Endangered species in Alabama
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Endangered species policy in Alabama involves the identification and protection of endangered and threatened animal and plant species. Policies are implemented and enforced by both the state and federal governments.
See the tabs below for further information:
- Background: This tab provides contextual information about the Endangered Species Act and key terms and concepts.
- Listed species: This tab provides information about endangered and threatened animal and plant species in Alabama; information about the process of listing a species as endangered or threatened is also provided.
- Provisions: This tab provides information about legal provisions relating to private and governmental activities.
- Governance: This tab provides information about federal and state agencies and, where applicable, state laws.
Background
Overview
- See also: History of the Endangered Species Act
The federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 provides for the identification, listing, and protection of both threatened and endangered species and their habitats. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the law was designed to prevent the extinction of vulnerable plant and animal species through the development of recovery plans and the protection of critical habitats. ESA administration and enforcement are the responsibility of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service.[1][2]
The law authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to allocate funds to states for assisting in the recovery of threatened and endangered species. The law also created the Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund to award grants to states for voluntary projects on non-federal lands.
The law mandates that states adopt their own endangered and threatened species management programs subject to approval by the federal government. The law requires states to do the following:[3][4][3]
- Conserve the species of fish or wildlife determined by the state or federal government to be endangered or threatened
- Create conservation programs for all species of fish or wildlife identified by the federal government as endangered or threatened and provide detailed plans for these programs to the U.S. Department of Commerce
- Be authorized by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct investigations to determine the status and requirements for survival of resident species of fish and wildlife
- Be authorized before establishing programs to acquire land or aquatic habitats for conserving endangered or threatened species
Key federal ESA terms
- See also: Glossary of Endangered Species Act terms
- Candidate species: Animal and plant species for which the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) or the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has sufficient information to propose them as endangered or threatened, but for which a proposed listing has not been processed because of higher priority listings.
- Critical habitat: Specific geographic areas, whether occupied by listed species or not, that are determined to be essential for the conservation and management of listed species.[5]
- Delisting: The process of removing an animal or plant species from the threatened or endangered species list upon a determination that threats against it have been sufficiently reduced or eliminated.[6]
- Endangered species: The classification provided to an animal or plant in danger of extinction within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.[7]
- Listed species: Species, subspecies, or a distinct vertebrate population segment that has been added to the federal lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants.[8]
- Range: The geographic area a species is known or anticipated to occupy.[9]
- Species recovery: The elimination or reduction in threats to an animal or plant species' survival. Once a species has recovered, it is removed from the federal list of endangered species.[10]
- Taking a species: Taking a species generally includes causing any harm to a federally protected animal or plant species. Any individual that knowingly takes a listed species can be fined up to $25,000 by the federal government for each violation or instance. The text of the law outlining federal penalties can be accessed here.[11]
- Threatened species: Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Listed species
Federally listed species in Alabama
There were 127 endangered and threatened animal and plant species believed to or known to occur in Alabama as of July 2016.[12]
The table below lists the 105 endangered and threatened animal species believed to or known to occur in the state. The word "entire" after a name indicates that the species occurs throughout the state.
Endangered animal species in Alabama | |
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Status | Species |
Endangered | Acornshell, southern (Epioblasma othcaloogensis) |
Endangered | Bat, gray Entire (Myotis grisescens) |
Endangered | Bat, Indiana Entire (Myotis sodalis) |
Endangered | Bean, Choctaw (Villosa choctawensis) |
