Geriatric and Seniors Therapists in San Diego, CA

Photo of Cynthia A Cotter, PhD, Psychologist
Cynthia A Cotter
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92130
Cynthia A. Cotter, Ph.D. specializes in geriatric psychology and neuropsychology. Her neuropsychological evaluations describe and quantify cognitive deficits typically found in older adults. These assessments benefit medical diagnosis, treatment, and care planning for individuals with degenerative dementias and those with cognitive difficulties associated with medical conditions or trauma. In conjunction with her evaluations, Dr. Cotter provides feedback, education, and support for elders, families, caregivers, and residential staff. Dr. Cotter's assessments also contribute to determinations of mental capacity required for legal purposes. She provides psychological evaluations and pre-surgical psychological screening.
Cynthia A. Cotter, Ph.D. specializes in geriatric psychology and neuropsychology. Her neuropsychological evaluations describe and quantify cognitive deficits typically found in older adults. These assessments benefit medical diagnosis, treatment, and care planning for individuals with degenerative dementias and those with cognitive difficulties associated with medical conditions or trauma. In conjunction with her evaluations, Dr. Cotter provides feedback, education, and support for elders, families, caregivers, and residential staff. Dr. Cotter's assessments also contribute to determinations of mental capacity required for legal purposes. She provides psychological evaluations and pre-surgical psychological screening.
(619) 992-4519 View (619) 992-4519
Photo of Stacy Ann C Aquipel, PsyD, Psychologist
Stacy Ann C Aquipel
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92101
I also have specialized training in geriatric and health psychology.
Take a breath – go ahead. The process of finding a therapist can feel daunting and overstimulating, much like the world in general. Bear in mind that you don’t have to commit to a particular person right away. What’s most important is that you feel safe, supported, and heard. It might take a bit to find someone with whom you resonate, so I invite you to take the time and space you need. Our society conditions us to feel a sense of urgency, and it’s helpful to remind ourselves that we are more than our productivity, and we are more than our labels. As a person and professional, I celebrate diversity and multiculturalism of all kinds.
I also have specialized training in geriatric and health psychology.
Take a breath – go ahead. The process of finding a therapist can feel daunting and overstimulating, much like the world in general. Bear in mind that you don’t have to commit to a particular person right away. What’s most important is that you feel safe, supported, and heard. It might take a bit to find someone with whom you resonate, so I invite you to take the time and space you need. Our society conditions us to feel a sense of urgency, and it’s helpful to remind ourselves that we are more than our productivity, and we are more than our labels. As a person and professional, I celebrate diversity and multiculturalism of all kinds.
(858) 293-4344 View (858) 293-4344
Photo of John Mingo, Psychologist
John Mingo
Psychologist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92128  (Online Only)
I offer a genuine, straight-forward approach to psychotherapy. This approach includes identifying specific goals and the mastery of real-life coping skills: all with the support you deserve. Having 20 years of experience in the Rancho Bernardo/Rancho Santa Fe/Poway area, I have worked in clinic and hospital settings in addition to private practice. Age range of my clients: teenagers to older adults. I also offer families and individuals comprehensive assistance setting up an entire treatment team of professionals (psychologist, psychiatrist, etc.). You can start this life-changing process with a free phone consultation.
I offer a genuine, straight-forward approach to psychotherapy. This approach includes identifying specific goals and the mastery of real-life coping skills: all with the support you deserve. Having 20 years of experience in the Rancho Bernardo/Rancho Santa Fe/Poway area, I have worked in clinic and hospital settings in addition to private practice. Age range of my clients: teenagers to older adults. I also offer families and individuals comprehensive assistance setting up an entire treatment team of professionals (psychologist, psychiatrist, etc.). You can start this life-changing process with a free phone consultation.
(619) 780-2497 View (619) 780-2497
Photo of Davis Lo, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Davis Lo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92182  (Online Only)
I have worked with various age groups from teens to older adults that struggle with psychosis, anxiety, depression, trauma, bipolar, and social issues.
