Addiction Therapists in Fremont, CA

Theodore Solomon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Fremont, CA 94538
My primary goal with clients is to foster an environment of increased self-esteem and self-confidence so that clients feel empowered to choose their own path with their own choices. I especially enjoy working with adolescents, young adults (20's and 30's) and couples. I also have a strong background of working with clients with substance abuse problems and with EAP programs.
My primary goal with clients is to foster an environment of increased self-esteem and self-confidence so that clients feel empowered to choose their own path with their own choices. I especially enjoy working with adolescents, young adults (20's and 30's) and couples. I also have a strong background of working with clients with substance abuse problems and with EAP programs.
(510) 470-7201 View (510) 470-7201
Photo of Chelsea Hall - Chelsea Hall, LMFT, DMin, LMFT , Rev, Marriage & Family Therapist
Chelsea Hall, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, DMin, LMFT , Rev
Verified Verified
Fremont, CA 94538  (Online Only)
Educational seminars and group therapy experiences offered include grief, addiction, relationships, and self-care.
Are you looking for a supportive, protected space to rekindle your joy in life, self, ministry, career or relationships? I invite you to join me in developing a working relationship in which we will identify obstacles and celebrate strengths, while building solutions tailored to your individual needs using evidence based tools, at your own pace!
Educational seminars and group therapy experiences offered include grief, addiction, relationships, and self-care.
Are you looking for a supportive, protected space to rekindle your joy in life, self, ministry, career or relationships? I invite you to join me in developing a working relationship in which we will identify obstacles and celebrate strengths, while building solutions tailored to your individual needs using evidence based tools, at your own pace!
(510) 422-1427 View (510) 422-1427
Photo of Van Pillay, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Van Pillay
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fremont, CA 94538  (Online Only)
Are you are battling with feelings of inadequacy? Struggling with depression, anxiety, or addiction? Maybe having relationships are a challenge for you. The pressure of the Bay area or unmet expectations can sometimes make us feel hopeless and tired. Change can be difficult. At times like this, I could be helpful to you. What I provide, may get you on the path for long lasting healing.
Are you are battling with feelings of inadequacy? Struggling with depression, anxiety, or addiction? Maybe having relationships are a challenge for you. The pressure of the Bay area or unmet expectations can sometimes make us feel hopeless and tired. Change can be difficult. At times like this, I could be helpful to you. What I provide, may get you on the path for long lasting healing.
(510) 617-1465 x893 View (510) 617-1465 x893
Photo of Sofia Nahavandi Gonzalez, LCP, Psychologist
Sofia Nahavandi Gonzalez
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
Fremont, CA 94555
With over 25 years of experience in addiction recovery support, I have dedicated my career to helping individuals transform their lives. My passion lies in guiding clients through a recovery process that respects their unique values and meets them where they are in their readiness for change. Together, we embark on a journey of healing and growth, fostering a brighter future filled with hope and empowerment. My typical clients are individuals who find themselves pondering the recovery process for addiction and codependency, seeking guidance and understanding.
With over 25 years of experience in addiction recovery support, I have dedicated my career to helping individuals transform their lives. My passion lies in guiding clients through a recovery process that respects their unique values and meets them where they are in their readiness for change. Together, we embark on a journey of healing and growth, fostering a brighter future filled with hope and empowerment. My typical clients are individuals who find themselves pondering the recovery process for addiction and codependency, seeking guidance and understanding.
(909) 315-4610 View (909) 315-4610
Photo of Mohammad Ali Nazir - Ali Nazir, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ali Nazir
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fremont, CA 94536  (Online Only)
I specialize in the treatment of substance abuse/addiction, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, interpersonal conflict, stress management, coping skills, and men’s issues.
Emigrated from England in 2010, I have over 13 years of clinical experience in the Bay Area. During this time, I have honed skills, therapeutic tools, developed a unique style of engagement to facilitate positive change. I adopt humor, present authentically, and challenge those seeking support appropriately. I offer a therapeutic relationship built on collaboration, respect, accountability, and a safe environment conducive to personal growth. You will be supported to identify the root causes of challenges faced and helped to find effective pathways to achieve individualized goals.
I specialize in the treatment of substance abuse/addiction, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, interpersonal conflict, stress management, coping skills, and men’s issues.
Emigrated from England in 2010, I have over 13 years of clinical experience in the Bay Area. During this time, I have honed skills, therapeutic tools, developed a unique style of engagement to facilitate positive change. I adopt humor, present authentically, and challenge those seeking support appropriately. I offer a therapeutic relationship built on collaboration, respect, accountability, and a safe environment conducive to personal growth. You will be supported to identify the root causes of challenges faced and helped to find effective pathways to achieve individualized goals.
(650) 910-2131 View (650) 910-2131
Photo of Henri Koroveshi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Henri Koroveshi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Fremont, CA 94536
Hello, I'm Henri Koroveshi, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have helped people with addiction, ADHD, anxiety, depression, trauma and PTSD, and have experience working in Military Health Care, Acute Care, Behavioral Health, and Children and Family Welfare. I provide clinical consultation and treatment in an integrated healthcare environment regarding family interactions, sociocultural factors, and community resources. I am skilled in Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Strength Based Therapy, and Crisis Intervention.
