Environmental policy in Arizona

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Environmental policy in Arizona
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Environmental policy in other states
Endangered species in Arizona


Environmental policy aims to conserve natural resources by balancing environmental protection with economic growth, property rights, public health, and energy production. This is done mainly through laws and regulation passed at all governmental levels and influenced by many stakeholders with different agendas.

HIGHLIGHTS
  • As of May 2016, Arizona joined federal lawsuits challenging the EPA's Clean Power Plan and water rule.
  • As of January 2016, there were 65 endangered and threatened species in Arizona listed under the federal Endangered Species Act.

    • Budget

    Environmental budget

    Arizona spent $208.2 million in its Environmental Quality and Game and Fish departments in fiscal year 2015.

    Environmental and natural resources spending by state
    State Divisions/Departments Fiscal year 2015 Fiscal year 2014 Fiscal year 2013 Fiscal year 2012 Fiscal year 2011
    Arizona Environmental Quality; Game and Fish $208,160,500 $207,272,100 $195,584,100 $190,718,700 $96,082,900
    Nevada Conservation and Natural Resources $126,482,492 $111,813,726 $108,179,079 $110,190,488 $109,356,174
    New Mexico Environment; Natural Resources $79,059,200 $73,777,700 $69,594,000 $79,682,500 $74,085,200
    Utah Environmental Quality; Natural Resources; School Trust Lands $257,668,791 $244,652,000 $242,464,000 $257,089,400 $256,874,300
    Sources: Arizona Governor's Office of Strategic Planning and Budgeting
    Nevada State Legislature - Fiscal Analysis Division
    Office of the Governor of New Mexico
    Utah Governor's Office of Management and Budget
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    Air

    Clean Air Act

    See also: Implementation of the Clean Air Act

    The Clean Air Act is a federal law aimed at maintaining air quality and reducing air pollution. The law requires states and private industries to meet national air pollution standards. Each state must implement an EPA-approved plan to reduce air pollutants from industrial facilities such as chemical plants and utilities. Over 42,000 facilities nationwide were regulated under the Clean Air Act in 2015.[1][2][3]

    Arizona had 289 facilities regulated under the Clean Air Act in 2014.

    State-regulated facilities under the Clean Air Act
    State Facilities (2014)
    Arizona 289
    Nevada 106
    New Mexico 813
    Utah 364
    United States total 42,201
    Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Power Plants Likely Covered by the Toxics Rule"
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    Mercury and air toxics standards

    Federal mercury and air toxics standards target mercury and other hazardous pollutants from 580 coal and oil-fired power plants nationwide. The standards are meant to reduce human exposure to mercury emissions.[4][5]

    As of April 2016, Arizona was one of 21 states that challenged the mercury standards in federal court. In June 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a 5-4 decision that the EPA did not properly consider the regulation's costs and mandated the agency perform a cost-benefit analysis. The ruling did not strike down the mercury standards but required the EPA to conduct a more extensive cost-benefit analysis by April 2016. The EPA issued its cost-benefit analysis on April 18, 2016.[6][7][8][9]

    As of 2015, Arizona had 11 power plants subject to the mercury standards.[10]

    Power plants affected mercury and air toxics standards (MATS) by state
    State Number of power plants affected
    Arizona 11
    Nevada 6
    New Mexico 4
    Utah 7
    United States total 585
    Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Power Plants Likely Covered by the Toxics Rule"
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    Ozone standards

    See also: Ground-level ozone standards

    Federal ozone standards establish the acceptable amount of ground level ozone, commonly known as smog, which is formed when nitrogen oxide combines with other organic chemicals in the atmosphere. Automobiles, power plants, factories and manufacturing centers emit the nitrogen oxide necessary for ozone formation. In high concentrations, ozone is harmful to human health.[11][12]

    In 2015, the EPA lowered the acceptable amount of ground-level ozone (smog) in the air. The standards will go into effect in 2025. States would have between the years 2020 and 2037 to create and establish a plan to meet the standards, depending how much ozone forms in certain areas of a state.[13][14]

