MOSCOW — President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia and China’s top leader, Xi Jinping, declared an enduring economic partnership on Tuesday, promising to bring more Russian energy to China and more Chinese companies to Russia as the two leaders sought to insulate their countries from Western sanctions and other consequences of the war in Ukraine.

莫斯科——周二，俄罗斯总统普京和中国最高领导人习近平宣布建立持久的经济伙伴关系，并承诺将更多的俄罗斯能源带到中国，将更多的中国公司带到俄罗斯，两位领导人都试图让自己的国家免受西方制裁影响以及乌克兰战争带来的其他后果。

The economic pledges, trumpeted by the leaders on the second day of Mr. Xi’s state visit to Moscow, were a sign that China would continue to do business as normal with Russia and that Moscow and Beijing were circling their wagons, economically at least, against any punitive measures from the United States or Europe.

在习近平对莫斯科进行国事访问的第二天，两位领导人大力宣扬经济承诺，由此可见，中国将继续与俄罗斯开展正常业务往来，双方至少在经济上正严阵以待，反对来自美国或欧洲的任何惩罚措施。

As the two leaders met on Tuesday, Japan’s prime minister, Fumio Kishida, visited Kyiv in a show of support that put the geopolitical fault lines created by Russia’s invasion into even sharper relief.

在两位领导人周二会面之际，日本首相岸田文雄访问基辅以示支持，这进一步凸显出俄罗斯入侵造成的地缘政治断层线。

It was a significant change for Japan, which has drawn a clear line on the war and joined with other Group of 7 nations to impose sanctions on Russia and provide billions of dollars in aid to Ukraine.

这对日本来说是一个重大变化，该国在俄乌战争中立场分明，与七国集团的其他国家一道对俄罗斯实施制裁，并向乌克兰提供了数十亿美元的援助。

Embattled economically and isolated on the world stage, Russia has leaned heavily on China to make up for lost business since its economy was abruptly severed from the West. Mr. Putin’s economic outreach this week was a clear sign that Beijing was gaining leverage over Russia even as it gave its neighbor help, said Alexander Gabuev, a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

俄罗斯的经济已经陷入了困境，并在世界舞台上遭到孤立，自西方突然断绝经济关系后，该国一直严重依赖中国来弥补损失的商业业务。卡内基国际和平基金会的高级研究员亚历山大·加布耶夫表示，普京本周的经济拓展清楚地表明，北京在向这个邻国提供帮助的同时，也在获得对它的影响力。

“That’s a statement to Russia that, ‘You know, relax; we are with you,’” Mr. Gabuev said of Mr. Xi’s trip. “But it’s also a statement to the West and to the global south that China is a country that will not be dictated to, that the Western attempts to say, ‘Putin’s a bad kid; don’t touch him on the playground’ is not working with China.”

“这是在告诉俄罗斯，‘要知道，别担心；我们站在你这一边，’”加布耶夫谈到习近平的访问时说。“但这也是对西方和发展中世界的一个声明，即中国是不会受人支配的，西方人试图说‘普京是个坏孩子；别在操场上和他玩’，这对中国不起作用。”

Though Ukraine’s Western allies have warned that Beijing may provide Moscow with arms for its invasion, neither Mr. Putin nor Mr. Xi made any reference to military assistance, focusing instead on economic cooperation.

尽管乌克兰的西方盟友警告，北京可能会为莫斯科的入侵提供武器，但普京和习近平都没有提及军事援助，而是将重点放在经济合作上。

The Chinese government had described Mr. Xi’s trip as a peace mission, following Beijing’s release last month of a broad framework for a political solution to the war. But the noncommittal comments from the two leaders on Tuesday suggested that there had been no breakthrough.

中国政府称习近平此行是为了和平，此前，北京于上月发布了政治解决战争的宽泛框架。但周二两位领导人不置可否的评论表明，双方没有取得任何突破。

Instead, the joint statement issued by Mr. Xi and Mr. Putin suggested that Western powers were an obstacle to peace by forming security blocs.

相反，他们的联合声明暗示，西方大国通过组成安全集团来阻碍和平。

“Russia reaffirmed that it was committed to restarting peace talks as soon as possible, and China expressed its approval,” said the excerpt from the joint statement that was issued by the Chinese Foreign Ministry. “Settlement of the Ukraine crisis must respect the reasonable security concerns of every country and prevent the formation of confrontational blocs that add fuel to the flames.”

“俄方重申致力于尽快重启和谈，中方对此表示赞赏，”中国外交部发表的联合声明摘录中称。“解决乌克兰危机必须尊重各国合理安全关切并防止形成阵营对抗，拱火浇油。”

The White House made a sharp rebuttal to the joint statement, accusing China of parroting Russian propaganda and saying Beijing could do far more if it truly wanted to broker peace.