Do you feel stuck or lost? Almost like no matter what you do you cannot get out of your current situation? Are you having difficulty coping? Sometimes life happens and it can be overwhelming to deal with everything. Do you need someone who will listen, be compassionate, and non judgemental? Well look no further! By working together, your life can be easier. You will be able to identify your stressors, thought patterns, and challenges that gets in your way of moving forward in life.
I have worked with various age groups from teens to older adults that struggle with psychosis, anxiety, depression, trauma, bipolar, and social issues.
Do you feel stuck or lost? Almost like no matter what you do you cannot get out of your current situation? Are you having difficulty coping? Sometimes life happens and it can be overwhelming to deal with everything. Do you need someone who will listen, be compassionate, and non judgemental? Well look no further! By working together, your life can be easier. You will be able to identify your stressors, thought patterns, and challenges that gets in your way of moving forward in life.
(562) 566-3553 View (562) 566-3553
Photo of Susan Valoff, LCSW, CDP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Susan Valoff
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CDP
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92117
Not accepting new clients
I provide supportive, compassionate counseling for adults and older adults who are navigating life transitions; living with mental or physical illness; coping with caregiving stressors; grieving the loss of a loved one; and/or dealing with the challenges of aging. I also work with neurodiverse older adults, including people who are autistic and/or living with dementia, ADHD, or other cognitive differences. We all need someone to listen without judgment, and to help us through difficult periods in our life. Therapy can also be a means to better understand why we do what we do, and how to reach our goals that may seem out of reach.
I provide supportive, compassionate counseling for adults and older adults who are navigating life transitions; living with mental or physical illness; coping with caregiving stressors; grieving the loss of a loved one; and/or dealing with the challenges of aging. I also work with neurodiverse older adults, including people who are autistic and/or living with dementia, ADHD, or other cognitive differences. We all need someone to listen without judgment, and to help us through difficult periods in our life. Therapy can also be a means to better understand why we do what we do, and how to reach our goals that may seem out of reach.
(619) 853-6829 View (619) 853-6829
Photo of Kristin Whelan, PsyD, Psychologist
Kristin Whelan
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92123
Waitlist for new clients
impairment, dementia, traumatic brain injury/concussion evaluations, worker’s compensation, organ transplant candidacy, aging baselines, comprehensive neuropsychological evals, as well as diagnostic assessment of mental health conditions, personality disorders, intellectual and learning disabilities, ASD, and other cognitive/neurodevelopmental conditions.
Dr. Whelan is an experienced Licensed Clinical Psychologist who is passionate about establishing a strong alliance with her patients and providing excellence in care. She provides assessment, diagnosis, and treatment to patients with an array of psychological, neurological, and medical conditions. Dr. Whelan specializes in the treatment of depression and anxiety related disorders, chronic pain, sleep/eating disorders, substance use, grief, trauma, and bipolar spectrum conditions. She provides individualized, evidence-based psychotherapy involving a blend of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical-behavioral therapy (DBT),
impairment, dementia, traumatic brain injury/concussion evaluations, worker’s compensation, organ transplant candidacy, aging baselines, comprehensive neuropsychological evals, as well as diagnostic assessment of mental health conditions, personality disorders, intellectual and learning disabilities, ASD, and other cognitive/neurodevelopmental conditions.
Dr. Whelan is an experienced Licensed Clinical Psychologist who is passionate about establishing a strong alliance with her patients and providing excellence in care. She provides assessment, diagnosis, and treatment to patients with an array of psychological, neurological, and medical conditions. Dr. Whelan specializes in the treatment of depression and anxiety related disorders, chronic pain, sleep/eating disorders, substance use, grief, trauma, and bipolar spectrum conditions. She provides individualized, evidence-based psychotherapy involving a blend of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical-behavioral therapy (DBT),
(619) 738-2306 View (619) 738-2306
Photo of Donna M Chapman, PhD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Donna M Chapman
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92108
I care...Let me help. We will create a safe, non-judgmental space from which to begin the process of healing. I enjoy working with individuals, couples and families who have challenges in substance abuse, anxiety, depression, borderline personality issues and relationship problems. I also enjoy working with the LGBT community, specifically with Transgender people and their families. My rich life experience (fancy language for I'm older) allows me to truly align with partners and families that have members who are transgender and to be an ally with transgender individuals as they transition.