Hello, I'm Henri Koroveshi, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have helped people with addiction, ADHD, anxiety, depression, trauma and PTSD, and have experience working in Military Health Care, Acute Care, Behavioral Health, and Children and Family Welfare. I provide clinical consultation and treatment in an integrated healthcare environment regarding family interactions, sociocultural factors, and community resources. I am skilled in Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Strength Based Therapy, and Crisis Intervention.
(559) 364-3992 View (559) 364-3992
Photo of Harold Carrier, LCPC, Counselor
Harold Carrier
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Fremont, CA 94536
Hello, my name is Harold Ray Carrier, I am a licensed professional clinical counselor (LPCC). I utilize various approaches with therapy, and I’m known for experience with anxiety, depression, conflict resolution, relationship challenges, adjustment challenges, and alcohol/other substance use challenges. I am comfortable working with all clients. I am experienced with males and females from the ages of 16-80. I am comfortable with a variety of challenges involving anxiety, depression, dual diagnosis, conflict resolution, relationship challenges, adjustment/change challenges, substance use, and more.
Hello, my name is Harold Ray Carrier, I am a licensed professional clinical counselor (LPCC). I utilize various approaches with therapy, and I’m known for experience with anxiety, depression, conflict resolution, relationship challenges, adjustment challenges, and alcohol/other substance use challenges. I am comfortable working with all clients. I am experienced with males and females from the ages of 16-80. I am comfortable with a variety of challenges involving anxiety, depression, dual diagnosis, conflict resolution, relationship challenges, adjustment/change challenges, substance use, and more.
(510) 913-9962 View (510) 913-9962
Photo of Josie Dameyer, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Josie Dameyer
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fremont, CA 94539
Josie Dameyer, Ph.D., MFT. I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Client Centered therapeutic techniques. I work with Individuals of all ages and specialize in the treatment of anxiety and depression, substance abuse, and stress related to career, relationship, or parenting.
Josie Dameyer, Ph.D., MFT. I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Client Centered therapeutic techniques. I work with Individuals of all ages and specialize in the treatment of anxiety and depression, substance abuse, and stress related to career, relationship, or parenting.
(510) 660-0217 View (510) 660-0217
Photo of Nanci H Kim, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nanci H Kim
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fremont, CA 94539
My present and past clients' concerns include addiction, anxiety, depression, codependency, grief, past abuse, PTSD, relationship concerns, stress and trauma.
I specialize in helping individuals heal from past traumatic events that impact their present and am certified in Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) and Brainspotting. Additionally, I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) in addition to talk therapy to help clients with a variety of mental health concerns in their healing journey. For couples and families, I practice Emotionally Focused Therapy, DBT and Relational Life Therapy (RLT) approaches.
My present and past clients' concerns include addiction, anxiety, depression, codependency, grief, past abuse, PTSD, relationship concerns, stress and trauma.
I specialize in helping individuals heal from past traumatic events that impact their present and am certified in Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) and Brainspotting. Additionally, I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) in addition to talk therapy to help clients with a variety of mental health concerns in their healing journey. For couples and families, I practice Emotionally Focused Therapy, DBT and Relational Life Therapy (RLT) approaches.
(510) 491-0863 View (510) 491-0863
Photo of Bernadette G Murphy, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Bernadette G Murphy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fremont, CA 94536
My focus with couples, has included issues of betrayal, intimacy, divorce, pornography, addiction, commitment, and loneliness.
If your browsing this site it might be safe to say that you want to change something about your life. I welcome hearing your story and offer you a safe place to share your concerns. Sometimes we can find ourselves stuck and unsure how to make the shift away from dysfunctional patterns or lifestyles. Perhaps it's ongoing negative mental chatter, low self-worth, anger, addiction or heightened anxiety from a stressed out way of living that blocks that inner peace. I recognize your courage in reaching out. Please know that I am here to patiently offer guidance and reassurance as we journey together towards learning the tools of change.
My focus with couples, has included issues of betrayal, intimacy, divorce, pornography, addiction, commitment, and loneliness.
If your browsing this site it might be safe to say that you want to change something about your life. I welcome hearing your story and offer you a safe place to share your concerns. Sometimes we can find ourselves stuck and unsure how to make the shift away from dysfunctional patterns or lifestyles. Perhaps it's ongoing negative mental chatter, low self-worth, anger, addiction or heightened anxiety from a stressed out way of living that blocks that inner peace. I recognize your courage in reaching out. Please know that I am here to patiently offer guidance and reassurance as we journey together towards learning the tools of change.
(925) 241-5924 View (925) 241-5924
Photo of Esther Wei, MA, LMFT, LAADC, ICAADC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Esther Wei
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LAADC, ICAADC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Fremont, CA 94538  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