白宫对联合声明进行了尖锐反驳，指责中国照搬俄罗斯的宣传，并表示如果北京真的想促成和平，它可以做得更多。

“If China wants to play a constructive role in this conflict, then it ought to press Russia to pull troops out of Ukraine,” John F. Kirby, a U.S. national security spokesman, told reporters.

“如果中国想在这场冲突中发挥建设性作用，那么它应该向俄罗斯施压，要求其从乌克兰撤军，”美国国家安全发言人约翰·柯比告诉记者。

In contrast, American officials praised Japan’s prime minister. On his unusual, unannounced trip to Kyiv, Mr. Kishida announced $470 million in aid for energy and other sectors, and $30 million in nonlethal equipment aid to Ukraine through a NATO trust fund. In a news conference, he called Russia’s actions “an aggression that shakes the foundation of international order.”

相比之下，美国官员对日本首相表示了赞赏。在岸田文雄对基辅极不寻常的突然访问中，他宣布向乌克兰提供4.7亿美元的援助用于能源和其他领域，并通过北约信托基金向乌克兰提供3000万美元的非致命性装备援助。在新闻发布会上，他称俄罗斯的行为是“动摇国际秩序根基的侵略”。

The war has galvanized Japan toward a more active foreign and military policy, a significant change given its Constitution limits engaging in military action and the public’s long resistance to walking back an official stance of pacifism. But since the invasion began, Japan has moved to double its budget for military spending over the next five years. The increase raises spending to around 2 percent of annual economic output, aligning Japan with NATO members.

这场战争促使日本采取更加积极的外交和军事政策，这是一个重大变化，因为其宪法限制参与军事行动，而且公众长期以来对官方逐渐背离和平主义立场有抵制情绪。但自入侵开始以来，日本已着手将未来五年的军费预算翻一番。预算的增长将军事支出提高到年度经济产出的2%左右，这一比例与北约成员国持平。

Its more assertive position reflects both the war and rising concerns about North Korean aggression and China’s power in the Pacific. A spokesman for China’s Foreign Ministry responded to Mr. Kishida’s visit by saying Japan should “help de-escalate the situation instead of the opposite.”

日本更为坚定的立场既是战争的反映，也反映出该国对朝鲜的挑衅以及中国在太平洋地区的控制力感到越来越担忧。中国外交部发言人回应岸田的访问称，日本应该“多做有利于局势降温的事，而不是相反”。

Since the war began, China has voiced sympathy with Mr. Putin’s grievances against the United States and NATO, while arguing that Beijing believes in respecting the sovereignty of all countries. China has not sent arms to Russia for use in the war, although it has sold technology like drones that could have a military use.

自战争开始以来，关于普京对美国和北约的不满，中国既表示理解，但也提出北京相信应该尊重所有国家的主权。中国还没有向俄罗斯提供用于战争的武器，尽管它向俄罗斯出售了无人机等可能具有军事用途的技术。

At their meeting, Mr. Xi indicated that he could also extend Mr. Putin an economic lifeline, albeit one that would also benefit China by extending its access to Russian resources, energy and markets. And although Mr. Xi called the talks “frank, friendly and rich in results,” and Mr. Putin called them “successful,” it was not clear that the Russian leader had accomplished everything he had sought. .

在会谈中，习近平表示，他也可以向普京提供一条经济生命线，尽管这条生命线也会通过扩大中国对俄罗斯资源、能源和市场的准入而使其受益。虽然习近平称会谈“坦诚友好，富有成果”，普京称会谈是“成功的”，但不清楚这位俄罗斯领导人是否实现了他所寻求的所有目标。

The agreements included two broad statements about strategic and economic cooperation, and smaller items about working together in sectors like forestry, soybeans, television and industry in Russia’s Far East, according to a list released by the Kremlin. Some agreements were incremental updates to decisions made before the summit, like one regarding a nuclear power plant Russia is building in China.

根据克里姆林宫公布的清单，这些协议包括两项关于战略和经济合作的广泛声明，以及在俄罗斯远东地区的林业、大豆、电视和工业等领域开展合作的较小项目。一些协议是对峰会前所做决定的增量更新，比如关于俄罗斯正在中国建设的一座核电站的协议。

Mr. Putin boasted that a new pipeline for sending natural gas to China via Mongolia would be ready by 2030, but Mr. Xi did not confirm such an agreement was in place.