I care...Let me help. We will create a safe, non-judgmental space from which to begin the process of healing. I enjoy working with individuals, couples and families who have challenges in substance abuse, anxiety, depression, borderline personality issues and relationship problems. I also enjoy working with the LGBT community, specifically with Transgender people and their families. My rich life experience (fancy language for I'm older) allows me to truly align with partners and families that have members who are transgender and to be an ally with transgender individuals as they transition.
(619) 780-2559 View (619) 780-2559
Photo of Kelly Heimer - Kelly Heimer MFT, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kelly Heimer MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92115  (Online Only)
I have over 20 years experience working with adults, families, children and seniors. I specialize in treating depression, anxiety, family stress, relationship issues and grief and loss. I also specialize in working with children and teens in the same areas as well as behavioral issues, school problems and managing bullying.
I have over 20 years experience working with adults, families, children and seniors. I specialize in treating depression, anxiety, family stress, relationship issues and grief and loss. I also specialize in working with children and teens in the same areas as well as behavioral issues, school problems and managing bullying.
(619) 815-5097 View (619) 815-5097
Photo of Dr. Tina Thuy Do, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Tina Thuy Do
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92106  (Online Only)
I am a bicultural psychologist with experience helping people live better. I provide individual therapy to adults and older adults. Whether you are feeling stuck or overwhelmed, one key factor to predict positive change is the trust you have with your therapist. That is my goal.
I am a bicultural psychologist with experience helping people live better. I provide individual therapy to adults and older adults. Whether you are feeling stuck or overwhelmed, one key factor to predict positive change is the trust you have with your therapist. That is my goal.
(619) 404-0366 View (619) 404-0366
Photo of Kim Swain - GameChanger Therapy and Consulting, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
GameChanger Therapy and Consulting
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92119  (Online Only)
Working with individuals, couples & the elderly currently highlights my main strengths through helping people increase self-awareness, life purpose & improving their relationships.
Hello, my name is Kim Swain. I strive to be a culturally competent person and clinician. I believe the first step to making progress in therapy, is making sure that we develop a collaborative approach. I gear treatment toward emphasizing your strengths and solutions, beginning with assessing readiness and motivation. My therapy approach is rooted in Family Systems, Narrative and Structural therapies with various interventions to ensure care is tailored to you. To foster a greater self-awareness, self-esteem, growth, independence and the development of new skills that can be practiced between therapy sessions, as well as lifelong.
Working with individuals, couples & the elderly currently highlights my main strengths through helping people increase self-awareness, life purpose & improving their relationships.
Hello, my name is Kim Swain. I strive to be a culturally competent person and clinician. I believe the first step to making progress in therapy, is making sure that we develop a collaborative approach. I gear treatment toward emphasizing your strengths and solutions, beginning with assessing readiness and motivation. My therapy approach is rooted in Family Systems, Narrative and Structural therapies with various interventions to ensure care is tailored to you. To foster a greater self-awareness, self-esteem, growth, independence and the development of new skills that can be practiced between therapy sessions, as well as lifelong.
(619) 759-7454 View (619) 759-7454
Nicole Sellin Is Not Currently Accepting New Clients.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92116  (Online Only)
I have extensive professional experience with individuals diagnosed with a variety of mental health issues from all walks of life including children, adolescents, adults, and seniors.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker that has been practicing within this field for nearly 20 years. I am a firm believer that we all possess the ability to discover our strengths, overcome our troubles, and create healthy, fulfilling lives, especially when given the right support. We deserve to be heard, respected, and supported in a nonjudgmental, down-to-earth environment; where we are appreciated for who we are, where we came from, and the direction we wish to go. I am here to offer you space to explore those areas of your life that cause you difficulty and together discover solutions that lead to a happier, peaceful life.