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    Clean Power Plan

    See also: Clean Power Plan and climate change

    In 2015, the EPA finalized a regulatory action aimed at mitigating potentially human-caused climate change known as the Clean Power Plan. The plan's goal is to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from coal- and oil-fired power plants (fossil fuel-fired) and natural gas-fired power plants by 32 percent from 2005 levels by 2030. Each state would have to meet goals based on the number of fossil fuel- and natural gas-fired plants in the state.[15][16][17]

    As of February 2017, Arizona was one of the 27 states that challenged the plan in court while 18 states supported the plan. As of February 2017, 45 states took a stance on the Clean Power Plan.[18][19]

    In February 2016, by a 5-4 vote, the U.S. Supreme Court temporarily delayed the plan's implementation pending a ruling by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. As of March 30, 2017, the circuit court had not issued a ruling.[19][20]

    On March 28, 2017, President Donald Trump (R) issued an executive order directing the EPA to consider formally repealing the Clean Power Plan.[21]


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    Carbon dioxide reductions under the Clean Power Plan

    Arizona power plants would have to reduce their CO2 emissions by 33.57 percent by the year 2030 if the plan were fully implemented.[22]

    CO2 reduction goals by state, in pounds per megawatt hours (lbs/MWh)
    State 2012 baseline (lbs/MWh) Interim goal, 2022-2029 (lbs/MWh) Final goal, 2030 and beyond (lbs/MWh) Percentage reduction, 2012-2030
    Arizona 1,552 1,173 1,031 -33.57%
    Nevada 1,102 942 855 -22.41%
    New Mexico 1,798 1,325 1,146 -36.26%
    Utah 1,874 1,368 1,179 -37.09%
    *Alaska and Hawaii are exempt from reduction goals.
    **Vermont has no reduction goals because the state has no power plants.
    Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Clean Power Plan State Goal Visualizer"
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    Carbon dioxide emissions by energy source

    In 2013, coal accounted for 45.8 percent of Arizona's emissions—43 million metric tons—followed by petroleum and natural gas at 34.9 percent and 19.3 percent, respectively.

    Energy-related CO2 emissions by source, 2013 (in million metric tons)
    State Coal Petroleum Natural gas Total
    Total Percentage Total Percentage Total Percentage
    Arizona 43 45.8% 32.8 34.9% 18.1 19.3% 93.8
    Nevada 6.1 17.1% 14.7 41.% 15 41.9% 35.8
    New Mexico 24.2 44.9% 16.2 30.1% 13.4 24.9% 53.9
    Utah 33.5 50.5% 19.1 28.8% 13.7 20.7% 66.4
    United States total 1,701.7 32.2% 2,167.9 41.1% 1,409 26.7% 5,278.6
    Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, "State Carbon Dioxide Emissions"
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    Carbon dioxide emissions by sector

    Around 58 percent of Arizona's emissions came from the electric power sector in 2013. The transportation sector accounted for 31.8 percent of Arizona's emissions in 2013.

    CO2 emissions by sector, 2013
    State Commercial Electric power Residential Industrial Transportation
    Arizona 2.5% 58.3% 2.6% 4.8% 31.8%
    Nevada 5.4% 42.9% 6.9% 6.7% 38.1%
    New Mexico 3.1% 52.4% 4.3% 15.6% 24.6%
    Utah 4.1% 52.6% 6.1% 12.5% 24.8%
    United States total 4.2% 38.3% 6.3% 18.2% 33%
    Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, "State Carbon Dioxide Emissions"

    Land

    Federal land policy

    See also: Federal land policy

    Federal land policy involves the conservation and management of natural resources on land owned by the federal government. Most federal land policies focus on conservation, recreation, oil and natural gas extraction, wildlife and forest management, and grazing.

    As of 2013, the federal government owned around 640 million total acres of land (about 28 percent) of the 2.27 billion acres of land in the United States. Four federal agencies oversee between 608 million to 610 million acres of federal land—around 26 percent of all land in the United States. Depending on the agency responsible for them, these lands may be used for conservation, recreation, wildlife protection, grazing, energy production and other purposes.[23]

    Around 52 percent of federally owned acres are in 12 Western states—including Alaska, 61 percent of which is federally owned. In contrast, the federal government owns 4 percent of the land in the other 38 states.[23]

    Federal land ownership

    Arizona had more than 38 percent of its land owned by the federal government in 2013.

