Abstract
Human aging is considered as one of the biggest risk factors for the development of multiple diseases such as cancer, type-2 diabetes, and neurodegeneration. In addition, it is widely accepted that these age-related diseases result from a combination of various genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. As biological aging is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon, the molecular mechanisms underlying disease initiation and progression are not yet fully understood. However, a significant amount of evidence supports the theory that oxidative stress may act as a primary etiologic factor. Indeed, many signaling components like kinases, phosphatases, and transcription factors are exquisitely sensitive to the cellular redox status, and a chronic or severe disturbance in redox homeostasis can promote cell proliferation or trigger cell death. Now, almost 50 years after their discovery, there is a wealth of evidence that peroxisomes can function as a subcellular source, sink, or target of reactive oxygen and nitrogen molecules. Yet, the possibility that these organelles may act as a signaling platform for a variety of age-related processes has so far been underestimated and largely neglected. In this review, we will critically discuss the possible role of peroxisomes in the human aging process in light of the available data.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- αS:
-
α-synuclein
- Aβ:
-
Amyloid-β peptide
- ACOX1:
-
Acyl-CoA oxidase 1
- AD:
-
Alzheimer’s disease
- AGPS:
-
Alkylglycerone phosphate synthase
- AOX:
-
Antioxidants
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- DAO:
-
D-amino acid oxidase
- DHA:
-
Docosahexaenoic acid
- ER:
-
Endoplasmic reticulum
- (F)ALS:
-
(familial) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- GNPAT:
-
Glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase
- MAM:
-
Mitochondrial-associated membrane
- NEFAs:
-
Non-esterified fatty acids
- NFTs:
-
Neurofibrillary tangles
- PBDs:
-
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
- PPAR-α:
-
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha
- PRDX5:
-
Peroxiredoxin 5
- PTS1:
-
C-terminal peroxisomal targeting signal
- PUFAs:
-
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- RNS:
-
Reactive nitrogen species
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SOD1:
-
Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- UPR:
-
Unfolded protein response
- VLCFAs:
-
Very-long-chain fatty acids
- X-ALD:
-
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
References
Ahn JH, Kim SB, Sohn HJ, Lee JS, Kang YK, Kim WK (2005) Docetaxel and cisplatin combination chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer patients with previous exposure to anthracyclines. Breast 14:304–309
Amelina H, Sjödin MO, Bergquist J, Cristobal S (2011) Quantitative subproteomic analysis of age-related changes in mouse liver peroxisomes by iTRAQ LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 879:3393–3400
Antonenkov VD, Grunau S, Ohlmeier S, Hiltunen JK (2010) Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles. Antioxid Redox Signal 13:525–537
Baes M, Gressens P, Baumgart E, Carmeliet P, Casteels M, Fransen M, Evrard P, Fahimi D, Declercq PE, Collen D, Van Veldhoven PP, Mannaerts GP (1997) A mouse model for Zellweger syndrome. Nat Genet 17:49–57
Baker DJ, Wijshake T, Tchkonia T, LeBrasseur NK, Childs BG, van de Sluis B, Kirkland JL, van Deursen JM (2011) Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells delays ageing-associated disorders. Nature 479:232–236
Beier K, Volkl A, Fahimi HD (1993) The impact of aging on enzyme proteins of rat liver peroxisomes: quantitative analysis by immunoblotting and immunoelectron microscopy. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 63:139–146
Beier K, Volkl A, Fahimi HD (1997) TNF-alpha downregulates the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha and the mRNAs encoding peroxisomal proteins in rat liver. FEBS Lett 412:385–387
Bonekamp NA, Volkl A, Fahimi HD, Schrader M (2009) Reactive oxygen species and peroxisomes: struggling for balance. Biofactors 35:346–355
Bottelbergs A, Verheijden S, Van Veldhoven PP, Just W, Devos R, Baes M (2012) Peroxisome deficiency but not the defect in ether lipid synthesis causes activation of the innate immune system and axonal loss in the central nervous system. J Neuroinflammation 9:61