I have extensive professional experience with individuals diagnosed with a variety of mental health issues from all walks of life including children, adolescents, adults, and seniors.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker that has been practicing within this field for nearly 20 years. I am a firm believer that we all possess the ability to discover our strengths, overcome our troubles, and create healthy, fulfilling lives, especially when given the right support. We deserve to be heard, respected, and supported in a nonjudgmental, down-to-earth environment; where we are appreciated for who we are, where we came from, and the direction we wish to go. I am here to offer you space to explore those areas of your life that cause you difficulty and together discover solutions that lead to a happier, peaceful life.
(858) 321-8589 View (858) 321-8589
Photo of Bapsi Slali, PhD, Psychologist
Bapsi Slali
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92123
Waitlist for new clients
I particularly enjoy working with military spouses, the elderly, and people struggling with PTSD issues.
Having been in practice as a clinical psychologist for over 40 years in the San Diego community, I offer my clients the experience and wisdom that has been gathered over time. My personal belief is that each individual has a unique perspective that must be understood, and that every individual has the strength and ability to successfully address and resolve troubling issues.
I particularly enjoy working with military spouses, the elderly, and people struggling with PTSD issues.
Having been in practice as a clinical psychologist for over 40 years in the San Diego community, I offer my clients the experience and wisdom that has been gathered over time. My personal belief is that each individual has a unique perspective that must be understood, and that every individual has the strength and ability to successfully address and resolve troubling issues.
(858) 215-1956 View (858) 215-1956
Photo of Colleen Auth, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Colleen Auth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92108
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker specializing in the treatment of adults and older adults suffering from depression, bipolar, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, PTSD, OCD, and various personality disorders including Borderline personality disorder. I have experience in working with many of life's problems such as grief and loss, conflict resolution, and anger management. I work with each patient to understand his or her symptoms and the problems that impact their mood, and then create a holistic approach to develop a unique treatment plan that is tailored to address the individuals needs.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker specializing in the treatment of adults and older adults suffering from depression, bipolar, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, PTSD, OCD, and various personality disorders including Borderline personality disorder. I have experience in working with many of life's problems such as grief and loss, conflict resolution, and anger management. I work with each patient to understand his or her symptoms and the problems that impact their mood, and then create a holistic approach to develop a unique treatment plan that is tailored to address the individuals needs.
(619) 452-1009 View (619) 452-1009
Photo of Annette M Conway - #1 Psychological Evaluations & Testing Service, PsyD, PhD, Psychologist
#1 Psychological Evaluations & Testing Service
Psychologist, PsyD, PhD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92103
Founded in 1993, Help Therapy has a team of over 50 licensed neuropsychologists and psychologists who offer a wide range of psychological evaluations. For patients who need extra support, therapy is also offered. Patients are matched to a provider of their choice based on their specific needs and preferences. Clinicians work with seniors, adults and youth (age 7+) all throughout California.
Founded in 1993, Help Therapy has a team of over 50 licensed neuropsychologists and psychologists who offer a wide range of psychological evaluations. For patients who need extra support, therapy is also offered. Patients are matched to a provider of their choice based on their specific needs and preferences. Clinicians work with seniors, adults and youth (age 7+) all throughout California.
(619) 492-4586 View (619) 492-4586
Photo of Marjorie Milstein, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marjorie Milstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92103
I have extensive experience working with adults of all ages (young, middle-age, older) with a wide range of problems associated with adulthood, and adult development, as well as mood, anxiety, and self -esteem disorders. See training and professional appointments below. See website for more information; google marjoriemilsteinlcsw.com.