    Federal land ownership by state, 2013
    State Total federal land (in acres) Total land (in acres) Percentage of land owned by the federal government
    Arizona 28,064,307 72,688,000 38.6%
    Nevada 59,681,502 70,264,320 84.9%
    New Mexico 26,981,490 77,766,400 34.7%
    Utah 34,202,920 52,696,960 64.9%
    United States total 623,313,931 2,271,343,360 27.4%
    Source: Congressional Research Service, "Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data"
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    The map below details changes to federal land ownership between 1990 and 2013. Federal land in Arizona decreased by 6.3 million acres—a decrease of 22.6 percent.

    Land management by agency

    The table below shows the number of acres managed by federal agency in 2013.

    Federal land ownership by state and agency, 2013
    State BLM Forest Service FWS NPS Defense
    Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres %
    Arizona 12,204,369 43.49% 11,204,428 39.92% 1,683,348 6.% 2,644,964 9.42% 327,198 1.17%
    Nevada 47,782,464 80.06% 5,759,160 9.65% 2,345,956 3.93% 774,751 1.3% 3,019,170 5.06%
    New Mexico 13,454,702 49.87% 9,311,527 34.51% 331,919 1.23% 376,883 1.4% 3,506,459 13.%
    Utah 22,853,486 66.82% 8,187,926 23.94% 109,805 .32% 2,097,756 6.13% 953,947 2.79%
    U.S. total 247,252,228 39.67% 192,932,426 30.95% 89,080,785 14.29% 79,648,788 12.78% 14,399,704 2.31%
    Source: Congressional Research Service, "Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data"
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    National parks

    As of December 2015, the U.S. National Park Service oversaw 409 sites within the National Park System and assists in managing national historic areas, wild and scenic rivers, historic landmarks, and national trails. As of December 2015, the National Park System contained more than 84 million acres, including national parks, historical parks and sites, national monuments, battlefields and military parks, recreation areas, seashores, and parkways. Around 280 million visitors attended sites in the National Park System in 2014. The National Park Service employed around 20,000 permanent, temporary and seasonal employees as of July 2015.[24]

    Arizona had 23 National Park Service sites as of January 2016. A complete list of Park Service sites in Arizona can be found here.

    National Park Service sites by state
    State National Park Service sites
    Arizona 23
    Nevada 4
    New Mexico 15
    Utah 16
    United States total 492
    *50 state total only; U.S. territories not included
    Source: U.S. National Park Service, "National Parks Listed by State"
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    Park visits and visitor spending

    Arizona had more than 10.7 million total visits in 2014, which generated more than $837 million in visitor spending.

    National Park Service visits and visitor spending by state
    State Total recreation visits Total visitor spending (in millions)
    2014 2013 2012 2014 2013 2012
    Arizona 10,747,223 10,103,266 9,979,972 $837 $773.9 $745.6
    Nevada 5,314,680 4,851,428 4,808,929 $223.5 $200.3 $194.1
    New Mexico 1,602,113 1,512,529 1,502,808 $88.8 $83.2 $81.1
    Utah 10,551,043 8,981,447 9,503,305 $729.7 $596.5 $613.7
    United States total* 252,859,729 237,224,421 246,302,115 $14,841.9 $13,800.2 $13,953.8
    *50 state total only; U.S. territories not included
    Source: U.S. National Park Service, "National Park Service Visitor Use Statistics"

    Payments in lieu of taxes

    The U.S. Department of the Interior pays local governments each year to offset what they lose in property taxes due to non-taxable federal land within their borders, commonly known as payments in lieu of taxes (PILT). PILT payments go toward fire and police departments, public schools, road construction, and other local services. PILT amounts are based on population and the amount of federal land in a county. From 1977 (when PILT payments began) to 2015, the Interior Department paid out around $7.1 billion to states, territories and Washington, D.C. PILT payments can be used for any governmental purpose.[25][26]

    Arizona received $34.4 million in PILT payments in 2015 and $34.5 million in 2014.