Endangered | Bean, Cumberland (pearlymussel) Wherever found; Except where listed as Experimental Populations (Villosa trabalis) |
Endangered | Blossom, yellow (pearlymussel) Wherever found; Except where listed as Experimental Populations (Epioblasma florentina florentina) |
Endangered | Butterfly, Mitchell's satyr Entire (Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii) |
Endangered | Campeloma, slender Entire (Campeloma decampi) |
Endangered | Cavefish, Alabama Entire (Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni) |
Endangered | Clubshell, ovate (Pleurobema perovatum) |
Endangered | Clubshell, southern (Pleurobema decisum) |
Endangered | Combshell, Cumberlandian Wherever found; Except where listed as Experimental Populations (Epioblasma brevidens) |
Endangered | Combshell, southern Entire (Epioblasma penita) |
Endangered | Combshell, upland (Epioblasma metastriata) |
Endangered | Darter, boulder Entire (Etheostoma wapiti) |
Endangered | Darter, rush Entire (Etheostoma phytophilum) |
Endangered | Darter, vermilion Entire (Etheostoma chermocki) |
Endangered | Darter, watercress Entire (Etheostoma nuchale) |
Endangered | Ebonyshell, round (Fusconaia rotulata) |
Endangered | Fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria) |
Endangered | Hornsnail, rough Entire (Pleurocera foremani) |
Endangered | Kidneyshell, southern (Ptychobranchus jonesi) |
Endangered | Kidneyshell, triangular (Ptychobranchus greenii) |
Endangered | Lampmussel, Alabama Wherever found; Except where listed as Experimental Populations (Lampsilis virescens) |
Endangered | Lilliput, pale (pearlymussel) Entire (Toxolasma cylindrellus) |
Endangered | Lioplax, cylindrical (snail) Entire (Lioplax cyclostomaformis) |
Endangered | Manatee, West Indian Entire (Trichechus manatus) |
Endangered | Moccasinshell, Coosa (Medionidus parvulus) |
Endangered | Moccasinshell, Gulf (Medionidus penicillatus) |
Endangered | Monkeyface, Cumberland (pearlymussel) Wherever found; Except where listed as Experimental Populations (Quadrula intermedia) |
Endangered | Mouse, Alabama beach Entire (Peromyscus polionotus ammobates) |
Endangered | Mouse, Perdido Key beach Entire (Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis) |
Endangered | Mucket, pink (pearlymussel) Entire (Lampsilis abrupta) |
Endangered | Mussel, oyster Wherever found; Except where listed as Experimental Populations (Epioblasma capsaeformis) |
Endangered | Mussel, sheepnose (Plethobasus cyphyus) |
Endangered | Mussel, snuffbox (Epioblasma triquetra) |
Endangered | Pearlshell, Alabama (Margaritifera marrianae) |
Endangered | Pearlymussel, cracking Wherever found; Except where listed as Experimental Populations (Hemistena lata) |
Endangered | Pearlymussel, dromedary Wherever found; Except where listed as Experimental Populations (Dromus dromas) |
Endangered | Pearlymussel, littlewing Entire (Pegias fabula) |
Endangered | Pearlymussel, slabside (Pleuronaia dolabelloides) |
Endangered | Pebblesnail, flat Entire (Lepyrium showalteri) |
Endangered | Pigtoe, dark (Pleurobema furvum) |
Endangered | Pigtoe, finerayed Wherever found; Except where listed as Experimental Populations (Fusconaia cuneolus) |
Endangered | Pigtoe, flat Entire (Pleurobema marshalli) |
Endangered | Pigtoe, Georgia (Pleurobema hanleyianum) |
Endangered | Pigtoe, heavy Entire (Pleurobema taitianum) |
Endangered | Pigtoe, oval (Pleurobema pyriforme) |
Endangered | Pigtoe, rough (Pleurobema plenum) |
Endangered | Pigtoe, shiny Wherever found; Except where listed as Experimental Populations (Fusconaia cor) |
Endangered | Pigtoe, southern (Pleurobema georgianum) |
Endangered | Pimpleback, orangefoot (pearlymussel) (Plethobasus cooperianus) |
Endangered | Pocketbook, shinyrayed (Lampsilis subangulata) |
Endangered | Ring pink (mussel) (Obovaria retusa) |
Endangered | Riversnail, Anthony's Wherever found; Except where listed as Experimental Populations (Athearnia anthonyi) |
Endangered | Rocksnail, interrupted (=Georgia) (Leptoxis foremani) |
Endangered | Rocksnail, plicate Entire (Leptoxis plicata) |
Endangered | Sea turtle, hawksbill Entire (Eretmochelys imbricata) |
Endangered | Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley Entire (Lepidochelys kempii) |
Endangered | Sea turtle, leatherback Entire (Dermochelys coriacea) |
Endangered | Shiner, Cahaba Entire (Notropis cahabae) |
Endangered | Shiner, palezone Entire (Notropis albizonatus) |
Endangered | Shrimp, Alabama cave Entire (Palaemonias alabamae) |
Endangered | Snail, armored Entire (Pyrgulopsis (=Marstonia) pachyta) |
Endangered | Spectaclecase (mussel) (Cumberlandia monodonta) |
Endangered | Stirrupshell Entire (Quadrula stapes) |
Endangered | Sturgeon, Alabama (Scaphirhynchus suttkusi) |
Endangered | Turtle, Alabama red-belly Entire (Pseudemys alabamensis) |
Endangered | Wartyback, white (pearlymussel) (Plethobasus cicatricosus) |
Endangered | Whale, finback Entire (Balaenoptera physalus) |
Endangered | Whale, humpback Entire (Megaptera novaeangliae) |
Endangered | Woodpecker, red-cockaded Entire (Picoides borealis) |
Threatened | Bankclimber, purple (mussel) (Elliptoideus sloatianus) |
