2020 Sparta earthquake
35°45′58″N 117°36′18″W / 35.766°N 117.605°W
  Sparta Raleigh Charlotte Greensboro  | |
| UTC time | 2020-08-09 12:07:37 |
|---|---|
| ISC event | 618711487 |
| USGS-ANSS | ComCat |
| Local date | August 9, 2020 |
| Local time | 8:07:47 a.m. EDT |
| Magnitude | Mw5.1 |
| Depth | 4.7 mi (7.6 km) |
| Epicenter | 36°28′34″N 81°05′35″W / 36.476°N 81.093°W |
| Fault | Little River Fault |
| Type | Oblique-slip reverse |
| Areas affected | North Carolina, Virginia |
| Max. intensity | MMI VII (Very strong) |
| Foreshocks | Yes |
| Aftershocks | Yes |
| Casualties | Minor injuries |
The 2020 Sparta earthquake was a relatively uncommon intraplate earthquake that occurred near the small town of Sparta, North Carolina, on August 9 at 08:07 ET. The thrust-faulting earthquake had a moment magnitude of 5.1, occurring at a shallow depth of 4.7 miles (7.6 km). Rupture occurred on the previously unmapped Little River Fault. A surface rupture was documented following the earthquake; the first of its kind in the Eastern United States. Shaking was reported in parts of the Midwestern, and Southeastern United States. It was the strongest earthquake recorded in North Carolina in 104 years,[1] the second-strongest in the state's history, and the largest to strike the East Coast since the 2011 Virginia earthquake.[2]
Earthquake
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Measuring Mw 5.1, it was the state's largest earthquake since a magnitude 5.2 earthquake struck Skyland in 1916. Over 80,000 people reported shaking from the earthquake.[3] The earthquake was also the strongest to strike the East Coast since 2011.[4]
Tectonic setting
[edit]The Piedmont region and Blue Ridge Mountains are part of the eastern Appalachian Mountains which formed due to an ancient continental collision with the African Plate, during the Ordovician period, roughly 480 million years ago. This led to the formation of a supercontinent known as Pangaea. Continental collision extended for the next 250 million years, forming the Caledonian, Acadian, Ouachita, Variscan, and Allegheny orogenies. In the process, active thrusting occurred and micro continents were sutured to North America. When the supercontinent broke apart beginning in the Early Mesozoic, uplifting of the Appalachians ceased. This exposed the Appalachians to weathering that eventually eroded them down to an almost flat terrain as the Mesozoic Era concluded. Another period of uplifting the eroded topography occurred during the Cenozoic Era which led to aggressive erosion by rivers and streams.[5][6][7]
The mainshock source area was in the Blue Ridge Mountains of the Alleghanian orogeny. Faults in this part of the range typically trend northeast. The earthquake ruptured along a fault trend that is consistent with west–northwest to east–west striking structures that crosses major northeast-trending geological structures of the mountain range. However, the geology of these faults are poorly understood. The earthquake occurred in a region that progresses between thrust and strike-slip tectonics; the dominant crustal strain is configured in a northeast–southwest to east-northeast–west-southwest direction.[8]
Geology
[edit]According to the United States Geological Survey, the mainshock was the result of oblique-reverse faulting within the shallow crust of the North American Plate. The "relatively uncommon" earthquake occurred in the interior of the plate, known as an intraplate earthquake. Four aftershocks of magnitudes between 2.1 and 2.6 were recorded beginning about 25 hours prior to the earthquake. The focal mechanism solutions for the earthquake indicate rupture occurred on a moderately dipping fault either striking to the northwest or south.[9] Further analysis of InSAR, aftershocks and field data favored a south-southwest dipping fault trending approximately west-northwest.[10] The strongest of the aftershock sequence was a Md2.9 event that struck two days after the mainshock.[11] There were 20 recorded aftershocks by August 28.[12] In Sparta, the earthquake was assigned a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VI–VII and its peak ground acceleration exceeded 0.2 g.[10]