An individual adult or couple who may benefit from seeing Esther has probably said to themselves, "My life is stuck in a rut or falling apart" or "We are so frustrated with dealing with each other!" Esther assists clients in untangling blurry webs of feelings, thoughts, and interactions in order to bring clarity to issues that may be the source of great pain and dissatisfaction. Esther provides a safe, empathetic environment that allows clients to feel heard and supported, especially when struggling with marital/relationship problems, depression/anxiety, trauma, and addiction/codependency.
An individual adult or couple who may benefit from seeing Esther has probably said to themselves, "My life is stuck in a rut or falling apart" or "We are so frustrated with dealing with each other!" Esther assists clients in untangling blurry webs of feelings, thoughts, and interactions in order to bring clarity to issues that may be the source of great pain and dissatisfaction. Esther provides a safe, empathetic environment that allows clients to feel heard and supported, especially when struggling with marital/relationship problems, depression/anxiety, trauma, and addiction/codependency.
(510) 900-5285 View (510) 900-5285
Photo of Mason Nutter, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mason Nutter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fremont, CA 94536
My name is Mason Nutter, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I approach therapy in a very person-centered and collaborative way. I am particularly focused on anxiety, depression, mood disorders, substance use, and relapse prevention. I have worked in the mental health field for many years. I have treated patients with depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse disorders. I have primarily worked with adult individuals.
My name is Mason Nutter, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I approach therapy in a very person-centered and collaborative way. I am particularly focused on anxiety, depression, mood disorders, substance use, and relapse prevention. I have worked in the mental health field for many years. I have treated patients with depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse disorders. I have primarily worked with adult individuals.
(510) 518-3935 View (510) 518-3935
Photo of Paul Boyer, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Paul Boyer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fremont, CA 94536
I have helped clients with depression, anxiety, grief, substance abuse, and many other mental health challenges.
After a career in finance, including stints in investment banking and mortgage securitization, I decided that I needed a career that was more about people and less about spreadsheets. To that end, I completed training to become a mental health counselor, which is now my chosen profession. Becoming an ally to those working to make meaningful personal change or just navigate life’s challenges more peacefully has proven to be a profoundly rewarding career decision.
I have helped clients with depression, anxiety, grief, substance abuse, and many other mental health challenges.
After a career in finance, including stints in investment banking and mortgage securitization, I decided that I needed a career that was more about people and less about spreadsheets. To that end, I completed training to become a mental health counselor, which is now my chosen profession. Becoming an ally to those working to make meaningful personal change or just navigate life’s challenges more peacefully has proven to be a profoundly rewarding career decision.
(510) 738-0432 View (510) 738-0432
Photo of Nahid Fattahi Lmft 129036, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nahid Fattahi Lmft 129036
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fremont, CA 94536  (Online Only)
This unique background allows me to connect with professionals who are experiencing job-related stress, addiction issues, burnout, or those on the path to significant career changes.
Are you ready to embark on a journey of personal growth and emotional well-being? I'm here to be your guide and support you every step of the way. I'm a compassionate psychotherapist fluent in both English and Farsi, and I can converse in Hindi and Urdu as well. My mission is to create a collaborative partnership with each client, empowering you to take charge of your life and develop the skills needed to overcome challenges. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, depression, navigating life's transitions, or seeking to improve your relationships, I'm here to help.
This unique background allows me to connect with professionals who are experiencing job-related stress, addiction issues, burnout, or those on the path to significant career changes.
Are you ready to embark on a journey of personal growth and emotional well-being? I'm here to be your guide and support you every step of the way. I'm a compassionate psychotherapist fluent in both English and Farsi, and I can converse in Hindi and Urdu as well. My mission is to create a collaborative partnership with each client, empowering you to take charge of your life and develop the skills needed to overcome challenges. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, depression, navigating life's transitions, or seeking to improve your relationships, I'm here to help.
(510) 529-2083 View (510) 529-2083
Photo of Teri-Lee Hedman, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Teri-Lee Hedman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fremont, CA 94539
Hello, my name is Teri Hedman and I am a licensed clinical social worker. I take a holistic approach to healing and I would love to partner with you on your journey. I have a strong background in supporting folks navigating trauma and addiction. I believe whether or not we have a substance addiction, we all have something to “recover” from in the epic journey that is our life. I have found that in this process, we also can discover and reclaim our true selves and reorient to living a thriving life. I also have specialized training focused on supporting women, especially in the postpartum period and other transitions.
Hello, my name is Teri Hedman and I am a licensed clinical social worker. I take a holistic approach to healing and I would love to partner with you on your journey. I have a strong background in supporting folks navigating trauma and addiction. I believe whether or not we have a substance addiction, we all have something to “recover” from in the epic journey that is our life. I have found that in this process, we also can discover and reclaim our true selves and reorient to living a thriving life. I also have specialized training focused on supporting women, especially in the postpartum period and other transitions.
(510) 939-9150 View (510) 939-9150
Photo of Kaitlyn Oviedo, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kaitlyn Oviedo