Boveris A, Oshino N, Chance B (1972) The cellular production of hydrogen peroxide. Biochem J 128:617–630
Boya P (2012) Lysosomal function and dysfunction: mechanism and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 17:766–774
Braverman NE, Moser AB (2012) Functions of plasmalogen lipids in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1822:1442–1452
Carter AB, Tephly LA, Venkataraman S, Oberley LW, Zhang Y, Buettner GR, Spitz DR, Hunninghake GW (2004) High levels of catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity dampen H2O2 signaling in human alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 31:43–53
Chaturvedi RK, Beal MF (2008) PPAR: a therapeutic target in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurochem 106:506–518
Chen X, Liang H, Van Remmen H, Vijg J, Richardson A (2004) Catalase transgenic mice: characterization and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Arch Biochem Biophys 422:197–210
Cimini A, Benedetti E, D’Angelo B, Cristiano L, Falone S, Di Loreto S, Amicarelli F, Cerù MP (2009) Neuronal response of peroxisomal and peroxisome-related proteins to chronic and acute Aβ injury. Curr Alzheimer Res 6:238–251
Decuypere JP, Monaco G, Missiaen L, De Smedt H, Parys JB, Bultynck G (2011) IP(3) receptors, mitochondria, and Ca signaling: implications for aging. J Aging Res. doi:10.4061/2011/920178
del Río LA (2011) Peroxisomes as a cellular source of reactive nitrogen species signal molecules. Arch Biochem Biophys 506:1–11
del Río LA, Sandalio LM, Palma JM, Bueno P, Corpas FJ (1992) Metabolism of oxygen radicals in peroxisomes and cellular implications. Free Radic Biol Med 13:557–580
del Río LA, Sandalio LM, Corpas FJ, Palma JM, Barroso JB (2006) Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in peroxisomes. Production, scavenging, and role in cell signaling. Plant Physiol 141:330–335
Diano S, Liu ZW, Jeong JK, Dietrich MO, Ruan HB, Kim E, Suyama KK, Gyengesi E, Arbiser JL, Belsham DD, Sarruf DA, Schwartz MW, Bennett AM, Shanabrough M, Mobbs CV, Yang X, Gao XB, Horvath TL (2011) Peroxisome proliferation-associated control of reactive oxygen species sets melanocortin tone and feeding in diet-induced obesity. Nat Med 17:1121–1127
Dirkx R, Vanhorebeek I, Martens K, Schad A, Grabenbauer M, Fahimi D, Declercq P, Van Veldhoven PP, Baes M (2005) Absence of peroxisomes in mouse hepatocytes causes mitochondrial and ER abnormalities. Hepatology 41:868–878
Dixit E, Boulant S, Zhang Y, Lee AS, Odendall C, Shum B, Hacohen N, Chen ZJ, Whelan SP, Fransen M, Nibert ML, Superti-Furga G, Kagan JC (2010) Peroxisomes are signaling platforms for antiviral innate immunity. Cell 141:668–681
Elsner M, Gehrmann W, Lenzen S (2011) Peroxisome-generated hydrogen peroxide as important mediator of lipotoxicity in insulin-producing cells. Diabetes 60:200–208
Ezaki J, Kominami E, Ueno T (2011) Peroxisome degradation in mammals. IUBMB Life 63:1001–1008
Fan CY, Pan J, Usuda N, Yeldandi AV, Reddy JK (1998) Steatohepatitis, spontaneous peroxisome proliferation and liver tumors in mice lacking peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase. Implications for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha natural ligand metabolism. J Biol Chem 273:15639–15645
Fourcade S, Lopez-Erauskin J, Galino J, Duval C, Naudi A, Jove M, Kemp S, Villarroya F, Ferrer I, Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M, Pujol A (2008) Early oxidative damage underlying neurodegeneration in X-adrenoleukodystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 17:1762–1773
Fransen M, Nordgren M, Wang B, Apanasets O (2012) Role of peroxisomes in ROS/RNS-metabolism: implications for human disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1822:1363–1373
Frederiks WM, Bosch KS, Hoeben KA, van Marle J, Langbein S (2010) Renal cell carcinoma and oxidative stress: the lack of peroxisomes. Acta Histochem 112:364–371
Goldfischer S, Moore CL, Johnson AB, Spiro AJ, Valsamis MP, Wisniewski HK, Ritch RH, Norton WT, Rapin I, Gartner LM (1973) Peroxisomal and mitochondrial defects in the cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome. Science 182:62–64
Gómez LA, Hagen TM (2012) Age-related decline in mitochondrial bioenergetics: does supercomplex destabilization determine lower oxidative capacity and higher superoxide production? Semin Cell Dev Biol. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.04.002