    Payments in lieu of taxes by state, 2013-2015
    State 2015 payment 2014 payment 2013 payment
    Arizona $34,413,828 $34,497,956 $32,203,852
    Nevada $25,244,861 $25,439,484 $23,331,913
    New Mexico $37,466,124 $37,677,905 $34,692,967
    Utah $37,619,551 $37,903,225 $35,391,052
    United States total $439,084,000 $436,904,919 $401,756,129
    Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, "Payments in Lieu of Taxes by State"
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    Grazing on federal land

    See also: Grazing permits on federal land

    The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) manages livestock grazing on its land. Each year the agency issues permits and leases to ranchers who graze livestock, mainly sheep and cattle, for at least part of the year. To track these animals, the BLM established what are called Animal Unit Months (AUMs), or "the amount of forage needed to sustain one cow, five sheep, or five goats for a month." The BLM’s objective is to provide economic opportunities for rural communities while at the same time producing environmental benefits for the land.[27]

    A grazing permit authorizes livestock grazing on federal land outside a grazing district; a grazing lease authorizes the grazing of a specified number and class of livestock in an area within a grazing district.[27]

    In fiscal year 2014, the BLM received $79.9 million to manage rangeland. Of that total, $34.3 million went to livestock grazing management. That same year, the agency collected $12.1 million in grazing fees. Grazing fees must be shared with state and local governments according to federal law.[27]

    The table below shows the number of permits, leases and active AUMs for the 15 states with grazing on federal land. Montana ranchers held the most permits and leases at the end of 2014—3,768 permits. Nevada had the most active AUMs at the end of 2014—2.16 million.

    Grazing on BLM land (FY 2014)
    State Permits and leases Active AUMs - End of FY 2014
    Arizona 769 626,338
    California 526 297,954
    Colorado 1,497 591,266
    Idaho 1,878 1,339,154
    Montana 3,768 1,272,635
    Nebraska 18 592
    Nevada 692 2,164,931
    New Mexico 2,276 1,874,303
    North Dakota 79 9,314
    Oklahoma 4 132
    Oregon 1,225 1,003,901
    South Dakota 471 73,138
    Utah 1,471 1,203,697
    Washington 266 33,428
    Wyoming 2,852 1,910,205
    United States total 17,792 12,400,988
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Land Management, "Public Land Statistics - 2014"
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    Oil and natural gas activity

    See also: Oil and natural gas extraction on federal land

    The federal government leases its land to private individuals and companies for energy development, including drilling for crude oil and natural gas, solar energy, and geothermal energy. Around 166 million acres of federal land can be leased for energy development. Oil and natural gas drilling on federal lands in the United States is primarily overseen by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management.[23][28]

    Production on federal land

    Arizona produced no crude oil or natural gas in 2014 on federal lands.

    Oil and natural gas production on federal land, 2014
    State Oil production (in thousands of barrels) Natural gas production (in million cubic feet)
    Arizona 0 0
    Nevada 314.27 0
    New Mexico 57,991.6 646,876.09
    Utah 13,195.8 253,252.35
    United States total 148,802.95 2,499,845.86
    Source: Office of Natural Resource Revenue, "Statistical Information"
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    Land with production

    Private oil and natural gas companies apply for leases from the BLM to produce energy on federal land. The BLM makes leasing decisions based on a land use plan submitted by the company and the potential environmental impact of the production. If a lease is approved, the company must submit information to the BLM about how it will conduct its drilling and production. The BLM also inspects a company’s operations throughout the production.[29]

    Arizona had no producing leases (the number of leases that include a well capable of producing oil or gas) on no producing acres on federal land in 2015.

    Oil and gas producing leases and acres on federal land by state, 2013-2015
    State FY 2015 FY 2014 FY 2013
    Producing leases Producing acres Producing leases Producing acres Producing leases Producing acres
    Arizona 0 0 0 0 0 0
    Nevada 36 21,637 32 22,077 31 21,637
    New Mexico 6,579 3,697,459 6,556 3,727,864 6,535 3,697,459
    Utah 1,492 1,110,875 1,487 1,119,366 1,473 1,110,875
    United States total 23,770 12,617,743 23,657 12,690,806 23,507 12,617,743
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Land Management, "Oil and Gas Statistics"
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    Water

    Clean Water Act

    See also: Implementation of the Clean Water Act

    The Clean Water Act is a federal law regulating pollutants discharged into all waters of the United States, including lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands. The federal government approves water quality and technology standards for major sources of water pollution, such as chemical plants, steel manufacturers, municipal facilities, and others. Each state must establish water quality standards for all bodies of water within its boundaries.[30]

