Abstract
We have proposed that galaxy formation is catalyzed by the collision of infalling and outstreaming particles from leaky, horizonless astrophysical black holes, most likely gravastars, and based on this gave a model for the disk galaxy scale length. In this paper we modify our original scale length formula by including an activation probability \(P\) for a collision to lead to nucleation of star formation. The revised formula extrapolates from early universe JWST data to late time data to within a factor of five, and suggests that galaxy dimensions should systematically get smaller as the observed redshift z increases. We also show that particles recycling through gravastars can lead to a reduction in the temperature of the surrounding gas, through a “heat pump” refrigeration effect. This can trigger galaxy formation through enhanced star formation in the vicinity of the gravastar.
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Acknowledgements
I wish to thank Fethi Ramazanoğlu for bringing the review (Cardoso and Pani 2019) to my attention, and to thank Scott Tremaine for helpful comments on drafts of both this paper and its predecessor. I also wish to thank the referee for helpful comments and references.
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Appendix: Temperature redshift
Appendix: Temperature redshift
Tolman and Ehrenfest (1930) have shown that in a static gravitational field, the proper temperature \(T\) of a system in equilibrium obeys the law \(T g_{00}^{1/2}={\mathrm{constant}} \). Since \(kT\) is an energy, with \(k\) Boltzmann’s constant, this is an analog of the usual gravitational redshift. For a gravastar, the calculations of (Adler 2022a, 2024) and (Adler and Doherty 2023) show that as one moves in from infinity, \(g_{00}\) decreases from unity to an exponentially small value near the nominal horizon, with an even further exponential decrease as one moves into the gravastar interior. Hence by the Tolman-Ehrenfest law, the temperature of a particle incoming from infinity is blue-shifted dramatically as it falls into the gravastar. In general the internal temperature of the gravastar will be lower than the temperature attained by an infalling particle, since as a gravastar forms by dust collapse, the intermediate masses until its final size is reached will be characterized by less deep potential wells in \(g_{00}\) than the well characterizing the final gravastar configuration. So through collisions with the matter deep inside the gravastar, the particle will lose energy and lower its temperature. As the particle moves back off to infinity, its temperature is red-shifted by the same factor as it was blue-shifted falling in, but since it lost energy to the matter inside the gravastar, it will emerge at infinity with a lower temperature than it had when it started falling in. This is how the gravastar can act as a “heat pump” or “cosmic refrigerator”, lowering the temperature of the surrounding gas. Since transverse motions that are damped out this way are equivalent to high angular momenta relative to the center of the gravastar, by acting in this way, gravastars can evade the argument given by Colgate and Petschek (1986) that “There seems to be too much angular momentum in the universe to allow the formation of stars... .”
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Adler, S.L. Galaxy formation catalyzed by gravastars and the JWST, revisited. Astrophys Space Sci 369, 65 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-024-04334-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-024-04334-2