Goth L, Rass P, Pay A (2004) Catalase enzyme mutations and their association with diseases. Mol Diagn 8:141–149
Grimm MO, Kuchenbecker WJ, Rothhaar TL, Grosgen S, Hundsdorfer B, Burg VK, Friess P, Muller U, Grimm HS, Riemenschneider M, Hartmann T (2011) Plasmalogen synthesis is regulated via alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate-synthase by amyloid precursor protein processing and is affected in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 116:916–925
Hamanaka RB, Chandel NS (2010) Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate cellular signaling and dictate biological outcomes. Trends Biochem Sci 35:505–513
Hamel FG, Bennett RG, Upward JL, Duckworth WC (2001) Insulin inhibits peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes. Endocrinology 142:2702–2706
Hekimi S, Lapointe J, Wen Y (2011) Taking a “good” look at free radicals in the aging process. Trends Cell Biol 21:569–576
Hellemans K, Kerckhofs K, Hannaert JC, Martens G, Van Veldhoven PP, Pipeleers D (2007) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-retinoid X receptor agonists induce beta-cell protection against palmitate toxicity. FEBS J 274:6094–6105
Higgins CM, Jung CW, Xu ZS (2003) ALS-associated mutant SOD1G93A causes mitochondrial vacuolation by expansion of the intermembrane space and by involvement of SOD1 aggregation and peroxisomes. BMC Neurosci 4:16
Ho YS, Xiong Y, Ma WC, Spector A, Ho DS (2004) Mice lacking catalase develop normally but show differential sensitivity to oxidant tissue injury. J Biol Chem 279:32804–32812
Hoefler G, Paschke E, Hoefler S, Moser AB, Moser HW (1991) Photosensitized killing of cultured fibroblasts from patients with peroxisomal disorders due to pyrene fatty-acid mediated ultraviolet damage. J Clin Invest 88:1873–1879
Horner SM, Liu HM, Park HS, Briley J, Gale M Jr (2011) Mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) form innate immune synapses and are targeted by hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:14590–14595
Hwang I, Lee J, Huh JY, Park J, Lee HB, Ho YS, Ha H (2012) Catalase deficiency accelerates diabetic renal injury through peroxisomal dysfunction. Diabetes 61:728–738
Ishii K, Zhen LX, Wang DH, Funamori Y, Ogawa K, Taketa K (1996) Prevention of mammary tumorigenesis in acatalasemic mice by vitamin E supplementation. Jpn J Cancer Res 87:680–684
Islinger M, Li KW, Seitz J, Volkl A, Luers GH (2009) Hitchhiking of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase to peroxisomes – evidence for a natural piggyback import mechanism in mammals. Traffic 10:1711–1721
Islinger M, Grille S, Fahimi HD, Schrader M (2012) The peroxisome: an update on mysteries. Histochem Cell Biol 137:547–574
Ivashchenko O, Van Veldhoven PP, Brees C, Ho YS, Terlecky SR, Fransen M (2011) Intraperoxisomal redox balance in mammalian cells: oxidative stress and interorganellar cross-talk. Mol Biol Cell 22:1440–1451
Kassmann CM, Lappe-Siefke C, Baes M, Brugger B, Mildner A, Werner HB, Natt O, Michaelis T, Prinz M, Frahm J, Nave KA (2007) Axonal loss and neuroinflammation caused by peroxisome-deficient oligodendrocytes. Nat Genet 39:969–976
Koepke JI, Wood CS, Terlecky LJ, Walton PA, Terlecky SR (2008) Progeric effects of catalase inactivation in human cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 232:99–108
Kou J, Kovacs GG, Hoftberger R, Kulik W, Brodde A, Forss-Petter S, Honigschnabl S, Gleiss A, Brugger B, Wanders R, Just W, Budka H, Jungwirth P, Fischer P, Berger J (2011) Peroxisomal alterations in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol 122:271–283
Lauer C, Volkl A, Riedl S, Fahimi HD, Beier K (1999) Impairment of peroxisomal biogenesis in human colon carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 20:985–989
Legakis JE, Koepke JI, Jedeszko C, Barlaskar F, Terlecky LJ, Edwards HJ, Walton PA, Terlecky SR (2002) Peroxisome senescence in human fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 13:4243–4255
Lenzen S, Drinkgern J, Tiedge M (1996) Low antioxidant enzyme gene expression in pancreatic islets compared with various other mouse tissues. Free Radic Biol Med 20:463–466
Li Y, Tharappel JC, Cooper S, Glenn M, Glauert HP, Spear BT (2000) Expression of the hydrogen peroxide-generating enzyme fatty acyl CoA oxidase activates NF-kappaB. DNA Cell Biol 19:113–120
Li X, Chen H, Epstein PN (2006) Metallothionein and catalase sensitize to diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice: reactive oxygen species may have a protective role in pancreatic beta-cells. Diabetes 55:1592–1604