    Under the Clean Water Act, it is unlawful to discharge any pollutant from any source into navigable waters without a federal permit. The permit specifies what limitations or conditions apply to a facility before the facility may discharge any pollutants. Federal permits may contain facility-specific requirements and limitations depending on the water source.[31]

    In 2015, Arizona had 198 facilities with Clean Water Act permits allowing facilities to discharge their pollutants.[32]

    Clean Water Act permits by state
    State Permits (2015)
    Arizona 198
    Nevada 116
    New Mexico 526
    Utah 1,893
    United States total 208,962
    Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "National Water Activity Dashboard"
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    Public water systems

    Arizona had 1,532 public water systems in 2015.[33]

    Public drinking water systems by state, 2015
    State Public water systems (2015)
    Arizona 1,532
    Nevada 585
    New Mexico 1,106
    Utah 1,032
    United States total 149,294
    Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "National Drinking Water Activity Dashboard"

    Waters of the United States

    See also: Waters of the United States

    In 2015, the EPA finalized the Waters of the United States rule, which is aimed at clarifying the bodies of water that are under federal jurisdiction. The EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers would require a federal permit for proposed projects that may involve a discharge of a pollutant into waters covered under the rule.[34][35][36][37][38][39][40]

    As of April 2016, Arizona was one of the 31 states that challenged the rule's legality in federal court. On October 9, 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit temporarily blocked the rule nationwide to deliberate whether the rule was permissible under federal law.[41][42][43][44][45]

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    Waste

    Superfund sites

    See also: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

    Superfund is a federal program that addresses contaminated waste sites and their return to practical use. Superfund sites include oil refineries, smelting facilities, mines and other industrial areas. The federal government can compel the private entities responsible for a waste site to clean the site or face penalties. If the federal government cleans a waste site, it can compel the responsible company to reimburse the government for cleanup costs. Because Superfund sites are added and removed from a prioritized list on a regular basis, the total number of Superfund sites since the program's inception in 1980 is unknown.[46][47][48]

    The costs of the Superfund program vary. According to the U.S. Government Accountability Office, the program received an average of $1.2 billion each year between 1981 and 2009.[49][50][51]

    As of January 2016, Arizona had nine Superfund sites.[52]

    Superfund sites by state (January 2016)
    State Superfund sites
    Arizona 9
    Nevada 1
    New Mexico 15
    Utah 15
    United States total 1,303
    Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "National Priorities List (NPL) sites by state"
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    Hazardous wastes sites

    The federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act covers hazardous wastes, including their generation, treatment, storage and disposal. States may regulate hazardous wastes rather than the federal government. The EPA is responsible for all hazardous waste requirements if no state program exists. Hazardous waste regulations cover waste generators, transporters, treatment centers, storage and disposal facilities.[53]

    Arizona had 4,011 regulated waste facilities in 2015.[54]

    Federally regulated waste facilities by state, 2015
    State Facilities (2015)
    Arizona 4,011
    Nevada 1,980
    New Mexico 2,248
    Utah 1,853
    United States total 431,914
    Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "National Hazardous Waste Activity Dashboard"
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    Endangered species

    Endangered Species Act

    See also: Endangered species in Arizona

    The Endangered Species Act is a federal law that mandates the listing and conservation of endangered and threatened species. The legislation is meant to prevent the extinction of vulnerable species throughout the United States and to recover a species' population to the point where listing the species as endangered or threatened is no longer necessary. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is responsible for the law's implementation.[12][55]

    Federally listed animal species in Arizona

    There were 65 endangered and threatened species believed to or known to occur in Arizona as of January 2016.[56]

    The table below lists the 44 endangered and threatened animal species in the state. When an animal species has the word "Entire" after its name, that species will be found all throughout the state.

    Click the [show] button to see the names of all federally protected animal species.

    Federally listed plant species in Arizona

    The table below lists the 21 endangered and threatened plant species in the state.[57]

    Click the [show] button to see the names of all federally protected plant species.