Ground fracturing was discovered south and southeast of Sparta while none were observed in the immediate epicenter area.[10] A surface rupture extending over 1.5 mi (2.4 km) appeared southeast of the town.[13] The earthquake ruptured along this previously unmapped fault within the upper bedrock,[10] dubbed the Little River Fault. Trenching of the Little River Fault indicate it is a thrust fault. This west-northwest–east-southeast striking fault is located within the local Paleozoic rocks. The surface fault trace is characterised by scarps and folds measuring 1.9–11.8 in (4.8–30.0 cm) high, and 19.7 in (50 cm) at its maximum.[14] It was the first ever documented surface rupture from an earthquake in the Eastern United States,[15] and the second observation made in Eastern North America, the other being the 1989 Ungava earthquake (Ms 6.3).[8] The rupture buckled a local road and damaged water lines and several properties.[13]
Damage
[edit]Severe damage occurred in Sparta, further impacting businesses which were already affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina.[16] The town's manager, Ryan Wilmoth, said there were "very minor injuries" but did not specify the number of people injured.[3] There was at least one confirmed injury.[17] Many homes and business infrastructure were damaged; most were material damage that left the structure's integrity unaffected. A majority of structural damage was observed in ureinforced brick, masonry and concrete elements.[18] Within a week of the earthquake, there were 60 cases of serious damage and 465 minor damage reports.[19] Seventeen buildings were listed as unsafe for use and five were eventually demolished.[18] At least 19 people lost their homes.[20] Carpark fracturing and smashed ceramics were reported at Scott's Landscaping Nursery and Farms while at the Kathy Shore Tree Nursery, its owner estimated the repair cost to be several hundred.[16] The Alleghany County administration office was also damaged.[21] The shock also damaged a water supply network, ripped headstones from the ground,[22] and toppled or destroyed several chimneys.[22][23] Parts of Tennessee, Ohio, Washington D.C., and Atlanta also felt the earthquake.[24][25]
Aftermath
[edit]Wes Brinegar, the town's mayor, issued a state of emergency to apply for FEMA and state financial aid.[23][16] At least $112 thousand in state assistance grants were handed out to the affected. The Small Business Administration issued $1.17 million in loans. As the earthquake and its aftermath did not meet FEMA's disaster assistance criteria, the legislature of North Carolina allocated $24 million for relief. The project and its funding established a three-year project, the Earthquake Recovery Program, operated by the Office of State Budget and Management and North Carolina Emergency Management.[26] By 2021, there were over 230 requests for home repair assistance, averaging $44 thousand per home.[21]
Brinegar also cautioned residents of scams on GoFundMe as officials did not raise any request on the site.[19] Scammers took advantage of the damage, impersonating construction workers and charging people up to $500 for repairs only to never provide the services.[20] Governor of North Carolina, Roy Cooper, toured the damage in Sparta, and reassured its residents; "We’ve dealt with a hurricane, a violent tornado, and now an earthquake all in the middle of a pandemic: North Carolinians are resilient." Nine displaced people from six households received help from the Red Cross.[27]
See also
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References
[edit]- ^ Zarrell, Matt (August 9, 2020). "5.1 magnitude earthquake reported near North Carolina-Virginia border". ABC News. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
- ^ Brackett, Ron (August 9, 2020). "5.1 Magnitude Earthquake Rattles North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee; Roads cracked, dishes broken". The Weather Channel. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
- ^ a b Price, Mark; Lindstrom, Lauren (August 9, 2020). "Powerful 5.1 magnitude earthquake jolts Charlotte area, strongest in NC in 104 years". The Charlotte Observer. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021.