Lindfors E, Gopalacharyulu PV, Halperin E, Oresic M (2009) Detection of molecular paths associated with insulitis and type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mouse. PLoS One 4:e7323
Lizard G, Rouaud O, Demarquoy J, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Iuliano L (2012) Potential roles of peroxisomes in Alzheimer’s disease and in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. J Alzheimers Dis 29:241–254
Lopez-Erauskin J, Fourcade S, Galino J, Ruiz M, Schluter A, Naudi A, Jove M, Portero-Otin M, Pamplona R, Ferrer I, Pujol A (2011) Antioxidants halt axonal degeneration in a mouse model of X-adrenoleukodystrophy. Ann Neurol 70:84–92
Manivannan S, Scheckhuber CQ, Veenhuis M, van der Klei IJ (2012) The impact of peroxisomes on cellular aging and death. Front Oncol 2:50
Marsche G, Heller R, Fauler G, Kovacevic A, Nuszkowski A, Graier W, Sattler W, Malle E (2004) 2-chlorohexadecanal derived from hypochlorite-modified high-density lipoprotein-associated plasmalogen is a natural inhibitor of endothelial nitric oxide biosynthesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:2302–2306
Mi J, Garcia-Arcos I, Alvarez R, Cristobal S (2007) Age-related subproteomic analysis of mouse liver and kidney peroxisomes. Proteome Sci 5:19
Mitchell J, Paul P, Chen HJ, Morris A, Payling M, Falchi M, Habgood J, Panoutsou S, Winkler S, Tisato V, Hajitou A, Smith B, Vance C, Shaw C, Mazarakis ND, de Belleroche J (2010) Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is associated with a mutation in d-amino acid oxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:7556–7561
Mueller S, Weber A, Fritz R, Mutze S, Rost D, Walczak H, Volkl A, Stremmel W (2002) Sensitive and real-time determination of H2O2 release from intact peroxisomes. Biochem J 363:483–491
Müller CC, Nguyen TH, Ahlemeyer B, Meshram M, Santrampurwala N, Cao SY, Sharp P, Fietz PB, Baumgart-Vogt E, Crane DI (2011) PEX13 deficiency in mouse brain as a model of Zellweger syndrome: abnormal cerebellum formation, reactive gliosis and oxidative stress. Dis Model Mech 4:104–119
Mutez E, Duhamel A, Defebvre L, Bordet R, Destée A, Kreisler A (2009) Lipid-lowering drugs are associated with delayed onset and slower course of Parkinson’s disease. Pharmacol Res 60:41–45
Neuspiel M, Schauss AC, Braschi E, Zunino R, Rippstein P, Rachubinski RA, Andrade-Navarro MA, McBride HM (2008) Cargo-selected transport from the mitochondria to peroxisomes is mediated by vesicular carriers. Curr Biol 18:102–108
Paintlia MK, Paintlia AS, Contreras MA, Singh I, Singh AK (2008) Lipopolysaccharide-induced peroxisomal dysfunction exacerbates cerebral white matter injury: attenuation by N-acetyl cysteine. Exp Neurol 210:560–576
Pattison DI, Davies MJ (2006) Reactions of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants with biological substrates: gaining chemical insight into human inflammatory diseases. Curr Med Chem 13:3271–3290
Perichon R, Bourre JM, Kelly JF, Roth GS (1998) The role of peroxisomes in aging. Cell Mol Life Sci 54:641–652
Poitout V, Robertson RP (2002) Secondary beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes: a convergence of glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity. Endocrinology 143:339–342
Rajawat YS, Hilioti Z, Bossis I (2009) Aging: central role for autophagy and the lysosomal degradative system. Ageing Res Rev 8:199–213
Reddy JK, Azarnoff DL, Hignite CE (1980) Hypolipidaemic hepatic peroxisome proliferators form a novel class of chemical carcinogens. Nature 283:397–398
Rokka A, Antonenkov VD, Soininen R, Immonen HL, Pirilä PL, Bergmann U, Sormunen RT, Weckström M, Benz R, Hiltunen JK (2009) Pxmp2 is a channel-forming protein in mammalian peroxisomal membrane. PLoS One 4:e5090
Sahin E, Depinho RA (2012) Axis of ageing: telomeres, p53 and mitochondria. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 13:397–404
Santos MJ, Quintanilla RA, Toro A, Grandy R, Dinamarca MC, Godoy JA, Inestrosa NC (2005) Peroxisomal proliferation protects from beta-amyloid neurodegeneration. J Biol Chem 280:41057–41068
Sasabe J, Miyoshi Y, Suzuki M, Mita M, Konno R, Matsuoka M, Hamase K, Aiso S (2012) d-amino acid oxidase controls motoneuron degeneration through D-serine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:627–632