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    News

    Clean Power Plan

    The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Arizona Clean Power Plan. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

    Environmental policy in Arizona - Google News

    Waters of the United States

    The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Arizona Waters of the United States. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

    Environmental policy in Arizona - Google News

    Clean Air Act

    The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Arizona Clean Air Act. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

    Environmental policy in Arizona - Google News

    Clean Water Act

    The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Arizona Clean Water Act. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

    Environmental policy in Arizona - Google News

    Endangered species

    The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Arizona Endangered Species Act. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

    Environmental policy in Arizona - Google News

    Federal land

    The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Arizona federal land. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

    Environmental policy in Arizona - Google News

    Superfund

    The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Arizona Superfund. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

    Environmental policy in Arizona - Google News

    Climate change

    The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Arizona climate change. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

    Environmental policy in Arizona - Google News

    Drinking water

    The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Arizona drinking water. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

    Environmental policy in Arizona - Google News

    Governance

    Ballot measures

    Voting on the Environment
    Environment.jpg
    Ballot Measures
    By state
    By year
    Not on ballot


    Below is a list of ballot measures relating to environmental issues in Arizona.

    Agencies and organizations

    • The Arizona Legislature has a joint committee on Water Salinity Issues. The House has standing committees on Energy, Environment and Natural Resources and Agriculture and Water. The Senate standing committees on Government and Environment and Natural Resources and Rural Affairs.
    • The Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) was established in 1986 under the state's Environmental Quality Act. The ADEQ's mission is to "lead Arizona and the nation in protecting and enhancing the environment and improving the quality of life for the people of our state. The agency helps Arizonans respect the balance between the natural world and the people who depend on it for sustenance, prosperity and a fulfilling quality of life."[58]
    • The Arizona Fish and Game Department is responsible for wildlife conservation in the state. Their stated mission is to "conserve Arizona’s diverse wildlife resources and manage for safe, compatible outdoor recreation opportunities for current and future generations."[59] The department oversees game and non-game wildlife, sport fishing, shooting sports, watercraft and off-highway vehicles.
    • The Arizona State Land Department was first created in 1912 as the State Land Commission. This commission established a trust system for state-owned lands. The department oversees these lands and is responsible generating revenue from the lands for the education and medical beneficiaries.[60]

    Recent legislation

    The following is a list of recent environmental bills that have been introduced in or passed by the Arizona state legislature. To learn more about these bills, click the bill title. This information is provided by BillTrack50 and LegiScan.

    Note: Due to the nature of the sorting process used to generate this list, some results may not be relevant to the topic. If no bills are displayed below, no legislation pertaining to this topic has been introduced in the legislature recently.

    Groups

    To nominate a group for inclusion on the list below, email us at editor@ballotpedia.org.

    Below is a partial list of environmental advocacy organizations in Arizona.