I have extensive experience working with adults of all ages (young, middle-age, older) with a wide range of problems associated with adulthood, and adult development, as well as mood, anxiety, and self -esteem disorders. See training and professional appointments below. See website for more information; google marjoriemilsteinlcsw.com.
(619) 543-1133 View (619) 543-1133
Photo of Stephanie Ann Massey, PsyD, Psychologist
Stephanie Ann Massey
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92130
I have a unique ability to connect with people. Sometimes there are people that have a hard time clarifying what their thoughts and feelings are. They get confused. They hear voices in their head. They think people are making fun of them because they are born different. It can be really hard for Their own families to help. I help their families achieve common ground . Teenagers know I am real even if I tell them things they don’t want to hear. I have assisted many young adults make the difficult transition to adulthood. Older adults know that I want to hear about their life and assist them with the challenges of getting old.
I have a unique ability to connect with people. Sometimes there are people that have a hard time clarifying what their thoughts and feelings are. They get confused. They hear voices in their head. They think people are making fun of them because they are born different. It can be really hard for Their own families to help. I help their families achieve common ground . Teenagers know I am real even if I tell them things they don’t want to hear. I have assisted many young adults make the difficult transition to adulthood. Older adults know that I want to hear about their life and assist them with the challenges of getting old.
(619) 432-3764 View (619) 432-3764
Photo of Laura E Willard, PsyD, Psychologist
Laura E Willard
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92108
Not accepting new clients
I provide individual therapy to adults, with an emphasis in older adults (65+).
I work with clients at their own pace to guide them through a better understanding of their issues and concerns while challenging them to take steps for an improved way of living. I take a predominantly psychodynamic approach that focuses on discovering and exploring past experiences, inner thought processes, and relationship patterns to relieve and repair core personal issues. Additionally, I take a more active and teaching role when certain symptoms or behaviors require the instruction and practice of new skills.
I provide individual therapy to adults, with an emphasis in older adults (65+).
I work with clients at their own pace to guide them through a better understanding of their issues and concerns while challenging them to take steps for an improved way of living. I take a predominantly psychodynamic approach that focuses on discovering and exploring past experiences, inner thought processes, and relationship patterns to relieve and repair core personal issues. Additionally, I take a more active and teaching role when certain symptoms or behaviors require the instruction and practice of new skills.
(619) 458-3495 View (619) 458-3495
Photo of Debra M. Halliday - The Halliday Center for Psychotherapy & Wellness, PsyD, Psychologist
The Halliday Center for Psychotherapy & Wellness
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92130
Seeking a therapist can be a daunting task. Our therapists strive to help our clients achieve the personal growth and healing goals that they are reaching for, and to provide a warm, safe, and supportive atmosphere for that growth and healing to occur. Clarity, centeredness, and happiness are realistic goals to strive for. Our therapists are dedicated to helping people understand the causes of their problems and, to either solve those problems or, to come to peace with them. We work with children, adolescents, adults, and seniors struggling with a wide variety of issues and concerns.
Seeking a therapist can be a daunting task. Our therapists strive to help our clients achieve the personal growth and healing goals that they are reaching for, and to provide a warm, safe, and supportive atmosphere for that growth and healing to occur. Clarity, centeredness, and happiness are realistic goals to strive for. Our therapists are dedicated to helping people understand the causes of their problems and, to either solve those problems or, to come to peace with them. We work with children, adolescents, adults, and seniors struggling with a wide variety of issues and concerns.
(760) 635-3310 View (760) 635-3310
Photo of Youngseoung Seo, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Youngseoung Seo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92108
With a focus on geriatric care and mental health assessments, I offer personalized support tailored to the unique needs of seniors.
Are you or a loved one facing the complexities of aging? Seeking support and guidance to navigate through life's transitions? As a seasoned therapist with a specialization in geriatric care, I am dedicated to advocating for the elderly, fostering their well-being, and enhancing their quality of life. I understand the unique challenges seniors face, from mental health concerns to social isolation. My expertise lies in conducting comprehensive assessments and providing personalized care plans. Let's embark on this journey together towards a fulfilling and empowered life. You are not alone.