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fremont, CA 94536
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 8 years of experience working with individuals and couples. I received my master’s degree in Marriage and Family Therapy from Azusa Pacific University. I have found that my approach most aligns with adults who may struggle with different aspects of life. This may include mood disorders (depression and bipolar disorder), anxiety, trauma related disorders and substance abuse. My communication style is calm and collaborative. I want clients to feel open to talking to me about all of life's difficulties and feel heard throughout sessions.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 8 years of experience working with individuals and couples. I received my master’s degree in Marriage and Family Therapy from Azusa Pacific University. I have found that my approach most aligns with adults who may struggle with different aspects of life. This may include mood disorders (depression and bipolar disorder), anxiety, trauma related disorders and substance abuse. My communication style is calm and collaborative. I want clients to feel open to talking to me about all of life's difficulties and feel heard throughout sessions.
(510) 281-1265 View (510) 281-1265
Photo of Marie Stoenescu, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marie Stoenescu
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fremont, CA 94539
The types of clients I work with range from those struggling with depression, anxiety disorders, addiction, and post-traumatic stress.
My name is Marie Stoenescu, and I am an LCSW, with several years of experience in mental health therapy. My clinical experience and focus of practice include working with those struggling with co-occurring disorders, as well as those experiencing depression, anxiety, and mood disorders. Overall, my approach to therapy is to facilitate a client-centered, strengths-based, and trauma-informed therapeutic environment. Upon request, I can provide Christian counseling as well.
The types of clients I work with range from those struggling with depression, anxiety disorders, addiction, and post-traumatic stress.
My name is Marie Stoenescu, and I am an LCSW, with several years of experience in mental health therapy. My clinical experience and focus of practice include working with those struggling with co-occurring disorders, as well as those experiencing depression, anxiety, and mood disorders. Overall, my approach to therapy is to facilitate a client-centered, strengths-based, and trauma-informed therapeutic environment. Upon request, I can provide Christian counseling as well.
(510) 391-5681 View (510) 391-5681
Photo of Caleb Abrams, CSAT, CCTP, CLC, MA
Caleb Abrams
CSAT, CCTP, CLC, MA
Verified Verified
Fremont, CA 94536  (Online Only)
Caleb is Christian Counselor, a Certified Sex Addiction Counselor (CSAT), Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP), Ordained Minister, Certified Life Coach, with a Masters of Psychology in Counseling and a Bachelors of Arts in Psychology. Caleb specializes in helping men work through addiction recovery, anxiety, addictive behaviors, depression, PTSD, emotional abuse, mental abuse and trauma of various kinds. His passion is to provide a safe space for his clients and to walk hand-in-hand with them, guiding them through the healing process.
Caleb is Christian Counselor, a Certified Sex Addiction Counselor (CSAT), Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP), Ordained Minister, Certified Life Coach, with a Masters of Psychology in Counseling and a Bachelors of Arts in Psychology. Caleb specializes in helping men work through addiction recovery, anxiety, addictive behaviors, depression, PTSD, emotional abuse, mental abuse and trauma of various kinds. His passion is to provide a safe space for his clients and to walk hand-in-hand with them, guiding them through the healing process.
(341) 217-2556 View (341) 217-2556
Photo of Sheetal Siledar-Lee, PsyD, MSc, Psychologist
Sheetal Siledar-Lee
Psychologist, PsyD, MSc
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fremont, CA 94536  (Online Only)
I provide psychotherapy for adults, couples as well as families. My work with adults has covered a broad spectrum - from people who are having problems with relationships or need help with stress management and coping skills, to people suffering from mood disorders. I specialize in women's issues and life transitions. I am certified in addiction and have worked with high functioning individuals with addiction (gaming, alcohol, nicotine, etc.). My treatment approach is eclectic and I use interventions based on CBT, IPT, ACT. My style is empathic, non-judgmental, interactive and collaborative.
I provide psychotherapy for adults, couples as well as families. My work with adults has covered a broad spectrum - from people who are having problems with relationships or need help with stress management and coping skills, to people suffering from mood disorders. I specialize in women's issues and life transitions. I am certified in addiction and have worked with high functioning individuals with addiction (gaming, alcohol, nicotine, etc.). My treatment approach is eclectic and I use interventions based on CBT, IPT, ACT. My style is empathic, non-judgmental, interactive and collaborative.
(510) 399-2219 View (510) 399-2219
Photo of Luiza Pinaud, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Luiza Pinaud
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Fremont, CA 94539
I provide client-centered, strength-based, and evidence-based treatment to people from all backgrounds. I have experience in treating anxiety, depression, stress, and addiction disorders. I like to integrate different approaches into my practice, such as CBT, DBT, attachment theory and mindfulness practices. I work with individuals and couples and speak Portuguese and Spanish. I am most comfortable treating patients with mild to moderate symptoms struggling with depression, anxiety, stress or substance use disorders.
I provide client-centered, strength-based, and evidence-based treatment to people from all backgrounds. I have experience in treating anxiety, depression, stress, and addiction disorders. I like to integrate different approaches into my practice, such as CBT, DBT, attachment theory and mindfulness practices. I work with individuals and couples and speak Portuguese and Spanish. I am most comfortable treating patients with mild to moderate symptoms struggling with depression, anxiety, stress or substance use disorders.
(510) 380-7422 View (510) 380-7422
1
Addiction Therapists