    See also

    External links

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Clean Air Act Requirements and History," accessed August 7, 2014
    2. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Understanding the Clean Air Act," accessed August 7, 2014
    3. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "History of the Clean Air Act," accessed August 7, 2014
    4. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Benefits and Costs of Cleaning Up Toxic Air Pollution from Power Plants," accessed February 2, 2016
    5. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) - Basic Information," accessed February 2, 2016
    6. ↑ U.S. Supreme Court, "Michigan v. Environmental Protection Agency," June 29, 2015
    7. ↑ CNN.com, "Supreme Court: EPA unreasonably interpreted the Clean Air Act," June 29, 2015
    8. ↑ Associated Press, "High court strikes down power plant regulations," June 29, 2015
    9. ↑ PowerMag.com, "Twenty States Call on Supreme Court to Stay EPA Mercury Rule," February 25, 2016
    10. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Power Plants Likely Covered by the Toxics Rule," accessed January 19, 2016
    11. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Ground Level Ozone: Regulatory Actions," accessed February 2, 2016
    12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Overview of EPA's Proposal to Update the Air Quality Standards for Ground-Level Ozone," November 25, 2014 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "overview" defined multiple times with different content
    13. ↑ Washington Examiner, "EPA tries to appease green groups mad about ozone rules," October 1, 2015
    14. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Ground Level Ozone by the numbers," accessed February 2, 2016
    15. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Overview of the Clean Power Plan," accessed November 3, 2015
    16. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Clean Power Plan Toolbox for States," accessed November 3, 2015
    17. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Clean Power Plan - Rule Summary," August 3, 2015
    18. ↑ E&E News, "E&E's Power Plan Hub: Legal Challenges," accessed February 10, 2016
    19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 The New York Times, "Supreme Court Deals Blow to Obama’s Efforts to Regulate Coal Emissions," February 9, 2016
    20. ↑ The Hill, "Supreme Court climate fight shakes up Senate races," February 10, 2016
    21. ↑ The Hill, "Trump signs order to roll back Obama's climate moves," March 28, 2017
    22. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Clean Power Plan State Goal Visualizer," accessed January 2, 2016
    23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Congressional Research Service, "Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data," December 29, 2014
    24. ↑ U.S. National Park Service, "National Park Service Overview," July 13, 2015
    25. ↑ U.S. Department of the Interior, "Payment in Lieu of Taxes," accessed February 1, 2016
    26. ↑ U.S. Department of the Interior, "Frequently Asked Questions," accessed February 8, 2016
    27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Bureau of Land Management, "Fact Sheet on the BLM’s Management of Livestock Grazing," accessed April 1, 2016
    28. ↑ U.S. Bureau of Land Management, "Public Land Statistics 2014," May 2015
    29. ↑ U.S. Bureau of Land Management, "Oil and Gas Lease Sales," accessed October 20, 2014
    30. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Summary of the Clean Water Act,” accessed January 29, 2014
    31. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "NPDES Home," accessed September 23, 2014
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    33. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "National Drinking Water Activity Dashboard," accessed February 2, 2016
    34. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Section 404 Permitting," accessed September 23, 2014
    35. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "CWA Section 404-Permits to Discharge Dredged or Fill Material," accessed September 22, 2014
    36. ↑ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Jurisdictional Determination Form Instructional Guidebook," May 30, 2007
    37. ↑ Cornell University Law School, "33 U.S. Code, Section 1362 (Text of the Clean Water Act)," accessed September 22, 2014
    38. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "33 U.S. Code, Section 1251 (Text of the Clean Water Act)," accessed September 19, 2014
    39. ↑ Goodwin Proctor Newsletter, "Supreme Court Requires 'Significant Nexus' to Navigable Waters for Jurisdiction under Clean Water Act §404," July 5, 2006
    40. ↑ USA Today, "Obama vetoes attempt to kill clean water rule," January 19, 2016
    41. ↑ Reuters, "Court Places Hold On Clean Water Rule Nationwide," October 9, 2015
    42. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Clean Water Rule Factsheet," accessed May 28, 2015
    43. ↑ Washington Post, "North Dakota district court blocks controversial ‘Waters of the United States’ rule (UPDATED)," August 28, 2015
    44. ↑ The Hill, "Federal judge blocks Obama’s water rule," August 27, 2015
    45. ↑ The Associated Press, "Judge Rules Obama Administration Water Rule Should Be Halted," August 27, 2015
    46. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Superfund Glossary, S," accessed December 1, 2014
    47. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Superfund Glossary, N," accessed November 25, 2014
    48. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Introduction to the Hazard Ranking System (HRS)," accessed February 17, 2015
    49. ↑ Property and Environment Research Center, "Superfund Follies, Part II," accessed October 7, 2014
    50. ↑ Property and Environment Research Center, "Superfund: The Shortcut That Failed (1996)," accessed October 7, 2014
    51. ↑ U.S. Government Accountability Office, "EPA's Estimated Costs to Remediate Existing Sites Exceed Current Funding Levels, and More Sites Are Expected to Be Added to the National Priorities List," accessed October 7, 2014
    52. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "National Priorities List (NPL) sites by state," accessed January 20, 2016
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    54. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "National Hazardous Waste Activity Dashboard," accessed January 15, 2016
    55. ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "ESA Overview," accessed October 1, 2014
    56. ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Endangered and threatened species in Arizona," accessed January 6, 2016
    57. ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Endangered and threatened species in Arizona," accessed January 6, 2016
    58. ↑ Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, "What is ADEQ and What Do We Do for Arizona?" accessed November 18, 2014
    59. ↑ Arizona Fish and Game Department, "Wildlife 20/20," accessed November 18, 2014
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