Threatened | Bat, Northern long-eared (Myotis septentrionalis) |
Threatened | Chub, spotfin Entire, except where listed as an experimental population (Erimonax monachus) |
Threatened | Darter, goldline Entire (Percina aurolineata) |
Threatened | Darter, slackwater Entire (Etheostoma boschungi) |
Threatened | Darter, snail Entire (Percina tanasi) |
Threatened | Elimia, lacy (snail) Entire (Elimia crenatella) |
Threatened | Heelsplitter, Alabama (=inflated) Entire (Potamilus inflatus) |
Threatened | Knot, red (Calidris canutus rufa) |
Threatened | Moccasinshell, Alabama (Medionidus acutissimus) |
Threatened | Mucket, orangenacre (Lampsilis perovalis) |
Threatened | Pigtoe, fuzzy (Pleurobema strodeanum) |
Threatened | Pigtoe, narrow (Fusconaia escambia) |
Threatened | Pigtoe, tapered (Fusconaia burkei) |
Threatened | Plover, piping except Great Lakes watershed (Charadrius melodus) |
Threatened | Pocketbook, finelined (Lampsilis altilis) |
Threatened | Rabbitsfoot (Quadrula cylindrica cylindrica) |
Threatened | Rocksnail, painted Entire (Leptoxis taeniata) |
Threatened | Rocksnail, round Entire (Leptoxis ampla) |
Threatened | Salamander, Red Hills Entire (Phaeognathus hubrichti) |
Threatened | sandshell, Southern (Hamiota australis) |
Threatened | Sculpin, pygmy Entire (Cottus paulus (=pygmaeus)) |
Threatened | Sea turtle, loggerhead Northwest Atlantic Ocean DPS (Caretta caretta) |
Threatened | Shiner, blue Entire (Cyprinella caerulea) |
Threatened | Slabshell, Chipola (Elliptio chipolaensis) |
Threatened | Snail, tulotoma Entire (Tulotoma magnifica) |
Threatened | Snake, black pine (Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi) |
Threatened | Snake, eastern indigo Entire (Drymarchon corais couperi) |
Threatened | Stork, wood AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC (Mycteria americana) |
Threatened | Sturgeon (Gulf subspecies), Atlantic Entire (Acipenser oxyrinchus (=oxyrhynchus) desotoi) |
Threatened | Sunfish, spring pygmy (Elassoma alabamae) |
Threatened | Tortoise, gopher West of Mobile and Tombigbee Rivers (Gopherus polyphemus) |
Threatened | Turtle, flattened musk Black Warrior R. system upstream from Bankhead Dam (Sternotherus depressus) |
Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Listed species believed to or known to occur in Alabama" |
The table below lists the 22 endangered and threatened plant species believed to or known to occur in the state.[13]
Endangered plant species in Alabama | |
---|---|
Status | Species |
Endangered | Chaffseed, American (Schwalbea americana) |
Endangered | Gladecress, Fleshy-fruit (Leavenworthia crassa) |
Endangered | Grass, Tennessee yellow-eyed (Xyris tennesseensis) |
Endangered | Harperella (Ptilimnium nodosum) |
Endangered | Leather flower, Alabama (Clematis socialis) |
Endangered | Leather flower, Morefield's (Clematis morefieldii) |
Endangered | Pinkroot, gentian (Spigelia gentianoides) |
Endangered | Pitcher-plant, Alabama canebrake (Sarracenia rubra ssp. alabamensis) |
Endangered | Pitcher-plant, green (Sarracenia oreophila) |
Endangered | Pondberry (Lindera melissifolia) |
Endangered | Prairie-clover, leafy (Dalea foliosa) |
Endangered | Quillwort, Louisiana (Isoetes louisianensis) |
Endangered | Sunflower, whorled (Helianthus verticillatus) |
Endangered | Trillium, relict (Trillium reliquum) |
Threatened | Amphianthus, little (Amphianthus pusillus) |
Threatened | Barbara's Buttons, Mohr's (Marshallia mohrii) |
Threatened | Bladderpod, lyrate (Lesquerella lyrata) |
Threatened | Fern, Alabama streak-sorus (Thelypteris pilosa var. alabamensis) |
Threatened | Fern, American hart's-tongue (Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum) |
Threatened | Potato-bean, Price's (Apios priceana) |
Threatened | Rockcress, Georgia (Arabis georgiana) |
Threatened | Water-plantain, Kral's (Sagittaria secundifolia) |
Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Listed species believed to or known to occur in Alabama" |
The United States contained 2,389 species protected under the Endangered Species Act as of July 2016 (this includes the 50 states but not U.S. territories). The map below displays the number of species protected under the Endangered Species Act in each state as of July 2016.[14]
Listing a species
Before a species is added to the federal threatened and endangered list, it is first placed on a list of candidate species. This placement happens in two ways. The public may petition to list a species, or biologists at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) may study a species whose population is thought to be declining and decide themselves whether the species qualifies as a candidate. The law stipulates that FWS scientists must use accurate scientific information collected from several sources to back their candidate decisions.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service applies five criteria to label a species as endangered or threatened:
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—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service[4] |
If one or more of these criteria are met, the agency can begin action to protect the species and its habitat.