With a focus on geriatric care and mental health assessments, I offer personalized support tailored to the unique needs of seniors.
Are you or a loved one facing the complexities of aging? Seeking support and guidance to navigate through life's transitions? As a seasoned therapist with a specialization in geriatric care, I am dedicated to advocating for the elderly, fostering their well-being, and enhancing their quality of life. I understand the unique challenges seniors face, from mental health concerns to social isolation. My expertise lies in conducting comprehensive assessments and providing personalized care plans. Let's embark on this journey together towards a fulfilling and empowered life. You are not alone.
(925) 291-9337 View (925) 291-9337
Photo of Dr. Patricia Sikkeland, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Patricia Sikkeland
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92117
Are you a middle aged or older adult who is struggling with life circumstances? Do you feel haunted by problems? We can work together to make you a better version of yourself. Let’s Embark on a fearless journey of self-discovery, as you courageously delve deep into the intricate layers of your psyche. Let the revelations of this inner exploration guide you towards a newfound sense of empowerment and authenticity, as you boldly navigate the path to your true self and embrace the limitless possibilities that awaits you!
Are you a middle aged or older adult who is struggling with life circumstances? Do you feel haunted by problems? We can work together to make you a better version of yourself. Let’s Embark on a fearless journey of self-discovery, as you courageously delve deep into the intricate layers of your psyche. Let the revelations of this inner exploration guide you towards a newfound sense of empowerment and authenticity, as you boldly navigate the path to your true self and embrace the limitless possibilities that awaits you!
(562) 580-4217 View (562) 580-4217
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Geriatric and Seniors Therapists

Is one ever too old for mental health therapy?

Individuals of all ages can benefit from mental health therapy. Indeed, older adults in particular may benefit from the social and psychological support a therapist can provide; the topics that older adults address in therapy may simply differ from those of younger clients. Seniors should seek out a therapist who has experience working with older individuals and who is well-versed in addressing common concerns among elderly individuals, such as depression, anxiety, loneliness, dementia, and physical mobility challenges.

How can geriatric therapy improve the quality of life of aging individuals?

Therapy for aging adults can greatly improve quality of life by providing an opportunity for them to process difficult emotions related to end-of-life, navigate relational or caregiver challenges, and develop coping skills for common mental health conditions, like anxiety or depression. Subsequent reductions in negative emotions and mental health disorder symptoms can make day-to-day living much more manageable for aging adults and those that care for them. The ongoing relationship with a trusted therapist can also help seniors combat loneliness and provide a sense of structure for their routine.

How is counseling for elderly different from counseling for other age groups?

Many aspects of geriatric counseling are similar to counseling in younger age groups; in general, counseling offers an opportunity for clients to process difficult life events and develop coping skills they can use outside of the therapy session. However, therapists who specialize in working with elderly clients may place a special emphasis on specific topics, such as caregiver relationships and reducing loneliness. They may be specially equipped to deal with certain physical conditions or facilitate discussion surrounding end-of-life topics. Counseling for the elderly may also place a greater emphasis on social work-type topics to ensure that geriatric clients have access to necessary resources, such as food, a safe home environment, and healthcare.

Can geriatric counseling help people who suffer from dementia?

Counseling can be highly effective for aging adults with dementia. While some therapists specializing in dementia may work with clients solely on topics surrounding memory loss, they can also assist clients with conditions that may co-occur at old age, such as anxiety or depression. Counselors specializing in working with older adults can also offer an objective assessment of a client’s functioning or disease progression to caregivers, and they may be particularly knowledgeable about community resources that may benefit dementia clients and their families. Therapists specializing in dementia may also be trained in specialized forms of therapy for memory-loss|memory loss, such as Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST)—which can help mentally stimulate dementia clients to preserve cognitive functioning.