Optimization of the Application of Commercial Hydrophobic Coatings for Natural Stone Protection and Preservation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Natural Stone Mock-Ups
2.1.2. Commercial Hydrophobic Coatings
2.2. Methodology
2.2.1. Coating Application
2.2.2. High-Resolution Digital Microscopy
2.2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy Coupled to Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS)
2.2.4. Tensiometer
2.2.5. Measurement of Water Vapor Permeability
2.2.6. Artificial Ageing
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optimization of the Number of Coating Applications
3.2. Optimization of the Temperature of Application of Both the Coatings and the Natural Stone Substrates
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Limestone (L) | Marble (M) | Granitoid (G) |
---|---|---|---|
Bulk density [kg/m3] | 2393 ± 7 | 2714 ± 6 | 2722 ± 5 |
Open porosity [%] | 7.8 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.01 |
Water absorption at atmospheric pressure [%] | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
Water absorption by capillarity [g/m2·s0.5] (Parallel to bedding plane/perpendicular to bedding plane) | 30/13 | 0.9/0.8 | 0.7/0.6 |
Compressive uniaxial strength [MPa] | 75 ± 6 | 85 ± 6 | 150 ± 7 |
Flexural strength under concentrated load [MPa] | 11.1 ± 0.6 | 16.4 ± 3 | 16.9 ± 2 |
Lithotypes/Coatings | Limestone (L) | Marble (M) | Granitoid (G) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Stdev | Mean | Stdev | Mean | Stdev | ||
CN1 | 1st Application | 110.9 | 1.8 | 113.9 | 4.1 | 119.8 | 3.9 |
2nd Application | 125.1 | 2.4 | 118.6 | 7.5 | 127.8 | 6.4 | |
3rd Application | 125.1 | 2.6 | 121.0 | 8.5 | 129.4 | 7.5 | |
4th Application | 126.0 | 4.0 | 122.8 | 9.0 | 131.1 | 7.3 | |
CN2 | 1st Application | 132.2 | 9.5 | 135.2 | 7.0 | 132.6 | 4.8 |
2nd Application | 132.8 | 9.4 | 135.6 | 5.4 | 132.7 | 4.5 | |
3rd Application | 135.1 | 7.2 | 136.8 | 4.1 | 134.0 | 3.2 | |
4th Application | 136.2 | 6.9 | 138.0 | 3.8 | 135.4 | 4.2 | |
CN3 | 1st Application | 127.0 | 3.3 | 130.0 | 2.8 | 133.0 | 6.2 |
2nd Application | 136.8 | 4.3 | 131.7 | 4.2 | 134.1 | 5.5 | |
3rd Application | 137.4 | 4.2 | 132.3 | 3.8 | 134.2 | 5.3 | |
4th Application | 139.2 | 4.7 | 133.1 | 3.7 | 134.4 | 5.3 |
Lithotypes | Static Contact Angles (Mean ± Stdev) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uncoated | CN1 Coated | CN2 Coated | CN3 Coated | ||
Coatings applied at room temperature while substrates were at RT | Limestone (L) | 40.4 ± 8.8 | 110.9 ± 1.8 | 132.16 ± 9.5 | 127.0 ± 3.3 |
Marble (M) | 65.1 ± 2.8 | 113.8 ± 4.1 | 135.16 ± 7.0 | 129.9 ± 2.8 | |
Granitoid (G) | 60.5 ± 4.8 | 119.8 ± 3.9 | 132.56 ± 4.8 | 133.0 ± 6.2 | |