Schon EA, Przedborski S (2011) Mitochondria: the next (neurode)generation. Neuron 70:1033–1053
Singh J, Khan M, Singh I (2009) Silencing of Abcd1 and Abcd2 genes sensitizes astrocytes for inflammation: implication for X-adrenoleukodystrophy. J Lipid Res 50:135–147
Sohal RS, Orr WC (2012) The redox stress hypothesis of aging. Free Radic Biol Med 52:539–555
Soltow QA, Jones DP, Promislow DE (2010) A network perspective on metabolism and aging. Integr Comp Biol 50:844–854
Stamer K, Vogel R, Thies E, Mandelkow E, Mandelkow EM (2002) Tau blocks traffic of organelles, neurofilaments, and APP vesicles in neurons and enhances oxidative stress. J Cell Biol 156:1051–1063
Suzuki K, Iseki E, Togo T, Yamaguchi A, Katsuse O, Katsuyama K, Kanzaki S, Shiozaki K, Kawanishi C, Yamashita S, Tanaka Y, Yamanaka S, Hirayasu Y (2007) Neuronal and glial accumulation of alpha- and beta-synucleins in human lipidoses. Acta Neuropathol 114:481–489
Syed DN, Mukhtar H (2012) Gender bias in skin cancer: role of catalase revealed. J Invest Dermatol 132:512–514
Terlecky SR, Koepke JI, Walton PA (2006) Peroxisomes and aging. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1749–1754
Terlecky SR, Terlecky LJ, Giordano CR (2012) Peroxisomes, oxidative stress, and inflammation. World J Biol Chem 3:93–97
Terman A, Kurz T, Navratil M, Arriaga EA, Brunk UT (2010) Mitochondrial turnover and aging of long-lived postmitotic cells: the mitochondrial-lysosomal axis theory of aging. Antioxid Redox Signal 12:503–535
Thorrez L, Laudadio I, Van Deun K, Quintens R, Hendrickx N, Granvik M, Lemaire K, Schraenen A, Van Lommel L, Lehnert S, Aguayo-Mazzucato C, Cheng-Xue R, Gilon P, Van Mechelen I, Bonner-Weir S, Lemaigre F, Schuit F (2011) Tissue-specific disallowance of housekeeping genes: the other face of cell differentiation. Genome Res 21:95–105
Titorenko VI, Terlecky SR (2011) Peroxisome metabolism and cellular aging. Traffic 12:252–259
Van Veldhoven PP (2010) Biochemistry and genetics of inherited disorders of peroxisomal fatty acid metabolism. J Lipid Res 51:2863–2895
Veal EA, Day AM, Morgan BA (2007) Hydrogen peroxide sensing and signaling. Mol Cell 26:1–14
Wallner S, Schmitz G (2011) Plasmalogens the neglected regulatory and scavenging lipid species. Chem Phys Lipids 164:573–589
Walton PA, Pizzitelli M (2012) Effects of peroxisomal catalase inhibition on mitochondrial function. Front Physiol 3:108
Wanders RJ, Waterham HR (2006) Peroxisomal disorders: the single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1707–1720
Wood CS, Koepke JI, Teng H, Boucher KK, Katz S, Chang P, Terlecky LJ, Papanayotou I, Walton PA, Terlecky SR (2006) Hypocatalasemic fibroblasts accumulate hydrogen peroxide and display age-associated pathologies. Traffic 7:97–107
Yakunin E, Moser A, Loeb V, Saada A, Faust P, Crane DI, Baes M, Sharon R (2010) Alpha-synuclein abnormalities in mouse models of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. J Neurosci Res 88:866–876
Yang Y, Song Y, Loscalzo J (2007) Regulation of the protein disulfide proteome by mitochondria in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:10813–10817
Zha S, Ferdinandusse S, Hicks JL, Denis S, Dunn TA, Wanders RJ, Luo J, De Marzo AM, Isaacs WB (2005) Peroxisomal branched chain fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway is upregulated in prostate cancer. Prostate 63:316–323
Zwerger M, Ho CY, Lammerding J (2011) Nuclear mechanics in disease. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 13:397–428
Acknowledgements
M.F. and P.V.V. are supported by grants from the ‘Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen (Onderzoeksproject G.0754.09)’ and the ‘Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds van de KU Leuven (OT/09/045)’. B.W. is a recipient of a fellowship from the Chinese Research Council.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fransen, M., Nordgren, M., Wang, B., Apanasets, O., Van Veldhoven, P.P. (2013). Aging, Age-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes. In: del Río, L. (eds) Peroxisomes and their Key Role in Cellular Signaling and Metabolism. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 69. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6889-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6889-5_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-6888-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-6889-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)