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Suludnon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Panayanon Sulud
Total population
81,189 (2010)[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Philippines (Western Visayas)
Languages
Sulodnon, Hiligaynon, Kinaray-a, Aklanon, Filipino, English
Religion
Traditional religion and Folk Christianity (Roman Catholic).
Related ethnic groups
Visayans, other Filipino peoples, other Austronesian peoples

The Suludnon,[2] also known as the Panay-Bukidnon, Pan-ayanon, or Tumandok,[3] are a culturally indigenous Visayan group of people who reside in the Capiz-Antique-Iloilo mountainous area of Panay in the Visayan islands of the Philippines. They are one of the two only culturally indigenous group of Visayan language-speakers in the Western Visayas, along with the, Halawodnon of Lambunao and Calinog, Iloilo and Iraynon-Bukidnon of Antique.[4][5] Also, they are part of the wider Visayan ethnolinguistic group, who constitute the largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group.

Although they were once culturally related to the speakers of the Kinaray-a, Aklanon, and Hiligaynon languages, all of whom inhabit the lowlands of Panay, their isolation from Spanish rule resulted in the continuation of a pre-Hispanic culture and beliefs. They speak the Iigbok language (also known as Ligbok or Sulod language), a member of the West Bisayan subdivision of the Bisayan languages within the Austronesian language family.

The Panay Bukidnon are known for their Binanog dance, which mimics the flight of the Philippine eagle, accompanied by an agung ensemble. Another dance of the same name is also performed by the Bukidnon Lumad of Mindanao, suggesting a cultural connection between the people of the Western Visayas and northern Mindanao in ancient times.[6][7] Apart from this, they also practice the use of bamboo musical instruments, which they use to express themselves in traditional songs, dances, and epics.[8] They are also known for their detailed embroidery, known as panubok.[9] The heritage of the panubok is celebrated in the Tinubkan fashion show in Iloilo City. The Sulud are also known for their traditional practices[10] on the mysticism of the binukot and nabukot.[11]

Currently, the Sulud/Panay Bukidnon faces several challenges in their existence although the local governments of Panay have realized their importance and have begun establishing several projects that help preserve their culture[12][13]

Indigenous religion

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Immortals

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  • Tungkung Langit: the supreme deity and the most powerful male Diwata; he is of unknown origin, coming from somewhere foreign to the other beings of the Sulod pantheon[14]
  • Assistants of Tungkung Langit
    • Bangun Bangun: the deity of universal time who regulates cosmic movements[14]
    • Pahulangkug: the deity who changes the seasons[14]
    • Ribung Linti: the deity of lightning and thunderstorms[14]
    • Sumalongsong: the deity of the rivers and seas[14]
    • Santonil.vo: the deity of good graces[14]
    • Munsad Burulakaw: the deity who has direct power over men; most respected and feared in the upperworld[14]
  • Bayi: one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things; caught the primordial earthworm and gave birth to the wild animals that inhabit the earth[15]
  • Laki: one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things[15]
  • Primordial Earthworm: an ancient earthworm who excreted the earth after it was caught by the primordial giantess, Bayi[15]
  • The Three Brothers Watching Over the Soul
    • Mangganghaw: keeps track over man's affairs immediately after marriage; keeps track of pregnancy; he is the first to come to the house of a laboring mother, peeping in the houses to see the child being born, which he then reports to Manglaegas[16]
    • Manglaegas: enters the house to look for the child to make sure the infant was born alive, then reports to Patag'aes[16]
    • Patag'aes: awaits until midnight then enters the house to have a conversation with the living infant; if he discovers someone is eavesdropping, he will choke the child to death; their conversation creates the fate of the child, on how long the child wants to live and how the child will eventually die, where the child will always get to choose the answers; once done, Patag'aes takes out his measuring stick, computes the child's life span, and then departs, sealing the child's fate[16]
  • Bangla'e: ferries the souls across Lim'awaen, a deep lake in the underworld; asks the soul how many spouses it had on earth, where the soul is ferried and talked to differently, depending on the answer and the gender of the soul; the soul cannot lie to Bangla'e, as he will summon the tuma, a body louse and the incarnation of the soul's conscience[16]
  • Unnamed God: another god that asks questions to the soul[16]
  • Balagu: guards the bridge of a stream called Himbarawen; asks the same question as Bangla'e to the soul[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "2010 Census of Population and Housing: The Philippines" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ Sulod: A language of Philippines. Ethnologue.
  3. ^ "The Historical Roots of the Tumandok Massacre".
  4. ^ Binukot: Revisiting the Western Visayas only indigenous group.
  5. ^ Tumandok people's struggle for their ancestral lands
  6. ^ Video of the Binanog dance of the Tumandok, Iloilo, Philippines.
  7. ^ A Tumandok Binanog dance presentation from Barangay Tapaz.
  8. ^ Muyco, Maria Christine M. (Re)Opening a Cultural Memory: The Bamboo Instruments of the Panay Bukidnon. Vol. 5, No. 1 & 2 (2008).
  9. ^ "Panubok ng Panay Bukidnon". Youtube.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021.
  10. ^ "Panimo". Youtube.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021.
  11. ^ Panay-Bukidnon embroidery enters fashion scene. The News Today. Iloilo City. May 25, 2009.
  12. ^ Preservation of Panay Bukidnon culture gets boost. The News Today. Iloilo City. September 20, 2007.
  13. ^ Basco, Nony. Panay-Bukidnon celebrates Indigenous People's Day. ABS-CBN News. Iloilo City. January 11, 2008.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Jocano, F. L. (1958). The Sulod: A Mountain People In Central Panay, Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University
  15. ^ a b c Jocano, F. L. (1967). The Sulod Myth of Creation. (M. Antonio, Ed.) Some Aspects of Filipino Vernacular Literature, 292–293.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Jocano, F. L. (1968). Sulod Society. Quezon City: U.P. Press.