Coatings applied at 4 °C while substrates were at 4 °C | Limestone (L) | 40.4 ± 8.8 | 119.5 ± 4.3 | 138.2 ± 4.3 | 138.3 ± 3.5 |
Marble (M) | 65.1 ± 2.8 | 122.8 ± 6.3 | 137.2 ± 5.9 | 126.0 ± 4.6 | |
Granitoid (G) | 60.5 ± 4.8 | 130.7 ± 4.6 | 136.0 ± 6.5 | 143.0 ± 2.2 | |
Coatings applied at 55 °C while substrates were at 55 °C | Limestone (L) | 40.4 ± 8.8 | 118.2 ± 3.6 | 134.5 ± 2.1 | 130.2 ± 2.6 |
Marble (M) | 65.1 ± 2.8 | 97.6 ± 3.1 | 131.9 ± 6.5 | 107.1 ± 5.9 | |
Granitoid (G) | 60.5 ± 4.8 | 113.6 ± 1.3 | 133.0 ± 3.9 | 136.1 ± 4.7 | |
Coatings applied at 4 °C while substrates were at RT | Limestone (L) | 40.4 ± 8.8 | 126.9 ± 4.3 | 134.2 ± 2.9 | 134.8 ± 2.7 |
Marble (M) | 65.1 ± 2.8 | 115.3 ± 4.2 | 136.0 ± 0.8 | 136.1 ± 3.4 | |
Granitoid (G) | 60.5 ± 4.8 | 110.8 ± 4.9 | 136.0 ± 3.8 | 139.9 ± 3.1 | |
Coatings applied at room temperature while substrates were at 4 °C | Limestone (L) | 40.4 ± 8.8 | 118.3 ± 6.9 | 119.4 ± 4.6 | 132.2 ± 1.8 |
Marble (M) | 65.1 ± 2.8 | 87.4 ± 8.9 | 115.7 ± 2.9 | 122.4 ± 4.1 | |
Granitoid (G) | 60.5 ± 4.8 | 109.7 ± 3.7 | 130.8 ± 3.9 | 134.4 ± 2.2 |
Lithotypes | Static Contact Angles (Mean ± Stdev), Before and After Ageing | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uncoated | CN1 Coated | CN2 Coated | CN3 Coated | |||||
Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | |
L | 40.4 ± 8.8 | 19.3 ± 3.1 | 126.8 ± 4.3 | 126.4 ± 4.7 | 134.2 ± 2.9 | 64.9 ± 15.4 | 134.8 ± 2.7 | 133.2 ± 6.8 |
M | 65.1 ± 2.8 | 23.8 ± 6.0 | 115.2 ± 4.2 | 118.2 ± 21.8 | 136.0 ± 0.8 | 127 ± 17.8 | 136.1 ± 3.4 | 120.5 ± 10.5 |
G | 60.5 ± 4.8 | 21.7 ± 9.1 | 110.7 ± 4.9 | 123.8 ± 9.7 | 136.0 ± 3.8 | 136 ± 3.5 | 139.9 ± 3.1 | 137.1 ± 3.5 |
Lithotypes | Before Coating Application | After Coating Application | After Accelerated Ageing |
---|---|---|---|
L | 6.4 × 10−12 | 4.0 × 10−12 | 8.1 × 10−12 |
M | 5.1 × 10−12 | 5.1 × 10−12 | 5.1 × 10−12 |
G | 5.5 × 10−12 | 5.5 × 10−12 | 5.5 × 10−12 |
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Hashim, H.; Dias, L.; Martins, S.; Pires, V.; Costa, M.; Barrulas, P. Optimization of the Application of Commercial Hydrophobic Coatings for Natural Stone Protection and Preservation. Heritage 2024, 7, 3495-3510. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7070165
Hashim H, Dias L, Martins S, Pires V, Costa M, Barrulas P. Optimization of the Application of Commercial Hydrophobic Coatings for Natural Stone Protection and Preservation. Heritage. 2024; 7(7):3495-3510. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7070165
Chicago/Turabian StyleHashim, Hurraira, Luís Dias, Sérgio Martins, Vera Pires, Mafalda Costa, and Pedro Barrulas. 2024. "Optimization of the Application of Commercial Hydrophobic Coatings for Natural Stone Protection and Preservation" Heritage 7, no. 7: 3495-3510. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7070165