普京曾经夸耀，一条通过蒙古向中国输送天然气的新管道将在2030年之前准备就绪，但习近平没有证实这样的协议已经到位。

The subtext of the meeting, analysts said, was Russia’s increasing reliance on China over the past 13 months. Mr. Xi and Mr. Putin have remained closely aligned through that time, but not always with the public enthusiasm the Chinese leader once showed.

分析人士称，这次会晤的弦外之音是，俄罗斯在��去13个月以来对中国的依赖越来越大。在这段时间里，习近平和普京一直保持着密切的联系，但并不总是像这位中国领导人曾经公开表现出来的那样热情。

Last year, weeks before Mr. Putin ordered his troops into Ukraine, he and Mr. Xi issued a joint statement that was combative, even swaggering. The leaders declared their countries had a friendship with “no limits.”

去年，在普京命令军队进入乌克兰几周前，他和习近平发表联合声明，该声明显得有些好斗，甚至是趾高气扬。两位领导人宣布两国之间的友谊“没有止境"。

This year, the statement was more measured.

今年的声明则更加慎重。

“The parties note that relations between Russia and China, while not constituting a military-political alliance similar to those set up during the Cold War, are superior to this type of interstate cooperation,” it said.

声明称：“双方指出，中俄关系不是类似冷战时期的军事政治同盟，而是超越该种国家关系模式。”

These relations “do not constitute a bloc, do not have a confrontational nature and are not directed against third countries,” though the countries did accuse the United States of “undermining” global security.

这样的关系“不结盟，不对抗，不针对第三国”，尽管两国确实指责美国“破坏”全球安全。

And in contrast to last year’s summit, where Mr. Xi signed onto Mr. Putin’s opposition to any expansion of NATO, and Mr. Putin endorsed China’s opposition to U.S. military alliances across Asia, their joint appearance on Tuesday gave the appearance of two leaders who have hunkered down to focus on economic survival.

在去年的峰会中，习近平支持普京反对北约的所有扩张，而普京赞同中国反对美国在整个亚洲的军事联盟，他们在周二的联合亮相给人的感觉则是两位领导人希望低调行事，专注于经济命脉。

That invasion has depleted the Russian economy and the Kremlin’s coffers. In China, Mr. Xi is focused on repairing the economy, worn down by three years of pandemic restrictions. And while Mr. Xi may be reluctant to sell military weapons to Russia and risk sanctions from the United States, he seemed willing to stand with Mr. Putin in other ways.

对乌克兰的入侵耗尽了俄罗斯经济和克里姆林宫的资金。在中国，习近平专注于修复因三年来的大流行限制而疲软的经济。虽然习近平可能不愿意冒着遭美国制裁的风险向俄罗斯出售军事装备，但他似乎愿意在其他方面支持普京。

Analysts say that Mr. Xi may not have an interest in ending the conflict in Ukraine, but it does want to ensure that Mr. Putin remains in power.

分析人士称，习近平可能对结束乌克兰冲突没有兴趣，但他确实想确保普京继续掌权。

“China is agnostic about where the front lines in Ukraine are,” said Mr. Gabuev, the Carnegie fellow. “What they care about is that he doesn’t lose this war to the degree that this regime collapses and a pro-Western government is installed in Russia.”

“中国对这场战争持无所谓的态度，”卡耐基的研究员加布耶夫说。“他们关心的是，他不要输掉这场战争，导致政权崩溃，一个亲西方的政府出现在俄罗斯。”

Mr. Gabuev said that Russia and China’s insistence that Ukraine was at the top of their joint agendas was a “fig leaf” for China’s growing leverage in the Beijing-Moscow relationship. He added that Mr. Xi sought to telegraph China’s growing influence to the White House.

加布耶夫说，俄中坚称乌克兰问题是两国共同议程的首要议题，这是中国在两国关系中发挥更大影响力的“遮羞布”。 他还说，习近平试图向白宫显示中国日益增长的影响力。

“The optics of Russia as a junior partner, deeper in China’s pocket, with no options other than China, is massively beneficial if China believes that it’s in a long-term confrontation with the U.S.,” he said.

“如果中国认为自己同美国处于长期对抗之中，那么俄罗斯作为一个次级伙伴，任其摆弄，除了中国没有其他选择，这将是非常有益的，”他说。

The divisions between the United States and its allies and Russia and China opposite them only seemed more entrenched on Tuesday. The Pentagon announced that the dozens of M1 Abrams tanks it is sending to Ukraine were scheduled to arrive by the fall — more quickly than expected — and perhaps in time to reinforce Ukraine after an expected counterattack.

周二，美国及其盟友与俄中之间的分歧似乎显得更加确凿。五角大楼宣布，它送往乌克兰的数十辆M1艾布拉姆斯坦克计划在秋���抵达，快过预期，也许能在预期的反击之后及时增援乌克兰。