We haven't been able to take payment
You must update your payment details via My Account or by clicking update payment details to keep your subscription.
Act now to keep your subscription
We've tried to contact you several times as we haven't been able to take payment. You must update your payment details via My Account or by clicking update payment details to keep your subscription.
Your subscription is due to terminate
We've tried to contact you several times as we haven't been able to take payment. You must update your payment details via My Account, otherwise your subscription will terminate.

Black Francis

Sir, J. R Edwards is entirely correct in his assertion that Sir Francis Walsingham was Britain’s first real spymaster (letter, July 9).

His reports, however, were confided to Elizabeth I’s ?minence grise, Lord Burghley, rather than Sir Francis Drake. The serpentine Walsingham can also claim dubious credit for pioneering the notion of concentration camps – obdurate Catholics were imprisoned in Wisbech Castle, Cambridgeshire.

That said, some historians rank him alongside Nelson and Winston Churchill for his role in preserving Britain’s singular national identity.

ROBERT RANDELL, London SE26