Petitioning to list a species
- See also: Listing petition
Any citizen or group may petition the federal government to list a species as endangered or threatened. The process occurs as follows:[16][17]
- Petitioners submit information on the biology, distribution, and threats to a species. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries Office generally must respond to a petition within 90 days.
- Within one year of receiving the petition, the agencies must publish a finding on whether listing a particular species is warranted.
- If the agencies do not meet these timelines, citizens and groups are permitted under the Endangered Species Act to sue the agencies to enforce the timelines so that the species receives federal protection.
- When a species is listed, the government is required to review its status every five years.
Delisting a species
- See also: Delisting a species
Delisting is the process of removing the endangered or threatened status of species. Downlisting is a reclassification of status by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) from endangered to threatened. When the service delists or downlists a species, this generally means that the recovery or conservation of a species has been successful. To delist a species, the agencies must determine that the species is not threatened based on population size, stability of habitat quality and quantity, and control or elimination of threats to the species. Species are also delisted if they become extinct.[18][19][20]
As of July 2016, 63 endangered or threatened species had been delisted. Of those species, 34 were delisted due to recovery, 19 species were listed in error (for scientific reasons or because new information about a species was discovered), and 10 species went extinct.[18]
Provisions
Taking a species
The Endangered Species Act makes the taking of an animal on the endangered or threatened species list illegal. According to the act, to take is to "harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect or attempt to engage in any such conduct." The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service further defines harm to mean "an act which actually kills or injures wildlife." According to the act, harassment of a species is defined as "an intentional or negligent act or omission which creates the likelihood of injury to wildlife by annoying it to such an extent as to significantly disrupt normal behavioral patterns which include, but are not limited to, breeding, feeding, or sheltering." State governments may apply further restrictions on the taking of an endangered or threatened species. Any individual that knowingly takes a listed species can be fined up to $25,000 by the federal government for each violation. The text of the law outlining federal penalties can be accessed here.[4][21][22][23]
Federal law prohibits individuals from engaging in interstate or foreign commerce with a federally protected plant species. Federal law also prohibits taking (e.g., moving, damaging or destroying) a protected plant on federal property. However, individuals may take, move, damage, or destroy a federally protected plant on private land, unless a state law prohibits such activity.[24]
Private activities requiring permits
In addition to taking a species, delivering, receiving, selling, purchasing, or transporting a threatened or endangered animal species is prohibited without a permit, whether the species is alive or dead. Permits are also required for individual or group activities that involve interfering with a species' habitat. Individuals engaging in activities that might result in the taking of a protected species must abide by a Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP), which includes information on how to mitigate or minimize any impacts to the species or its habitat.[25]
Regional offices of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) issue incidental take permits. An incidental take permit is required if an activity may result in the taking of a threatened or endangered species. Those who apply for this permit must submit a habitat conservation plan to the proper federal or state authority ensuring that the effects of taking the species will be minimized and mitigated.
According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, nearly half of all federally protected threatened and endangered species have at least 80 percent of their habitats on private land. This means that private landowners, which include private citizens, businesses, and organizations, must cooperate with federal agencies to conserve listed species.[26]
Private parties may be required to work with the Fish and Wildlife Service in the following ways:
- Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs) are implemented by non-federal groups (state governments, private individuals, and groups) in consultation with the Fish and Wildlife Service. The plans are required in order to obtain incidental take permits. Habitat Conservation Plans contain information on the predicted effects of taking a species, how these effects will be minimized or mitigated, and how the plan will be funded. Meanwhile, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service attempts to assure property owners that they will not face additional land restrictions beyond those outlined in their Habitat Conservation Plans. The plans can be applied to listed species, candidate species, species proposed for listing, and non-listed species (usually for the purpose of preventing future listing).[27]
- Candidate Conservation Agreements are made by the Fish and Wildlife Service with non-federal property owners to provide incentives for conserving candidate species so that they are not listed as endangered or threatened.[28]
Affected governmental activities
Federal law requires conservation programs for all listed endangered and threatened species and their habitats. This requirement can affect all federal agencies.