What is the best therapy for addiction?

Addiction treatment will be tailored to the individual. People seeking help for addiction—whether with a psychotherapist, in an outpatient clinic, or in a residential program—should expect to engage in multiple types of treatments, sometimes including medication. For anyone recovering from addiction, avoiding situations in which one has typically used a substance is essential, as is the support of close connections. Since substance use disorders tend to co-occur with underlying mental health conditions such as anxiety or depression, those must also be addressed as part of any recovery plan.

How long does therapy for addiction take?

There is no set timeline for recovery from addiction. Patients and their families should expect the work to last several months, if not longer. Residential treatment programs may be based on a stay of 30, 60, or 90 days, with continuing work after release, but only about 1 percent of people are treated in such facilities. Ceasing use is just the first step; therapy to help maintain abstinence and effect behavior change must follow. The process of recovery, neuroscience has shown, involves brain cells recovering the capacity to respond to natural sources of reward and restore control over the impulse to use. Another definition of recovery is restoring voluntary control over one’s substance use and retaking all of one’s previous responsibilities.

How effective is drug addiction treatment?

Substance use disorders are treatable and remission is achievable for many who seek recovery; by some estimates, more than three-quarters of people who become addicted to alcohol or drugs recover. But that success rarely occurs quickly or on a set timeline; relapse is not only common, but many therapists and clinicians view it as a normal part of the process—not always a sign that a person has returned to addiction, but a signal that their treatment should be adjusted to help them regain control. Overall, research suggests, five years after the end of substance use, one’s risk of relapse is no greater than that of others who had not faced addiction. Other experts believe that complete abstinence is not the only measure of recovery, and that, through effective treatment, many people can learn to control their use.

How can you get addiction treatment for someone?

The most important factor in recovery from addiction is widely understood to be an individual’s commitment to change. For that reason,“interventions” in which friends and family gather to urge or force someone to begin immediate treatment often backfire; even when such efforts do lead someone to begin treatment, they may be less likely to stay than those who are self-driven. Still, family members can play an important role in supporting an individual who seeks help and can take part in family therapy as one element of a loved one’s treatment.