions.
The few and scattered written sources deal only marginally with the different functions of the camps. With the help of large-scale excavations and geophysical and aerial photo surveys, it is possible to make a differentiation and functional determination among them. Despite standardisation, no two camps are alike: the well-known rectangular plan with rounded camp corners is only one of the known forms of camp design and organisation (castrametatio). In Late Antiquity, Roman camps, together with the Roman army system in general, were subject to
fundamental change. Adaptation to threats from external enemies, but also from recurring civil wars within the empire, also affected the design, size, and internal layout of late Roman camps: the standardisation of the early and middle Imperial Period no longer plays much of a role, the areas to be defended are clearly reduced, natural protection is taken into account in new construction, and the camp defences are considerably strengthened. These characteristics of late Imperial camps were adopted by the early Eastern Roman Empire.
Bei den beiden mit einer Kaiserinschrift versehenen Bleifragmenten aus Charterhouse-on-Mendip (Somerset / GB) handelt es sich nicht um Teile von Bleibarren, sondern um dünnwandige Tafeln mit einer anhand des Inschriftenformulars zu rekonstruierenden Länge von ungefähr 50 cm und einer Höhe von ca. 10 cm. Die Inschrift selbst entspricht dem Formular von bislang drei pyramidenstumpfförmigen Bleibarren, die im Bergbau-gebiet Mendip Hills im Südwesten Englands zutage kamen. Mit Hilfe der Kartuscheninschriften lassen sich die Inschriftenreste auf den Bleitafeln ergänzen: Gegenüber den bisherigen Datierungen gehören sowohl die Bleitafeln als auch die Bleibarren in die Jahre 164-166 n. Chr. während der Samtherrschaft der Kaiser Marcus Aurelius und Lucius Verus.
Summary
Lead Tablets from Charterhouse-on-Mendip (Somerset / GB) with Inscriptions from the Joint Rule of the Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus – New Analysis and New Dating
The two lead fragments from Charterhouse-on-Mendip (Somerset / GB) displaying an Imperial inscription are not parts of lead ingots but thin tablets with a lenght of some 50 cm and a height of about 10 cm to be reconstructed on the basis of the inscription form. The inscription itself corresponds to the form of hitherto three truncated and elongated pyramidal-shaped lead ingots which came to light in the mining district of the Mendips in southwest England. With the aid of the framed inscriptions, the remains of the inscriptions on the lead tablets can be augmented. Contrary to previous datings, both the lead tablets and the lead ingots belong to the years AD 164-166 during the joint emperorship of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.
Résumé:
Tablettes de plomb de Charterhouse-on-Mendip (Somerset / GB) portant des inscriptions datant du règne conjoint de Marc-Aurèle et Lucius Verus – réévaluation et nouvelle datation
Les deux fragments de plomb de Charterhouse-on-Mendip (Somerset / GB) portant une inscription impériale ne sont en fait pas des morceaux de barres en plomb, mais de fines tablettes dont le formulaire de l’inscription permet de restituer une longueur d’environ 50 cm pour une hauteur d’environ 10 cm. L’inscription même correspond au formulairede trois barres de plomb en forme de pyramide tronquée découvertes dans les mines de Mendip Hills du Sud-Ouest de l’Angleterre. Les inscriptions des cartouches permettent de compléter les inscriptions fragmentaires des tablettes de plomb. Contrairement aux datations proposées jusqu’ici, les tablettes, comme les barres de plomb, remontent aux années 164-166 ap. J.-C., soit au règne conjoint des empereurs Marc-Aurèle et Lucius Verus.
Lead isotope analysis on a selection of brass ingots suggest the Massif Central as the source of calamine. In Lugdunum, in the late 1st century, a brass industry was established, which would not only have access to local zinc ores but also close-by copper ores. Significant tin contents in both the copper ores and the brass ingots suggest that the brass production may have been independent of metal imports.
It is not until the end of the 1st and in the 2nd century AD that tile- and brick-makers are attested in larger numbers in the whole province of Lower Germany.
https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-handbook-of-the-archaeology-of-roman-germany-9780199665730?cc=de&lang=en&
The concepts of archaeologists and ancient historians seemed to be incommensurate with those of the dendrochronologists. With this
essay in honour of Ursula Tegtmeier the authors, an archaeologist of the Roman provinces and a dendroarchaeologist, try to draw a
historical coherent picture based upon a reevaluation of the facts from both disciplines with special regard to military strategical events
during the 4th century AD. This is to solve the apparent discrepancies persisting to date.