- Consultations are partnerships between the Fish and Wildlife Service and federal agencies. Federal law requires all federal agencies to participate in conserving listed species, stipulating that agency activities must not be "likely to jeopardize the continued existence of listed species or adversely modify designated critical habitats." Consultations can involve recovering the habitats of listed species, addressing threats to listed species from federal programs or actions, and coordinating projects and resources between federal agencies. Examples of federal activities that require require consultations include oil and natural gas drilling on federal land, offshore drilling in areas owned by the federal government, and oil and gas activities affecting wetlands or other waters of the United States.[29] [30]
- Recovery is a process to halt the decline of endangered or threatened populations by removing or reducing threats. In its recovery efforts, the Fish and Wildlife Service collaborates with federal, state, and local agencies, as well as conservation groups, businesses, private individuals, and volunteers. According to the Fish and Wildlife Service, recovery plans are implemented "to stabilize, recover, and ultimately delist" threatened and endangered species.[31]
Governance
Federal and state agencies
- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) is a federal agency responsible for the Endangered Species Act. The agency recovers and conserves endangered or threatened species. The agency also classifies endangered or threatened species. The agency's enacted budget for fiscal year 2014 totaled $2.79 billion.[32][33]
- According to its website, the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources assists in conserving and managing the state's endangered species. It also oversees fishing, hunting, boating, state parks, and wildlife on state lands.[34][35]
Recent news
The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Alabama endangered species. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.
See also
- Environmental policy in Alabama
- Endangered Species Act
- Implementation of the Endangered Species Act
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- Endangered species
External links
- Text of the Endangered Species Act
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service website
- U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Service
- Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
Footnotes
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Improving ESA Implementation," accessed May 15, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "ESA Overview," accessed October 1, 2014
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cornell University Law School, "16 U.S. Code, Section 1535 (Endangered Species Act)," accessed September 26, 2014
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "ESA Basics," accessed September 26, 2014
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Candidate Species: Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act," accessed November 1, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Delisting a Species - Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act," accessed August 27, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Glossary," accessed November 17, 2014
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Summary of Listed Species Listed Populations and Recovery Plans," accessed December 1, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Glossary," accessed September 5, 2017
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Recovery," accessed October 13, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Endangered Species Act - Section 3," accessed October 7, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Endangered and threatened species in Alabama," accessed July 6, 2016
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Endangered and threatened species in Alabama," accessed July 6, 2016
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Species listed in each state based on published historic range and population data," accessed May 30, 2016
- ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ U.S. Government Printing Office, "U.S. 16 §1533. Determination of endangered species and threatened species (under the Endangered Species Act," accessed April 1, 2015
- ↑ Earth Justice, "Citizens' Guide to the Endangered Species Act," accessed April 7, 2015
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Delisted Species Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA)," accessed May 18, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act," accessed September 26, 2014
- ↑ Regional Perspectives in Marine Biology, "Recruitment in Coral Reef Fish Populations," accessed July 8, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, " Endangered Species Act (ESA) Requirements for Construction Activities," accessed September 26, 2014
- ↑ National Wildlife Service, "Endangered Species Act," accessed January 29, 2015
- ↑ Lieberman & Belcher, "What Constitutes Harassment of an Endangered Species," March 17, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "The Application of the Endangered Species Act with Respect to Plants in Virginia," accessed July 2, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Permits," accessed January 8, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Our Endangered Species Program and How It Works with Landowners," accessed July 1, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Habitat Conservation Plans (Section 10 of the Endangered Species Act)," accessed July 7, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Candidate Conservation Agreements Fact Sheet," accessed July 8, 2015
- ↑ Houston Bar Association, "The Endangered Species Act and the Oil and Gas Industry," November 13, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Consultations with Federal Agencies (Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act)," accessed July 7, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Endangered Species Recovery Program," accessed July 7, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Department of the Interior, "Fiscal Year 2015: The Interior Budget in Brief," March 2014
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Overview," accessed November 17, 2014
- ↑ Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, "About," accessed November 10, 2014
- ↑ Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, "Hunting Seasons and Bag Limits and Freshwater Fishing Creel Limits," accessed July 9, 2015
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