- ^ Search earthquake catalog (Data base), U.S. Geological Survey, retrieved August 9, 2020
- ^ "Geologic Provinces of the United States: Appalachian Highlands Province". United States Geological Survey. n.d. Archived from the original on March 11, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
- ^ Berardelli, Phil (November 3, 2009). "The Mountains That Froze the World". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
- ^ "Geology of Great Smoky Mountains National Park". United States Geological Survey. n.d. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
- ^ a b Neves, Miguel; Chuang, Lindsay Y.; Li, Wei; Peng, Zhigang; Figueiredo, Paula M.; Ni, Sidao (2024). "Complex rupture dynamics of the extremely shallow August 2020 M5.1 Sparta, North Carolina earthquake". Communications Earth & Environment. 5 (163). doi:10.1038/s43247-024-01316-8.
- ^ ANSS. "M 5.1 - 4 km SE of Sparta, North Carolina 2020". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b c d Figueiredo, Paula; Hill, Jesse; Merschat, Arthur; Scheip, Corey; Stewart, Kevin; Owen, Lewis; Wooten, Richard; Carter, Mark; Szymanski, Eric; Horton, Stephen; Wegmann, Karl; Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne; Thompson, Gary; Witt, Anne; Cattanach, Bart (March 2022). "The Mw 5.1, 9 August 2020, Sparta Earthquake, North Carolina: The First Documented Seismic Surface Rupture in the Eastern United States". The Geological Society of America Today. 32 (3–4): 4–11. Bibcode:2022GSAT...32....4F. doi:10.1130/GSATG517A.1. S2CID 246323176 – via GSA Today.
- ^ ANSS. "M 2.9 - 3 km SSE of Sparta, North Carolina 2020". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ Eiklor, Rose (August 18, 2020). "Residents Still Cleaning Up In Sparta". Spectrum News. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
- ^ a b Price, Mark (December 8, 2022). "Crack in ground more than 1.5 miles long found at site of 2020 quake in North Carolina". The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
- ^ Merschat, Arthur J.; Carter, Mark W. (2023). Preliminary Map of the Surface Rupture From the August 9, 2020, Mw 5.1 Earthquake Near Sparta, North Carolina—The Little River Fault and Other Possible Coseismic Features (Report). U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1074, 1 sheet, scale 1:24,000. doi:10.3133/ofr20231074. Retrieved July 12, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Peake, Tracy (March 29, 2022). "What the Sparta Earthquake Tells Us About Shallow Quakes". NC State News. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
- ^ a b c Kabba, Rasheeda (August 11, 2020). "NC officials survey earthquake damage in Sparta, look for ways to rebuild". WGHP. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
- ^ Rice, Tony (August 22, 2021). "North Carolina and Haiti earthquakes compared". WRAL. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
- ^ a b Baker, Colby (2022). "Building Safety Assessments Following the Sparta Earthquake". Structure Magazine. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
- ^ a b Eiklor, Rose (August 18, 2020). "Residents Still Cleaning Up In Sparta". Spectrum News. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
- ^ a b "525 buildings damaged: Sparta earthquake destruction worse than initially thought, emergency officials say". WCNC-TV. August 18, 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
- ^ a b Allman, Megan (August 9, 2021). "Sparta earthquake: 1 year since 5.1 magnitude earthshaker". WFMY-TV. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
- ^ a b "People still rattled after North Carolina earthquake that caused significant damage". WGHP. WAVY-TV. August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
- ^ a b "Multiple aftershocks felt around western NC following 5.1 magnitude earthquake". WTVD. ABC11 Raleigh-Durham. August 11, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
- ^ McLaughlin, Eliott C.; Johnston, Chuck (August 9, 2020). "North Carolina's strongest earthquake in 94 years shakes area along Virginia border". CNN. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
- ^ Cappucci, Matthew (August 9, 2020). "5.1-magnitude earthquake strikes North Carolina, is felt hundreds of miles away". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
- ^ Evans, Marcia (August 9, 2021). "One Year After Sparta Earthquake, Recovery is Well Underway". Office of State Budget and Management. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
- ^ Allman, Megan (August 11, 2020). "Gov. Roy Cooper visits Sparta homes, businesses to assess earthquake damage". WCNC. Archived from the original on March 20, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2020.